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	List of Holy Roman Emperors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After the coronation of Otto I, the imperial title became a prerogative of the ruler of Germany; however, while not all German rulers were crowned, the numbering of the various rulers reflects the complete list of German monarchs, so there are gaps in the sequence of ordinals in a strictly imperial list.
		For instance, King Henry the Fowler was never crowned as emperor and is thus not on this list; nevertheless, his great-grandson, who was crowned, is referred to as Henry II, not Henry I. This situation changed somewhat in the early modern period.
		His successor Charles V was crowned emperor by the Pope in 1530, but Ferdinand I and all his successors did not seek a papal coronation and remained emperors-elect.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Holy_Roman_Emperors (433 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Graf (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Graf (from the Latin Grafio 'scribe' from the Greek) is a German noble title equal in rank to a count (derived from the Latin Comes, with a history of its own) or a British earl (an Anglo-Saxon title derived from the Viking title Jarl).
		List of nobiliary titles ending with the term -graf
		List of states in the Holy Roman Empire
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Graf (826 words)

	HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation (German: ''Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation'', Latin ''Sacrum Romanum Imperium Nationis Germanicae,'' see ''names and designations of the empire'') was a political conglomeration of lands in Central Europe in the Middle Ages and the early modern period.
		German kings had been elected since time immemorial: in the 9th century by the leaders of the five most important tribes (the Franks, Saxons, Bavarians, Swabians and Thuringians), later by the main lay and clerical dukes of the kingdom, finally only by the so-called ''Kurfürsten'' (electing dukes, electors).
		The German Emperors thus thought of themselves as being in direct succession of those of the Roman Empire; this is why they initially called themselves ''Augustus.'' Still, they did not call themselves "Roman" Emperors at first, probably in order not to provoke conflict with the Roman Emperor who still existed in Constantinople.
	www.witwib.com /Holy_Roman_Empire (4977 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Franks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Merovingian chieftains adhered to the Germanic practice of dividing their lands among their sons, and the frequent division, reunification and redivision of territories often resulted in murder and warfare within the leading families.
		These ideas and beliefs had their roots in a background that drew from both Roman and Germanic tradition, a tradition that began before the Carolingian ascent and continued to some extent even after the deaths of Louis the Pious and his sons.
		Because the Frankish kingdom dominated Western Europe for centuries, terms derived from "Frank" were used by many in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and beyond as a synonym for Roman Christians (e.g., al-Faranj in Arabic, Feringhee or Feringhi in Hindustani, and Frangos in Greek).
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Franks (2893 words)

	The Titles of the European Rulers
		A list of geographical names in the rulers' titles was not always a list of their actual possessions.
		The name was listed in the house's title even if it officially recognized that the territory belonged to another state, (e.g., Holstein of the Russian Imperial House, Savoy of the Italian Royal House, Lorraine and Habsburg of the Austrian Imperial House, Nassau and Orange of the Royal House of the Netherlans etc.).
		Although the German central government restricted their authority, kings, dukes, and princes in Germany preserved a great deal of autonomy in the local affairs until the time of the November Revolution of 1918, which deposed all of them.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin (1709 words)

	Top20Germany.com - Your Top20 Guide to Germany!
		The monarchs initially yielded to the revolutionaries' liberal demands and an intellectual National Assembly was elected to draw up a constitution for the new Germany, completed in 1849.
		JÃ¼rgen Trittin (from the German Greens) as the Minister of Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, reached an agreement with energy companies on the gradual shut down of the country's nineteen nuclear power plants and a cessation of civil usage of nuclear power by 2020.
		9% of the population is not ethnically German.
	www.top20germany.com (4862 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'List of Belgian monarchs' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For example, the present king did not become monarch on July 31, 1993 (the day his brother died) but on August 9 of that same year (when he took the constitutional oath).
		For example, the current heir apparent is called Philippe in French and Filip in Flemish; the fifth King of the Belgians was Baudouin in French and Boudewijn in Flemish; the three kings who are known as Lýopold in French are known to the Flemish speaking Belgians as Leopold (without accent).
		In German, which is Belgium's third official language, kings are usually referred to under their French names.
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticleFull88096.html (467 words)

	Explanation of Events for the Timeline of the Witch Hunts
		Similar to the earlier medieval inquisition of heretics or the later Roman Inquisition, judges were authorized in secret proceedings to investigate, prosecute, judge, and sentence accused people who had no legal counsel.
		She passed a new harsher witchcraft Law in 1563, although since it did not define sorcery as heresy, the punishment for witches in England was hanging, not burning at the stake.
		Its listing and classification of various forms of magic help illustrate the contexts of beliefs during his time and long after.
	departments.kings.edu /womens_history/witch/witchlist.html (7149 words)

	Wikinfo \| Franks
		The Franks were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire as foederati and established a lasting realm in an area that is part of today's France and Germany, forming the historic kernel of these two modern countries.
		The Merovingians adhered to the Germanic practice of dividing their lands among their sons, and the frequent division, reunification and redivision of territories often resulted in murder and warfare within the leading families.
		Although this happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law was that the king relied on the support of his leading-men.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Franks (2289 words)

