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Topic: List of Polish monarchs

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In the News (Thu 31 Dec 09)

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	AllEmpires - The Polish Lithuanian Commonwealth (Full) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Polish arms triumphed in battle after battle and after the Peace of Oliva, when the Western armies were released, they forced the Russians to capitulate at Cudnow in Volhynia (1st November 1660).
		In spite of his disappointment, the king, with all Polish forces, joined in the Hungarian campaign, and after a setback in the first battle of Parkany, where he himself was in mortal danger, he won another important victory near that place and also participated in the taking of Esztergom, Hungary’s ecclesiastical center.
		The immediate reason why the Polish forces, after advancing far into the Danubian principalities, had to retreat, as they also had to in subsequent expeditions until 1691, was the lack of support from the native Rumanian population.
	www.allempires.com /empires/polish_lit_full/polish_lit2.htm (3005 words)

	Foreign Affairs - "Schindler's List" and the Polish Question - Andrew Nagorski
		Polish Catholics often emphasized Poland's long record as a land of refuge for Jews, beginning with the great migrations of Jews fleeing persecution in other parts of Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and as a land of tolerance, where Jews were sometimes granted special privileges by Polish monarchs and nobles.
		Polish Catholics stressed their own suffering at the hands of the German occupiers, arguing that, under the circumstances, they did what they could to help the Jews.
		Polish Jews died as a result of a systematic mass extermination campaign, which largely succeeded; Polish Catholics were marked for enslavement, which resulted in mass fatalities as they perished in the war, concentration camps, summary executions and concerted efforts to wipe out entire villages as well as the Polish intelligentsia.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19940701fareviewessay5133/andrew-nagorski/schindler-s-list-and-the-polish-question.html (2342 words)

	math lessons - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or the Republic of the Two Nations; in Polish Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; in Lithuanian Žečpospolita or Abiejų tautų respublika; in Latin Regnum Serenissima Poloniae; in Belarusian Рэч Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1569, lasting until 1795.
		To be Polish, in the non-Polish lands of the Commonwealth, was then much less an index of ethnicity than of rank; it was a designation largely reserved for the landed noble class, which included members of Polish and non-Polish origin alike.
		Courland (Polish: Kurlandia), a northern fief of the Commonwealth;
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (4208 words)

	Newsletter 21/1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polish Studies Center Director Timothy Wiles visited Warsaw and Krakow for two weeks last August, where he held discussions with representatives from the Polish publishing industry to plan activities of the USIA-funded "Polish Small Press Development Program," to be conducted during 1998-99 and jointly managed by the PSC and the IU Press.
		Chuck, who was active in the Polish Studies Center from 1976 to 1984, focused some of his doctoral research on a historical study of the development and role of bishops in the Evangelical Reformed Church in Poland.
		Polish Studies is also a voting member of the national scholarly organization in our field, the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences in America, and a number of Center members take part in its chief scholarly outlets, the annual PIASA Conference and the Institute's journal the Polish Review.
	www.indiana.edu /~polishst/news/news21/news21_1.html (6520 words)

	President of the Republic of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This means that the President heads the executive authority, is appointed to represent Polish interests on the international arena, ensures the observance of the Constitution, and is responsible for the security of the state.
		In his role as supreme representative of the Polish state, the President ratifies and revokes international agreements, nominates and recalls ambassadors, and accepts the accreditations of representatives of other states.
		Polish presidential elections of 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Poland (535 words)

	POLISH AMERICAN - PART II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Polish immigrants to America between the years 1608 and 1776 were generally adventurers, and their numbers were few.
		Polish emigration from Russian Poland which commenced in 1876 was due in the main to a crop failure, high rate of unemployment in the textile industry due to labor problems, and the institution of universal military service.
		Polish business is developed, associations of the type enumerated in document 140 are formed, affording their members economic advantages, social entertainment, a field for economic cooperation, educational opportunities, help in expressing and realizing their political ideals, and a congenial social milieu in which the desires for recognition and response are satisfied.
	clevelandmemory.org /ebooks/polish/part02.html (14220 words)

