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Topic: List of Presidents of Syria

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	Syria (05/07)
		Syria is significant in the history of Christianity; Paul was converted on the road to Damascus and established the first organized Christian Church at Antioch in ancient Syria, from which he left on many of his missionary journeys.
		Syria's political instability during the years after the 1954 coup, the parallelism of Syrian and Egyptian policies, and the appeal of Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser's leadership in the wake of the 1956 Suez crisis created support in Syria for union with Egypt.
		Syria's military remains one of the largest in the region, although the breakup of the Soviet Union--long the principal source of training, material, and credit for the Syrian forces--slowed Syria's ability to acquire modern military equipment.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/3580.htm (7372 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		The Euphrates, the longest river in Syria, flows diagonally across the country from Turkey in the N to Iraq on the E. The second longest river, the Orontes, originates in the Lebanese portion of the Anti-Lebanon Mts.
		The estimated population of Syria in 1993 was 13,398,000.
		Syria is a member of the UNITED NATIONS (UN), the ARAB LEAGUE, the Council of Arab Economic Unity, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, and the Organization of the Islamic Conference.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/nations/syria.html (4688 words)

	Blacksmiths of Lebanon
		The lists in question refer to the one list of presidential candidates prepared by the Maronite Patriarch and submitted to the Shiite representative of the pro-Syrian Opposition, Nabih Berri, and the Sunni leader of the Anti-Syrian majority, Saad Hariri.
		All the lists are in agreement over the presence of Butros Harb, and Nassib Lahoud as the partisan candidates of the Anti-Syrian Parliamentary Majority, and of Michel Aoun as the FPM candidate [and no other party, in reality].
		As President, Michel Edde can be expected to be as effective in solving the national crisis as Elias Sarkis was from 1976-1982.
	blacksmithsoflebanon.blogspot.com (3591 words)

	Syria - Middle East Nations - The Wednesday Report research series
		Syria is believed to be attempting to acquire Chinese medium-range ballistic missile technology in the form of the M-9 and may indeed have already acquired M-11 missile systems.
		Syria's main objective according to all assessments is the completion of an arsenal of enhanced-range surface-to-surface missiles tipped with chemical and biological warheads.
		Syria's official position on biological weapons is that it "supports very close international cooperation in the field of biological activities for peaceful purposes, which is certain to strengthen the influence and the realism of the Biological Weapons Convention." In fact, Syria has had rudimentary biological weapons in its possession since the early 1990s.
	www.thewednesdayreport.com /twr/syria/syria.htm (4400 words)

	Asia Times Online :: Middle East News - Syria's one true friend - Iran
		Syria was courted and treated like a superpower, by both presidents George H W Bush and Bill Clinton, and given an okay to keep its forces in Lebanon, especially after Lebanon's then anti-Syrian leader General Michel Aoun made his fatal mistake by siding with Saddam Hussein.
		Syria insisted that it was not aiding the Iraqi insurgency by turning a blind eye to terrorist infiltration from the Syrian-Iraqi border.
		Syria's relationship with the Iranian regime is a topic of international concern, and many in the West - particularly in the United States, are questioning the wisdom behind such an alliance.
	www.atimes.com /atimes/Middle_East/HG12Ak01.html (2039 words)

	Syria Beyond the Peace Process - by Daniel Pipes
		Looking at Syria through the prism of its relations with Israel reflects two facets of American foreign policy: a widespread media and scholarly fascination with Israel and a governmental emphasis on ending the Arab-Israeli conflict.
		But Syria is a country of some fourteen million persons; seeing it only as an adjunct of Israel ignores other aspects of that country, including much that directly concerns Americans.
		Syria under Asad became the powerbroker in Lebanon and, by virtue of his sponsoring terrorist opposition groups all over the region, a major factor in the political life of Jordan and Turkey.
	www.danielpipes.org /books/syriabeyondchap.php (2681 words)

	The Adventures of Chester: Syria Archives
		Syria, of course, is a country that in our view has destabilized Lebanon for the past 30 years.
		Strategypage today has a list of "Ten Signs that the United States is about to Bomb Iran." These are things to look for that will indicate an imminent strike by the US, movements of units and materiel and such that intelligence analysts would examine.
		One thing is certain: while it may seem that Syria was on the back-burner in the White House for a while -- and this may only be a perception, as diplomacy is not always visible -- it and Iran are now clearly in the front of the President's field of vision.
	www.theadventuresofchester.com /archives/syria (13477 words)