	List of Frankish Kings : List of Frankish monarchs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A timeline of Frankish rulers is difficult since the realm was, according to old Germanic practice, frequently divided among the sons of a leader upon his death and then eventually reunited.
		The following table lists only the members of the Carolingian dynasty in the three subdivisions, which are the kernels of later France and the Holy Roman Empire, each with different ruling dynasties.
		The history of France as recounted in the "Grandes Chroniques de France," and particularly in the personal copy produced for King Charles V between 1370 and 1380 that is the saga of the three great dynasties, the Merovingians, Carolingians, and the Capetian Rulers of France, that shaped the institutions and the frontiers of the realm.
	www.city-search.org /li/list-of-frankish-monarchs.html (887 words)

	Wikinfo \| List of British monarchs
		This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely
		The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (The UK after the Irish Free State was formed and became a separate kingdom in the 1920s).
		From 1965 to 1970 she was also proclaimed Queen of Rhodesia by the White apartheid government there, although she never accepted this office.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=British_Monarchs (1367 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spanish Language and Literature
		The poem breathes throughout the spirit of war; battle scenes are always described with great zest and the various conquests of the hero in his victorious progress through Moordom are enumerated fully.
		Love of the Catholic religion and glorification of its practices, blind loyalty to the monarch and exaltation of the feeling called the point of honour, are among the leading characteristics animating the thousands of plays composed by these and lesser spirits.
		The list of religious writers includes José de Sigüenza, a Hieronymite (1540-1606), of whose history of his own order a French critic said it made him regret that Sigüenza had not undertaken to write the history of Spain.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14192a.htm (9223 words)

	German Idea of THE STATE
		Of the four, German concepts had come most naturally to Lieber, who was himself a native German, a protégé of the Prussian historian Niebuhr, and an immigrant to America in 1827, at the age of 27.
		German jurists believed they were constructing a modern form of sovereignty by describing "the State" as a corporate "person," thus extending sovereignty beyond the person of the monarch himself.
		Germans spoke of Verwaltung or Herrschaft or Regierung, meaning "administration" or "direction" or "rule." It had been an administration or directorship, that is, a bureaucracy, with which German monarchs had surrounded themselves, not "government" in any broad public sense.
	webdata.soc.hawaii.edu /fredr/bloch.htm (6091 words)

	Germany Info: Culture & Life: History: Features: German Revolution of 1848/49
		Long before the post-World War II division of Europe and long before "silent revolutions" in Eastern Europe ended that division, there was another time when Germans took to the streets to demand freedom and unity and for a few months seemed to achieve their goal.
		The German rulers were frightened enough to grant concessions: they promised liberal constitutions, appointed liberals to ministries, promised freedom of the press, the freedom to hold meetings and a German national parliament.
		It was supposed to overcome feudal political structures, end German particularism and lead Germany to national unity, develop a free constitution focusing on basic rights for all, establish a parlimentary system and solve massive social problems, all at once.
	www.germany-info.org /relaunch/culture/history/1848.html (1678 words)

	THE BELGRAVIA DISPATCH: Don't Preach To Us Either
		The German official who was involved in the negotiations with the Iranians was describing the process, Udall recalled, "and John interrupted him on two or three occasions, saying, Why are you doing this, why are you doing that, and it was borderline rude.
		Germans see no real security or terror threat at all, and don't believe military force is needed for much of anything, and conceptually Americans see the opposite (though many differ on the details).
		Germans would rather Iran not go nuclear because Germans are virtuous and unusually peaceloving people, but if Iran really wants to go nuclear it is not a major problem for Germany, and nothing to get too excited about.
	www.belgraviadispatch.com /archives/004583.html (9694 words)

	Anne of Cleves: Biography, Portraits, Primary Sources
		Despite the Henrician 'reformation', England and its monarch remained a Catholic nation, albeit one in which supreme authority resided within the king rather than the pope.
		After all, he was not merely a man but a monarch; he was not supposed to marry for himself alone.
		Even Henry himself did not make much of the supposed difference between the painted and real Anne, aside from a comment to Cromwell that she was 'nothing so fair as she had been reported.' Often expectations can be idealistic, and that was possibly the case with Henry.
	englishhistory.net /tudor/monarchs/cleves.html (3711 words)

	List of British monarchs - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		This is a list of British monarchs, that is, the monarchs on the thrones of some of the various kingdoms that have existed on, or incorporated, the island of Great Britain, namely:
		In 1328, on the death of the French king, Charles IV, Edward III (nephew of Charles IV) claimed the French throne.
		British monarchs then styled themselves "King/Queen of France" until the Act of Union, which led to the creation of the United Kingdom in 1801.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/List_of_British_monarchs (1071 words)