	Polish Music Journal 6.2.03 - Trochimczyk: Mater Dolorosa and Maternal Love . . .
		[28] Polish culture was affirmed through an allegiance to, and knowledge of, Polish language, literature, poetry, and music, all of which had a precarious status in public life and thrived in the homes.
		In the Polish version of the popular Loreto Litany, Mary is named the Queen of Poland; her images proliferate, she is the subject of songs, poems, and popular devotions.
		While the equation of Polishness with Catholicism is an oft-repeated, though strongly contentious statement, the cultural uniformity of post-war Poland, with seriously limited minority populations of Jews, Ukrainians, Byelorussians, and Germans, has led to a prominence of Catholic symbols in the country's social life (90 percent of contemporary Poles define themselves as Catholic).
	www.usc.edu /dept/polish_music/PMJ/issue/6.2.03/Trochimczykmater.html (14025 words)

	Monarchs in the Classroom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		What I did was I got five monarch caterpillars and put four in these smells: Brute, perfume, deodorant, and nail polish remover, and the other in a container with no smell and saw how the smells affected those four monarchs.
		The monarchs in the fl light grew the poorest and were the first to die.
		The grape juice really affected the monarchs as they were having a hard time walking, their wings were spread out wide, they couldn't fly in their cage any more, and they were very still.
	www.monarchlab.umn.edu /InsectFair/AbstractSchoolView.aspx?SchoolID=64&PYear=2005 (1665 words)

	The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		From the 14th century to the 18th century, the two nations were joined—first by a “personal union” between two monarchs, and then by treaty.
		He was the last in the line of rulers in the Piast dynasty, and had helped modernize the Polish state by introducing such innovations as the codification of law.
		The Polish word for formal address, “Pan” became used in Lithuanian, and other words made their way into the language as well.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/polish_baltic_history/62385 (461 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		A list of geographical names in rulers' titles might not be a list of their actual possessions.
		As a rule, the order, in which names of territories were listed in titles, reflected the hierarchy: kingdoms followed by duchies, counties placed after duchies, lordships were at the end.
		In some cases, when a territory had a special importance it could be listed before the other names in its group or even before the names associated with a higher rank in the hierarchy of titles.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin (1562 words)

	Reagalia
		Boleslaus the Bold’s regalia were used during the successive Polish coronations of Przemysl II and his consort Margaret of Brandenburg in 1295, and of Wenceslaus II of Bohemia in 1300.
		The Polish royal crown was therefore associated with the most fortunate period in Polish history, when Poland emerged united under Ladislaus the Short and soon made her way up as one of the major political powers in Europe.
		A Polish chronicler of the time remarked that the gold crown was taken away from the king right after his coronation and quickly used to strike coins for the Swedish troops.
	homepage.mac.com /crowns/pl/avreg.html (3339 words)

	Alexander
		Some honest Polish patriots believed that it was their patriotic duty to try to rid Poland of Jews and to accomplish it not by violence but through an economic boycott, hoping that impoverishing the Jews would force them to emigrate from the country.
		Thus, Dobrysz, wife of Jozef Aleksandrowicz, was listed in the 1818 record of the birth of her son as "Dobrysz z Jakubow", i.e.
		In this manner, Dobrysz Aleksandrowicz, daughter of Jacob Gumple is listed in a document of marriage of her daughter, Rywka, in 1831, as Dobrysz z Gumplowiczow, i.e.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~dan/genealogy/Krakow/other/alex3.htm (5707 words)

	Jan Matejko - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jan Matejko (aka Jan Mateyko; Free City of Kraków, July 28, 1838 – November 1, 1893, Kraków) was a Polish artist famous for paintings of notable Polish political and military events.
		These include a Battle of Grunwald, numerous court scenes, and a gallery of Polish kings.
		He is also known for his portrayals of the famous Polish court jester Stańczyk.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jan_Matejko (96 words)

