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Topic: List of Khazar rulers

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	Wikinfo \| Khazars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Khazar ruler Ziebel (sometimes identified as Tong Yabghu Khagan of the West Turks) aided the Byzantines in overrunning Georgia.
		Khazar kingship was divided between the khagan and the Bek or Khagan Bek.
		Khazar coin minted in imitation of Caliphate dirhem and bearing the legend "Moses is the prophet of God", early 9th c.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Khazars (5677 words)

	Khazars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Khazar warrior with captive, based on reconstruction by Norman Finkelshteyn of image from an 8th-century ewer found in Romania (original at http://www.geocities.com/normlaw/page2.html) Khazar armies were led by the Bek and commanded by subordinate officers known as tarkhans.
		Muslim sources report that the Khazar supreme court consisted of two Jews, two Christians, two Muslims, and a "heathen" (whether this is a Turkic shaman or a priest of Slavic or Norse religion is unclear), and a citizen had the right to be judged according to the laws of his religion.
		Khazar rabbinical students are known to have studied in Spain from the accounts of Abraham ibn Daud, and Jews from Kiev and elsewhere in Russia, who may or may not have been Khazars, were reported in France, Germany and England.
	khazars.iqnaut.net (5362 words)

	Khazars - WikiLeasing.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		A Khazar tudun was resident at Cherson in the 690s, despite he fact that this town was nominally subject to the Byzantine Empire.They are also known to have been allied with the Byzantine Empire during at least part of the 700s.
		The Khazars later provided aid to the rebel general Bardanes, who seized the throne in 711 a Emperor Philippicus.The Byzantine emperor Leo III married his son Constantine (later Constantine V Kopronymous) to the Khazar princess Tzitzak (daughter of the Khagan Bihar) as part of the alliance between the two empires.
		Khazar armies were led by the Khagan Bek and commanded by subordinate officers known as tarkhans.
	www.wikileasing.com /0/Khazars.html (5527 words)

	An Introduction to the History of Khazaria
		The earliest history of the Khazars in southern Russia, prior to the middle of the 6th century, is hidden in obscurity.
		In the capital city, the Khazars established a supreme court composed of 7 members, and every religion was represented on this judicial panel (according to one contemporary Arab chronicle, the Khazars were judged according to the Torah, while the other tribes were judged according to other laws).
		In general, the Khazars may be described as a productive and tolerant people, in contact with much of the rest of the world and providing goods and services at home and abroad.
	www.khazaria.com /khazar-history.html (2358 words)

	Joseph (Khazar) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Joseph ben Aaron was king of the Khazars during the 950s and 960s.
		Whether Joseph was the Khagan or the Bek of the Khazars is contested among historians.
		As the destruction of the Khazar empire by Sviatoslav I of Kiev occurred soon after his correspondence with Hasdai (in 967 or 969), it is possible that Joseph was ruler during the Khaganate's collapse.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Joseph_(Khazar) (252 words)

	Re: [CTRL] Khazaria.......
		There was a tradition, believed by the Khazars themselves, that Bulan decided to become a Jew after he had listened to a disputation participated in by an Arab mullah, a Christian priest, and a rabbi on the relative merits of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism.
		In 969, the Khazars were driven out of the entire Caspian Sea region and retreated into the Bosporus region of the Black Sea where, in a smaller and more compact area, they were able to stem the advance of the invaders.
		It is also significant that Tshagataish, the language of the Khazar Jews, a Turkish dialect, is still spoken in Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania by the Karaites, the Jewish sectarians whose homeland was originally in the Crimea.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg10816.html (1710 words)

	List of Khazar rulers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bulan Sabriel was the Khazar ruler at the time of the conversion, but in the below list all the dates up to Aaron I are based on a presumed 740 AD conversion date.
		Khazar successor states appear to have survived in the Caucasus and around the Black Sea.
		Khazar Jews are known to have lived in Kiev and even to have emigrated to Spain, the Byzantine Empire and Iraq.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Khazar_rulers (965 words)

	The Decline of the Khazar Empire
		The extent of this influence is indicated by the adoption of the title "Kagan" by the early Rus rulers of Novgorod.
		And the Kagan, the ruler of Khazaria, on account of their [the Magyars'] valour and military assistance, gave their first chieftain, the man called Lebedias, a noble Khazar lady as wife, that he might beget children of her; but Lebedias, by some chance, had no family by that Khazar woman.
		The close cooperation between Khazars and Magyars came to an end when the latter, AD 896, said farewell to the Eurasian steppes, crossed the Carpathian mountain range, and conquered the territory which was to become their lasting habitat.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /13trib03.htm (8430 words)

	The Thirteenth Tribe. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Khazars' sway extended from the Black Sea to the Caspian, from the Caucasus to the Volga, and they were instrumental in stopping the Muslim onslaught against Byzantium, the eastern jaw of the gigantic pincer movement that in the West swept across northern Africa and into Spain.
		The Khazars were the supreme masters of the southern half of Eastern Europe for a century and a hall, and presented a mighty bulwark, blocking the Ural-Caspian gateway from Asia into Europe.
		Relying on its military strength, the Khazar kingdom, with its hinterland of vassal tribes, was determined to preserve its position as the Third Force, leader of the uncommitted nations of the steppes.
	www.ibiblio.org /ch-indymedia/uploads/the-13th-tribe.htm (20720 words)