	[No title]
		The vice presidents: Are appointed by the president.
		Headed by the minister of justice, it is composed of the president of the republic, the attorney-general, the chief of judicial inspection, the president of the Court of Cassation and his two most senior deputies, and the deputy minister of justice.
		Syria used to have Economic Security Courts, which were established in 1977 to try cases involving economic crimes (particularly those involving the illegal possession or exchange of foreign currency and violations of the country’s once highly restrictive import regulations).
	www.carnegieendowment.org /files/Syria_APS.doc (5675 words)

	Syria's Leaders - Council on Foreign Relations
		The assassination, which also killed more than twenty others, was blamed on Syria and sparked mass demonstrations in Beirut that forced Syria to withdraw its troops from Lebanon after twenty-nine years of occupation.
		Shihabi, a onetime member of Syria's negotiating team with Israel, served for many years as chief of staff before he was retired in 1998 in a housecleaning purge prior to Hafez al-Assad's death.
		The leader of Syria's Muslim Brotherhood, which is banned, is currently in exile in London, but wields considerable influence through the network of social services his supporters provide throughout the country.
	www.cfr.org /publication/9085/syrias_leaders.html (2507 words)

	OpinionJournal - Featured Article
		In 1990, he was a leading light in President George H.W. Bush's administration, which ceded Lebanon to Syria in exchange for President Hafez Assad's agreement to be part of the international coalition against Iraq.
		Sheinwald upon his return, the Syrian president has four conditions: an end to the Hariri investigation, a guarantee that the U.S. would not undermine his regime, a return of Syrian influence in Lebanon, and the handing back of the Golan Heights, occupied by Israel in 1967.
		Syria's Lebanese allies are trying to undermine the Hariri investigation from within, and are expected to escalate their efforts very soon, maybe even this week.
	www.opinionjournal.com /editorial/feature.html?id=110009280 (1189 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Syria: Chemical Chronology
		Christian Leffler notes: "Syria and the EU have reached an accord on all points, even the political ones." The next stage in the process is approval of the agreement by political authorities.
		Syria uses its last days as a temporary member of the UN Security Council to push for a resolution calling for the creation of a zone free of WMD in the Middle East.
		Syria is a prime example of a State not party to the CWC that has sought CW-related precursors and expertise from foreign sources.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Syria/Chemical/2976_5044.html (7742 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Election 2004 - Syria/Lebanon \| PBS
		Syria - Bashar al-Assad, Syria's president, was elected in a referendum in which he was the only candidate.
		Syria's armed surrogates, Hezbollah, who are also sponsored by Iran, are the dominant political party in the Bekaa, displaying their clout in recent local elections.
		Today, Syria presides over a Lebanon in which President Lahoud is their obliging host; Christians and Muslims have papered over their differences; and disenfranchised Palestinians still live on the margins of Lebanese society in the poor, sprawling southern suburbs of Beirut, where Hezbollah has its offices and its satellite TV network, Al Manar.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/elections/syria.lebanon (4172 words)

	U.S. wary of Iran, Syria role in Iraq - USATODAY.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		BAGHDAD (AP) — The Bush administration cast a wary eye Monday on signs that Iran and Syria were taking a more active diplomatic role in Iraq, even as debate in the U.S. centered on how many troops to keep in the war.
		But members of the commission have expressed concern that working with Iran and Syria could require America "to enter into a de facto partnership with them," with possible trade-offs, said the official, who requested anonymity because the group's discussions have not been made public.
		President Bush said Monday he wasn't ready to decide between the rival calls for more or fewer U.S. troops on the ground.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/2006-11-20-tehran-summit_x.htm?csp=34 (867 words)

	FDD: Syria
		Already, the Syrian regime's cheerleaders in the US and in Syria are betting that Israel and the US will acknowledge their victory and come knocking for a deal that would recognize the new balance of powers in the region.
		This week's Syria Monitor includes reports of a hunger strike being planned by prisoners of conscience at Adra prison, state harassment of signatories of the Suwayda petition, as well as a recap of what happened at the National Salvation Front conference that was held in London over the weekend.
		It is thanks to the UNSCR 1559 and the courageous response of the Lebanese masses on March 14, 2005 to the assassination of former Prime Minister Hariri on February 14 and the pro-Syrian demonstration by Hizbollah on March 8, that the Cedars Revolution broke the wall of fear from Syrian repression.
	fdd.typepad.com /fdd/syria/index.html (6844 words)