	FRANCIA
		Some of the material might therefore be a little dated now; but there is also the virtue that these histories are going to be largely innocent of the brainless Marxism and the kinds of politically correct "race, class, and gender" analyses that have become popular in "post modern" academia.
		The only drawbacks are that (1) Thompsett's lists are, indeed, genealogical, which means it is sometimes hard to find unrelated rulers in a succession, and (2) the entries are very summary, without any explanation of may be happening as, for instance, domains are divided among multiple heirs.
		However, both Tompsett and WW-Person list Stephen Count of Champagne, Meaux, and Troyes (Tompsett twice, as son of both Herbert the Elder and Herbert, Count of Meaux, identified as "Herbert the Younger").
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14323 words)

	ESPN.com - WNBA - Monarchs stay hot, but 3-15 start cools future
		But the Monarchs' 3-15 start, caused by prolonged stretches on the injured list for Griffith and All-Star Ticha Penicheiro, doomed their season more than a month ago.
		The Monarchs blew a 15-point lead in the second half, but Griffith and Tangela Smith, who had 19 points and 12 rebounds, led a late rally for the Monarchs, who went 23-for-24 on free throws.
		Griffith and Smith led the Monarchs' defensive effort against Margo Dydek, the Starzz's 7-foot-2 Polish center who matched her career high with 27 points.
	sports.espn.go.com /wnba/gamepackage/recap?gameId=220801013 (544 words)

	Monarchist Society of America Home Page
		Its aim is to provide arguments in support of the monarchic form of government as a superior alternative to other forms of government, and to encourage the discussion and support of these ideas in national and international forums of intellectual and political discourse.
		However, prominent monarchists are and have been of aristocratic and royal blood, and often have raised the standard of monarchism to keep the legitimate claims of their own lines alive, as well as that of monarchism as a form of government in general.
		The outcome will hopefully be the promotion of better understanding of the notion of monarchic government and greater adherence to the notion that monarchy is the noblest form of government and worthy of greater support and propagation world-wide as we move towards the 21st century and beyond.
	home1.gte.net /eskandar/monarchistsociety.html (2144 words)

	Regents Prep Global History & Geography: Conflict Vocabulary List
		Walesa, Lech : (1943-) Polish labor union leader, Nobel laureate, and President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.
		He was instrumental in the collapse of communism in Poland and throughout Eastern Europe through the work of the labor union Solidarity.
		They were placed on the throne as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and ruled as limited monarchs.
	regentsprep.org /Regents/global/vocab/topic.cfm?topic=c (3090 words)

	Europe - List Of State Leaders In 1001
		Bavaria - Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV the Saint List of rulers of Bavaria Duke of Bavaria (995- 1005)
		England - Ethelred the Unready Ethelred II the Unready, List of monarchs of England King of England (978- 1013, 1014- 1016)
		Poland - Boleslaus I of Poland Boleslaus the Brave, List of Polish rulers King of Poland (992- 1025)
	mywebpage.netscape.com /Aakashshah2910/list-of-state-leaders-in-1001/europe.html (350 words)

	Science News Online - Past Issues - 4/27/96
		Several Polish architects, convinced that air pollution was causing the problem, suggested the scientists visit the mine, Sherwood recalls.
		Explains conservation chemist Roman Kozlowski of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Krakow, "at the beginning, we knew little about methods for studying microclimates," such as how temperature, humidity, or airflow may vary within a single room.
		The first test of the system, slated for delivery by a Polish contractor before summer, probably won't take place until next year, Kozlowski notes, because the mine anticipates making some extensive changes to its ventilation system while the new equipment is being installed.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arch/4_27_96/bob1.htm (1806 words)

	Ruby & Sapphire from Burma (Myanmar)
		In Pegu they know how to clean but not how to polish them, and they therefore convey them to other countries, especially to Paleacate, Narsinga, Calicut and the whole of Malabar, where there are excellent craftsmen who cut and mount them.
		It was originally purchased clandestinely by the Chinese on the spot; the Burmese court, being apprized of the circumstance, instituted a strict search for the jewel, and the sellers, to hush up the affair, were obliged to buy it back at double price, and present it to the king.
		…[the monarchs'] persons were regarded as being so very sacred that such regalia had to be viewed from a very respectful distance, so that it was quite impossible for anyone even to judge of the genuine nature of the stones, much less to estimate their value.
	www.ruby-sapphire.com /r-s-bk-burma.htm (7825 words)

