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Topic: List of Libyan Heads of State

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Chief of state

Moammar Al Qadhafi

Than Shwe

Robert Mugabe

Saparmurat Niyazov

Aida

	Reference for Head of state - Search.com
		Head of state or chief of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchic or republican nation-state, federation, commonwealth or any other political state.
		In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer of the state, possessing executive power (hence the description of the United Kingdom monarch's government as His/Her Majesty's Government; a term indicating that all power belongs to the sovereign and the government acts on Her Majesty's behalf, not parliament's).
		In a monarchy, the Monarch is the Head of State.
	www.search.com /reference/Head_of_state (8257 words)

	World Summit on the Information Society
		Head of the Delegation of the Republic of Cyprus
		Head of the Delegation of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
		Head of the Delegation of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
	www.itu.int /wsis/geneva/coverage/list.asp (1423 words)

	Michael A. Tunks, Diplomats or Defendants? Defining the Future of Head-of-State Immunity, 52 Duke L. J. 651 (2003) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Heads of state who travel abroad perform crucial and unique diplomatic tasks, and, therefore, a principal purpose of head-of-state immunity is to allow state leaders freely to conduct diplomacy in foreign countries.
		When the defendant head of state is a national of a state party to the treaty, head-of-state immunity is not really abrogated; rather, the state that holds the immunity has merely waived it in advance or delegated its power to try its own leaders.
		Consequently, a sitting head of state's immunity, unlike that of a former head of state, cannot depend on whether the crime alleged involved his actions in a private capacity or an official capacity.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/DLJ52P651.HTM (12101 words)

	Libya: News and Views
		The Libyan foreign ministry, in a statement carried by the official Libyan news agency JANA, said efforts were continuying to reach an understanding between the DRC and Rwanda in an effort to bring peace in the Great Lakes.
		Libyan state television, monitored in Tunis, said the meeting was chaired by Libyan leader Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi as part of his efforts to bring peace to the Congo.
		Libyan leader Mu'ammar al-Qadhafi held talks with Rwandan Vice President and Defence Minister Major General Paul Kagame as part of efforts to restore peace in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the official Libyan news agency JANA reported on Friday.
	www.libyanet.com /5-99nwsc.htm (3525 words)

	Libya: News and Views
		The Libyan foreign affairs ministry, in a statement distributed in neighbouring Tunisia by the official Libyan news agency JANA, denied Libya had such arms and warned against the consequences of an attack.
		A Libyan aircraft is reported to have flown to neighbouring Chad and back in violation of the air embargo imposed by the United Nations six years ago.
		Libyans who left Libya recently report that Libya is experiencing a major crack down on Libyan Islamists [al-Islamiyeen.] Major arrests took place in the main Libyan cities in the past few days and continuing.
	www.libyanet.com /6-98nwsc.htm (2510 words)

	Middle East and North Africa
		The United States is also working with Iraqis to create a mechanism to address property claims and restitution issues, launch human rights education in civil society and schools, and introduce human rights training for Iraqi police recruits and employees of other government ministries and agencies.
		The State Department helped send a delegation of Iraqi women to the June 2003 Global Summit of Women conference in Morocco and to the 48th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women in New York.
		The United States utilized bilateral and multilateral diplomacy to emphasize the unacceptability of violence on all sides and demand PA actions against terrorism in the West Bank and Gaza as well as in Israel.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/shrd/2003/31022.htm (13842 words)

	A Qadhdhafi Sampler - Middle East Quarterly
		State-of-the art communications tools, like all sorts of phones and fax machines, computers and television screens were also set up inside the tent along with comfortable but simple furniture.
		The "State of the Masses Rocket," (Sarukh al-Jamahiriya), a five-seater saloon in a metallic Libyan revolutionary green with tinted windows, was shown to the world's press who were in town for a Qadhdhafi-sponsored special summit of the Organization of African Unity.
		The Libyan Leader Colonel Mu`ammar al-Qadhdhafi assured that "there is no future for Israel" in the Arab environment, and recommended that the Israelis "establish a state in Alaska" in the United States.
	www.meforum.org /article/54 (939 words)