	Franks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Franks formed one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as foederati and established a lasting realm in an area that covers part today's France and Germany (Franconia) forming the historic kernel of both two modern countries.
		The Frankish realm underwent many partitions and since the Franks divided their property among sons and lacking a broad sense of res publica they conceived of the realm as large extent of private property.
		The Merovingian chieftains adhered to the Germanic of dividing their lands among their sons the frequent division reunification and redivision of often resulted in murder and warfare within leading families.
	www.freeglossary.com /Franks (2569 words)

	UFO.Whipnet.org \| Documents \| The Omega File - 3
		Remember that the German Kaiser Wilhelm ['Kaiser' literally means 'Caesar' in German, a carry over from the Roman and Unholy Roman Empire's] as well as Adolph Hitler himself was determined to bring back the Roman Empire, which would obviously have been Rome's goal as well.
		The Germans made a major expedition to this area in 1938-1939 and began the construction of a major base.
		The Germans and other European nations required very meticulous registration records of everybody, including their relatives, employment, addresses, children, etc., and at the end of the war the Allies, cross checking these records, taking into account casualties and deaths, determined that THERE WERE [AT LEAST] 250,000 PERSONS UNACCOUNTED FOR...
	ufo.whipnet.org /xdocs/omega.file/index3.html (7448 words)

	Flanders, Brittany, Burgundy, Anjou, Normandy, Blois, Champagne, Toulouse, etc.
		The list of the counts is from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies and the WW-Person, A WWW Data base of European nobility.
		WW-Person does not list Gello and leaves a chronological gap beteen Robert and Theobald I; the ealier Eudes/Odo is not numbered in the later sequence; and Odo II of Champagne is left out.
		European allies, especially the Germans, with no conception of British party politics, were entirely bewildered how the Queen could disown her own greatest general and leader.
	www.friesian.com /flanders.htm (10467 words)

	myyearbook.com/zenhex presents The Omega File
		In the aftermath of World War I, the German Nazis learned that anti-communism could be used to achieve strategic leverage over Germany's prospective enemies such as Great Britain and the United States.
		In many cases it is not known whether the individuals' names were listed because they are 'players' or because they have been coerced into cooperation through flmail or economic means or are associates of real 'players' who can control the named individuals.
		That list is referred to by my main informant and by the woman I first interviewed in 1983-84 as "all the king's men." The civil war fostered covertly by the Group will frighten "middle America" into adoption of the Group's government.
	www.myyearbook.com /zenhex/omega3.htm (4670 words)

	Never!
		Kaufman had indeed argued in the book that Germans should be sterilized and their land apportioned to neighboring states, but contrary to Nazi claims, he had no significance in the U.S. and the book was pretty much universally ignored.
		If our enemies have their way, no German man in the future will be able to bear any sort of weapon, a right that is given even to the most primitive peoples, for it is a natural right to defend oneself, and to be able to defend oneself.
		German unity, which we fought for over the centuries with blood and tears and which we have finally achieved will be dreadfully, senselessly and completely destroyed.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/gpa/niemals.htm (10857 words)

	Edward Bertsch's BERTSCH family genealogy web site
		Many germans came to this area to take advantage of the free farm land and other incentives offered originally by Katherine the Great.
		Successive monarchs of Russia made the deal worse and worse, and in the 1890's my ancestors left Russia, and came to South Dakota.
		German farmers who came to America via Russia are called German-Russians or Germans-from-Russia, and there is a web site called Odessa devoted to the study of these people.
	www.bertsch.org (415 words)

	Franks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Franks were one of several west Germanic tribes who entered the late Roman Empire from Frisia as ''foederati'' and established a lasting realm in an area that covers most of modern-day France and the region of Franconia in Germany, forming the historic kernel of both these two modern countries.
		Although such elections happened infrequently, a general rule in Germanic law stated that the king relied on the support of his leadership leading men.
		A group asked by the state to plan a housing project for developmentally disabled people with âhigh riskâ behaviors is still trying to reach consensus on how to proceed after four meetings.
	www.infothis.com /find/Franks (2782 words)

	UK Constitution and Government: Contents/List of British monarchs - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		For a period of time, both the Saxons and the Danish claimed the English throne.
		In 1603, James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne upon the death of Elizabeth I. From then until 1707, England and Scotland had shared monarchs.
		Under the Act of Settlement, descendants of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, as the closest Protestant relatives of Anne, became entitled to the throne, and the Royal House name was changed when George, Elector of Hanover became King.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/UK_Constitution_and_Government:_List_of_British_monarchs (452 words)

	1171 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		England - Henry II of England Henry II Curt Mantle, List of British monarchs King of England (reigned 1154 - 1189/).
		France - Louis VII of France Louis VII, List of French monarchs King of France (reigned 1137 - 1180/).
		Holy Roman Empire - Frederick I of Swabia Frederick I Barbarossa, List of German monarchsHoly Roman Emperor (reigned 1152 - 1190/).
	www.infothis.com /find/1171 (598 words)

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