	AGoner.com A list of jewelry wholesalers and retailers
		Nicholas de Sancy served two French monarchs loyally: He loaned the diamond to the French king, Henry III, who strategically placed it on his cap to conceal his baldness.
		The remaining large piece was polished into the stone known as the Jubilee.
		During the cutting period, when the stone's exceptional size and purity became evident, there were initial plans to present the diamond to Queen Victoria upon completion, but this did not occur.
	www.agoner.com (4563 words)

	Bibliography, Pt II: 1914-1939 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Author shows the politics of the Polish Question in Russian policy, and that Foreign Minister Sergei D. Sazonov's plans to gain Polish and Western support for Russia by granting autonomy to the Poles of Russian Poland were finally canceled by Tsar Nicholas II; some archival documents are cited.
		Titus Komarnicki (1896-1967) was a Polish diplomat and historian.
		Boguslaw Kozusznik (1901-1998), was a Polish native of Teschen (Tesin, Cieszyn) Silesia.
	raven.cc.ku.edu /~eceurope/hist557/BiblPt2.htm (10821 words)

	Amazon.com: John Paul II - The Millennial Pope (1998) : Video (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Pope John Paul II is as much a prominent world figure as the presidents and monarchs.
		Here, now, is his biography, a telling story that covers the past 50 years of a man and spiritual leader who has been at the center of some of the world's most historic events the Holocaust, World War II, liberation theology, the demise of communism and much more.
		One scene shows the communist Polish head of state literally shaking at a press conference in the presence of the Pope.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B000022TSU?v=glance (1467 words)

	Victoria Research Web; Ben Haines on Walks in London
		The second was the same list, but turned into a programme from east to west, to stop them wasting time zig-zagging around London.
		The griffin is the heraldic supporter of the arms of the City of London, and here the Queen must stop for the Lord Mayor to admit her to his free city.
		On the west wall of the concourse you see the destinations list from some 120 years ago, when the Company Directors saw this unlikely spot as departure point for Chatham and for St Petersburg.
	www.victorianresearch.org /haineswalks.html (6273 words)

	World Council of Credit Unions - WOCCU
		Located in northern Poland on the Baltic Sea, Gdansk is the destination of the three-day post- tour from June 29 to July 1.
		This tour includes a visit to nearby Torun's Old Town, which is listed as a World Cultural and Natural Heritage Site due to its impressive 13th century Town Hall, superb churches and streets that uncover past glory.
		This fee includes two full days of sightseeing with stops at the Royal Castle, former residence of Polish monarchs since 1569; Zygmunt’s Column, Warsaw's oldest secular memorial monument erected in the 16th century; St. John’s Cathedral; the Old Town Market Square; Warsaw History Museum; ï¿½azienki Park and Palaces; and the birth home of Friedrich Chopin.
	www.woccu.org /press/press_rel/pressr.php?pressr_id=238 (462 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Central-Eastern Europe(POL,LIT,PRU,LAT,etc) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Prussia, TO and LO removed from kill lists of Poland, Lithuania, Russia and Sweden.
		Poland, Lithuania and PL will be given no kill list (I'm considering Muscovy on the kill list of Lithuania).
		This is to symbolize the Polish population of the city, as well as the inclination of Danzig to be with the Polish crown instead of German states.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=46626 (5157 words)

	Amazon.com: Too Hot to Handle (1938) / Movie (1938) : Video (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Proudly "crowned" as Hollywood's reigning monarchs on Ed Sullivan's radio program the two were at the peak of their popularity when this film was released in guaranteeing huge profits at the Box office.
		The story while highly incredible, rolls along at lighting pace and takes them through a faked flight dropping off serum, to photographing a burning navy vessel, to making a trip up the Amazon in search of Loy's brother missing but believed to be alive as a prisoner of a native tribe.
		All these goings on are delivered with an energy and polish often unseen in modern films.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/6301978218?v=glance (1922 words)

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