	Libyan leader opens mosque in Uganda in bid to spread Islam through Africa - International Herald Tribune
		KAMPALA, Uganda: In his drive to spread Libyan and Islamic influence in Africa, Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi inaugurated a huge new mosque in this predominantly Christian country Wednesday, with several African heads of states attending and scores of Arab journalists flown in for the occasion.
		A half dozen African heads of state, including Kenya's Mwai Kibaki, Gabon's Omar Bongo and Rwanda's Paul Kagame, joined Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni to greet the Libyan leader, who was the driving force behind creation of the African Union and wields considerable influence both with African governments and rebel movements.
		Ugandan religious tolerance was on display as heads of state and guests, regardless of their creed, crammed into the new mosque to celebrate.
	www.iht.com /articles/ap/2008/03/19/africa/AF-GEN-Uganda-Gadhafis-African-Quest.php (1003 words)

	THE UNITED STATES AND LIBYA
		Britain and the United States attempted to organize a boycott of Libya's nationalized oil, but the international oil market was not what it had been in the early fifties, when a buyer boycott had helped to bring Iran to its knees.
		Although the December 1985 attack on Rome's airport was committed under Libyan sponsorship, the surviving member of the four-man terrorist team, according to reports on the Italian investigation, told investigators the team was trained in Syrian occupied areas of Lebanon.
		Six Libyan diplomats were expelled from the United States and, under Reagan, the Libyan embassy in Washington was ordered closed.<36> But the U.S. reaction was very different when similar assassinations or attempted assassinations were carried out by "friendly" governments.
	www.zmag.org /zmag/articles/Shalomlyb2.html (7471 words)

	US and Coalition 2001
		Secretary of State Powell told Fox News that citizens of 80 nations were among the victims at the World Trade Center, and that "the world is coming together." He did not rule out the possibility of cooperation with Syria or Iran, pointing out that there were many ways to participate in the coalition.
		She sought to assure her audience that the United States was not at war with Islam, expressed concern at Saddam Hussein’s quest for weapons of mass destruction, and said that different means would be used with different countries in the fight against terrorism.
		EU heads of government met at Ghent and declared their support for the U.S. campaign in Afghanistan and pledged to help reconstruct the country once the Taliban had been replaced by a stable and representative government.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/5889.htm (18754 words)

	Moscow's Thriving Libyan Connection
		Libyan oil revenues, primarily from Western oil-importing countries, became a major source of hard currency for the Soviets, who sorely needed cash to finance food and technology imports from the West without hindering their ongoing military expansion At the height of Qaddafi's military buildup, two Soviet ships unloaded weapons in Tripoli harbor each day.
		Libyan security personnel are trained in Dresden, East Germany,27 and Qaddafi enjoys'access to Soviet and East German intelligence networks on matters concerning internal dissidents and foreign enemies.
		Libyan intellectuals, students, middle-class businessmen, and government bureaucrats have become disenchanted with Qaddafils economic policies, his militarization of society, and his revo lutionary gibberish.
	www.heritage.org /research/middleeast/bg362.cfm (3036 words)

	Sudan
		Banditry and lawlessness is common in western Sudan, particularly in the Darfur province along the Chadian and Libyan borders.
		Although western women are not required to cover their heads, long sleeve shirts and full-length skirts or slacks are recommended.
		Engaging in illicit sexual conduct with children or using or disseminating child pornography in a foreign country is a crime, prosecutable in the United States.
	travel.state.gov /travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1029.html (2796 words)

	Libyan Stagnation a Big Factor in Qaddafi Surprise - New York Times
		Telegrams and phone calls from heads of state congratulate the ''great leader'' of Libya's revolution for his visionary decision, a potentially transforming step for a state that made itself a pariah in the 1980's, blazing a path of terrorism across Europe.
		That time frame dictates that if the United States does not lift sanctions and remove Libya from the list of terrorist states by May, $6 million of the $10 million promised to victims' families will be returned to Libya.
		Libyan and Western officials, including some who worked closely with Colonel Qaddafi in bringing about his declaration last month, say it is still impossible to fathom him.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A00E1DE1131F93BA35752C0A9629C8B63 (794 words)