	Nationalist Party USA - Building a Better America
		I'll not list all of the infractions against Bush as there is much written already about it.
		The people forget, and must be reminded of their duty to hold our leaders to account for their actions, as they, being held up on a pedestal, owe us the duty and obligation to adhere to the highest moral standards.
		Khazar occupiers and Talmudic rule is contradictory and mutually exclusive with the true interests of our own nation.
	www.nationalistpartyusa.org /Eternal.htm (2413 words)

	Bulgaria.com - History, Rulers of Bulgaria - Khan Asparoukh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In the 10th century the Khazar ruler Joseph left a written statement that the greatest part of the Bulgars had followed Asparukh.
		In a century when rulers cut their way into the future with their swords, Asparukh held out his hand to the Slavs and offered them peace, a move which proved essential to the survival of the new state.
		This first ruler of Bulgaria died in 700 in one of the many battles in defense of the new state.
	www.bulgaria.com /history/rulers/asparoukh.html (824 words)

	III - DECLINE
		“IT was”, wrote D. Sinor, “in the second half of the eighth century that the Khazar empire reached the acme of its glory” that is, between the conversion of Bulan and the religious reform under Obadiah.
		A living symbol of their power was the Emperor Leo the Khazar, who ruled Byzantium in 775-80 — so named after his mother, the Khazar Princess “Flower” — the one who created a new fashion at the court.
		But before this Arpad the Magyars never had any other ruler; wherefore the ruler of Hungary is drawn from his race up to this day.” “This day” in which Constantine wrote was circa 950, that is, a century after the event.
	www.bibliotecapleyades.net /sociopolitica/esp_sociopol_khazar01_03.htm (8717 words)

	Are Mountain Jews Descended from the Khazars?
		In 733 or 734, Maslama ibn `Abd-al-Malik built a 'mosque of the Khazar' in one of the seven districts of Derbent, and it served the Khazar Muslims who were living in the city.
		M.I. Artamonov has also paid attention to the fact that in the 'Anonymous Cambridge' letter of a Khazar Jew to Spanish dignitary Hasdai ibn Shaprut, it is told that the ancestors of the Khazarian Jews ran from Armenia or through Armenia to Khazaria; they began to marry with the Khazars...
		And most of the Khazars who remained in the Caucasus after the 10th century are known to have been forced into Islam, leaving us with the more likely scenario that the Turkic groups of the North Caucasus who are Muslims, such as Karachays and Kumukhs, are partly descended from the Khazars.
	www.khazaria.com /mountainjews.html (3673 words)

	Russia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Omeljan Pritsak, a Ukranian historian, speculated that the Khaganate of Rus was founded by Xan-Tuvan Dyggvi, a Khazar khagan who led a rebellion in the early 800's and fled north after his defeat.
		For listings of the Four Primates of the Greek Orthodox Church, go to the Eastern Patriarchates page.
		Sometimes Pleskov was ruled by separate princes, but often it was ruled directly from Novgorod until the mid 13th century when the city began accepting as rulers princes exiled from their possessions.
	www.hostkingdom.net /russia.html (2046 words)

	Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Co-conspirator with Darius the Great in the assassination of the usurper Smerdis (522), Gobryas thereupon gave his daughter to Darius while marrying Darius' sister, and was invested with the wealthy province of Elam.
		The Khazar general Barjik ("the son of the Khagan") led an invasion force that destroyed the Caliph's army under al-Djarrah al-Hakami at Marj Ardebil.
		However, at some time in the late 1000's the family made the unfortunate mistake of making an enemy of the Da'i of Alamut, the leader of the dreaded Assassins.
	www.hostkingdom.net /iran.html (2841 words)

	Rus - Rulers
		1203 AD The rulers of Polotsk are concerned about the German actions against the Livs, who were tribute payers of Polotsk.
		Emperor Frederick II, Pope Gregory IX, and various western rulers all issue appeals to each other to move against the Mongols, but no one makes a move.
		Arab writers and travelers list Sudak among the most important trading cities of the world - call the Black Sea the "Sudak Sea".
	www.xenophon-mil.org /rushistory/rulers/chron13cen.htm (9747 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		This is considerably less than the count we might make now and it interestingly implies that Bede possessed a sort of "official" list from which many ephemeral Emperors were excluded [note].
		The list here is entirely from Bruce R. Gordon's Regnal Chronologies.
		The list of Doges is taken from Byzantium and Venice, A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations, by Donald M. Nicol [Cambridge University Press, 1988, 1999], and Storia di Venezia Volume II, by Eugenio Musatti [4th edition, Fratelli Treves Editori, Milano, 1937].
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (13905 words)

	The Red Kaganate - Tribes
		Under triple pressure from the Russ, Byzantium, and Persia, they declined in the 10th century and were finally descimated by the Russ leader Svyatoslav, who then took to himself the title Kagan in immitation of the Khazar ruler.
		The Seljuks, founded and named after the son of a Khazar general, went in a different direction.
		It was the successful penetration of the Seljuk Turks into the Middle East at the end of the first Millenium CE that sent Byzantium into a panic.
	www.geocities.com /kaganate/tribelist.html (2150 words)

	Amazon.com: "Ibn Hawkal": Key Phrase page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Thirteenth Tribe: The Khazar Empire and Its Heritage by Arthur Koestler
		Thus Ibn Hawkal: 'In Kozr [Khazaria] there is a certain city called Asmid [Samandar] which has so many orchards and gardens that from...
		Key Phrases in this book: Ibn Fadlan, Russian Chronicle, Ibn Hawkal, Black Sea, Khazar Correspondence, Zeki Validi, Western Europe, Ibn Rusta, Khazar Jews, Middle Ages, Eastern Jewry, double kingship (See more)
	www.amazon.com /phrase/Ibn-Hawkal (532 words)

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