	PWHCE - Coalition of the Willing List, Map and Troop Numbers
		This includes Croatia and Slovenia (signatories to the Vilnius Statement, but not listed as part of the Coalition) and Norway and Sweden, which advocated a war to unseat Saddam Hussein until it became clear the UN would not support such a war, at which point they espoused offical positions of opposition to the war.
		For example, Australia is listed as having 800 troops in Iraq, although November figures listed 850, and during March 2003 there were 2000 Australian troops in theatre, including warships, jet fighters and the Special Air Service, one of the world's finest special forces regiments.
		The list of countries in the Coalition of the Willing is particularly interesting because of the patterns it doesn't produce, and the under-reported patterns it does.
	www.pwhce.org /willing.html (3132 words)

	Moammar Gadhafi: News & Videos about Moammar Gadhafi - CNN.com
		A fight between Ugandan and Libyan presidential guards sparked chaos during a ceremony attended by the heads of state from 11 African nations on Wednesday.
		The Libyan Supreme court has overturned the death sentences of five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor convicted of infecting hundreds of children with the HIV virus, according to Libya's official news agency.
		A Libyan court has sentenced five Bulgarian nurses and a Palestinian doctor to death for infecting hundreds of children with the AIDS virus in an attempt to find a cure for the disease.
	topics.edition.cnn.com /topics/moammar_gadhafi (1670 words)

	Libya: News and Views
		The Libyan leader did not address reporters on his arrival, which was marred by a minor incident when Qadhafi's vast security detail broke the glass window on the door to the VIP lounge to gain entry to it.
		The Libyan government is expected to set up a bank account in a neutral country this week as a sign of its willingness to strike a compensation deal with the families of victims of the Lockerbie bombing.
		Libyan News Agency (JANA) reported Sunday that "the US government's resolve to topple the current regime in Iraq and destroy the country's arsenal is motivated by a perceived danger which the regime poses to countries of the Gulf, particularly Saudi Arabia under US umbrella".
	www.libya-watanona.com /news/n2003/march/0303nwsc.htm (8097 words)

	Global History - January to June
		Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria: At the invitation of the United States and Russia, Israel, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, and the Palestinians meet in Washington to resume peace talks stalled by the Israeli deportation of 400 suspected Hamas activists to Lebanon.
		This attack is generally considered the inauguration of the era of urban terrorism in Manila and coincides with the formation of the Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB), the urban terrorist or "sparrow" unit of the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP).
		Mongolia: The birth of Ghengis Khan, founder of the United Mongol State, is celebrated with a festival.
	www.ioss.gov /docs/jantojune.html (6473 words)

	ipedia.com: Ronald Reagan Article (Site not responding. Last check: )
		There is disagreement over how much Reagan's policies contributed to the severe recession that took place in 1982, the strong economic expansion that began late in his first term and ran throughout his second term, and the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among the rich and the poor.
		Critics of Reagan argue that this constituted state sponsorship of terrorism and an attempt to overthrow an elected government.
		The attack was extremely demoralizing for the United States, and although Reagan initially stated he would "resist those who seek drive us out of that area", the continued Marine presence in Lebanon became very unpopular among the American public, who compared the military mission in the former French colony with the Vietnam War.
	www.ipedia.com /ronald_reagan.html (6489 words)

	National Security Council Files Series Descriptions
		It consists of State Department telegrams, memcons, and memoranda of diplomatic importance or pertaining to the activities of the executive branch of the Republic of Vietnam (RVN) government.
		Major issues include the overthrow of the Libyan monarchy in 1969 and the Biafran crisis during the Nigerian civil war.
		The correspondence between the President and foreign heads of government and heads of state concerns a wide variety of bilateral and multilateral issues.
	nixon.archives.gov /forresearchers/find/textual/filesdesc.php (2536 words)

	Saudi Arabia recalls ambassador to Libya
		The Saudi action is the latest sign of a near-collapse in ties between Saudi Arabia and the north African state, which said it was surprised at the move and denied the accusation.
		State Department spokesman Richard Boucher said Tripoli had not yet laid to rest U.S. concerns about the plot, which was an obstacle to dropping Libya from the U.S. list of state sponsors of terrorism and ending related sanctions.
		A Saudi diplomat had told Reuters that Mohamed Ismael, a Libyan intelligence officer, and his four-man team were organising the plot in the holy city of Mecca last year and that a bank account with $1 million had raised suspicion about them.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2004-12/23/content_402530.htm (599 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| International \| History in the making?
		In a bid to rekindle Nkrumah's dream, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi invited African leaders last weekend to assemble in Sirte, a seaside oasis with a population of 500,000 and the distinction of being Gaddafi's birthplace.
		Western media reports invariably insinuated that the Libyan leader was effectively bribing the African signatories to ensure their compliance.
		Libyan largesse may, in fact, have played a big role, the signing and ratification of the Sirte Declaration by a handful of small and impoverished African countries long preceding that of larger and more powerful African nations, most of whom signed reluctantly and failed to ratify the Sirte Declaration.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2001/524/in1.htm (1116 words)

	Libya heads U.N. Security Council - CNN.com
		Libyans are suddenly much more visible on the world stage, highlighted by a recent trip to France by Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi.
		The United States removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and lifted economic sanctions in a multi-stage process that became final in 2006.
		"The Libyans have not fulfilled their obligations to the American victims of terrorism," said Kara M. Weipz, president of the group Victims of Pan Am Flight 103, in a telephone interview with CNN.
	edition.cnn.com /2008/WORLD/africa/01/03/libya.un (1048 words)

	Farrakhan dialogs with heads of state at Summit
		Forty-one heads of states from the African continent were represented at the conference.
		Later, when Col. Gadhafi was called to the podium to deliver a closing address to the heads of state, he asked the conference chairman to allow Min.
		Farrakhan was able to discuss the pressing problems and challenges of the countries and regions of Africa with the heads of state.
	www.finalcall.com /international/mlf_africa07-24-2001.htm (690 words)

	IPI (International Press Institute) :: Libya
		RSF said the Libyan regime holds the record for the longest imprisonment of a journalist, Abdullah Ali al-Sanussi al-Darrat, who has been detained without trial since 1973.
		The USA and the European Union have rewarded Libyan leader Muammar Gadhafi and the Libyan government for renouncing terrorism and weapons of mass destruction by lifting sanctions and trade embargoes.
		Heads of state and business leaders have flocked to Tripoli in recent months as the economy slowly reforms.
	www.freemedia.at /cms/ipi/freedom_detail.html?country=/KW0001/KW0004/KW0098/&year=2004 (671 words)

	GuruNet — Content Map
		List of Lieutenant Governors of the Isle of Man
		List of lifetime home run leaders through history
		List of lifetime MLB hit leaders through history
	www.gurunet.com /cm-dsid-2222-letter-1L-first-21501 (62 words)

	Libya 4 me :: The biggest Libyan Community Website ,Libya, Libyan, libya news, company libya, oil libya, tripoli (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Yesterday the Libyan capital Tripoli became an arena of Libyan anger at the call of the American President George Bush for the liberation of the Bulgarian medics, who were accused of deliberately infecting over 400 Libyan children with the HIV virus during their treatment in Benghazi hospital in 1998.
		A Southern Libyan court has delayed for the third time Sunday the hearing of the two civil indemnity claims, filed by families of infected Libyan children in the HIV trial against the Bulgarian medics there.
		The nurses were sentenced to death by a firing squad, sparking cries of foul from Bulgaria and its allies the United States and the European Union.
	www.libya4me.net (2410 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. renews diplomatic ties with Libya - Jun 28, 2004
		Assistant Secretary of State William J. Burns formally opened a U.S. liaison office in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, marking the highest-level U.S. diplomatic presence in the country since 1980.
		The United States imposed travel and other restrictions on Libya in the early 1980s and added broad sanctions in 1986 after Libya was blamed for the bombing of a disco in Berlin, Germany, that killed two U.S. servicemen and a Turkish woman, and wounded 229, including 79 Americans.
		But the State Department issued a revised travel warning Monday that says, "Although Libya appears to have curtailed its support for international terrorism, it may maintain residual contacts with some of its former terrorist clients" and remains on the state sponsors of terrorism list.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/africa/06/28/libya.us/index.html (1082 words)

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