	US Wary of Iran, Syria Role in Iraq
		He offered a similar assessment of Syria, saying the problem "is not what they say; the problem is what they do.
		But members of the commission have expressed concern that working with Iran and Syria could require America "to enter into a de facto partnership with them," with possible trade-offs, said the official, who requested anonymity because the group's discussions have not been made public.
		President Bush said Monday he wasn't ready to decide between the rival calls for more or fewer U.S. troops on the ground.
	www.military.com /NewsContent/0,13319,119307,00.html (899 words)

	CNN - Assad, Yeltsin begin talks - July 6, 1999
		The two presidents, who are both 68, were expected to skirt the thorny issue of Syria's $12 billion worth of debt to Moscow, built up in the Communist era when Damascus was a keen buyer of Soviet arms.
		Syria is also believed to be seeking anti-tank systems, which would make a formidable arsenal, but which would also put renewed strain on Moscow's relations with Washington, still shaky after the Kosovo crisis, in which Russia fiercely opposed NATO's bombing of Yugoslavia.
		Even though the United States considers Syria to be a pivotal player in the Middle East peace process, Syria has been on that list for years.
	www.cnn.com /WORLD/meast/9907/06/syria.russia/index.html (643 words)

	SyriaComment.com: "What do Sunnis intend for Alawis following Regime change?" by Khudr
		The organization of the Army and security forces was masterminded very cleverly by the late president Hafez Assad to prevent coups similar to those that rocked Syria during the three decades after Syrian independence.
		Syria is steam cooker ready to explode and the government shouldn't just loosen the steam valve but to take the whole lid off.
		It is feared that in the case of coup that the regime could start a war on Israel to throw a net of awkwardness in the face of anyone who dares to challenge its legitimacy.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /L/Joshua.M.Landis-1/syriablog/2006/08/what-do-sunnis-intend-for-alawis.htm (7847 words)

	The New York Times > International > Middle East > News Analysis: Syria Under Pressure: Worse Trouble May ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Last week, for example, he announced that Syria would pull out of Lebanon, and in an interview with Time magazine published Tuesday, he said he expected the job to be done in a matter of months.
		The Bush administration's contention that Syria has been aiding Iraq's insurgency is a primary source of cool relations between the nations.
		For several years, Syria's leaders have looked to China as a model for survival, encouraging economic and judicial change in hopes of increasing economic growth, while avoiding political reform.
	www.nytimes.com /2005/03/03/international/middleeast/03syria.html?ex=1267592400&en=b0e1643e872ee6c1&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&pagewanted=all (936 words)

	Syria Gate - About Syria - Factfile about Syria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The President is elected for a seven-year term and is responsible for the appointment and dismissal of Vice-Presidents, the Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers.
		Energy: About 20 percent of Syria's electricity is generated in hydroelectric facilities, mainly from the generators at the Euphates Dam.
		Syria also has a Satellite channel, which was recently redeveloped, to be transmitted to Europe, North and South America, and Africa.
	www.syriagate.com /Syria/about/general/general_information.htm (402 words)

	Reporters sans frontières - Eritrea
		The authoritarian President Afeworki officially suspended basic freedoms in 2001 after dissidents in the ruling party called for democracy.
		Every hint of opposition is described as “treason.” The privately-owned media has been shut down and only the state media are allowed, preaching a rigid line.
		Whether presidents, ministers, chiefs of staff, religious leaders or the heads of armed groups, these predators of press freedom have the power to censor, imprison, kidnap, torture and, in the worst cases, murder journalists.
	www.rsf.org /article.php3?id_article=13592 (178 words)

	CNN.com - Lebanese, Syrian leaders to discuss pullback - Mar 6, 2005
		But Khiyami said Syria and Lebanon would reject what he called the "Israeli agenda" portions of the U.N. resolution, which, he said, include disarmament of Lebanese militant groups.
		Assad, in a speech to Syria's parliament Saturday, did not specify whether troops would be on the Syrian or Lebanese side of the border in the second stage of the withdrawal.
		President Bush has repeatedly called for a full pullout, and said Friday that when the United States and France say withdraw, "we mean complete withdrawal, no half-hearted measures."
	edition.cnn.com /2005/WORLD/meast/03/06/syria/index.html (749 words)

	SYRIA / ARAB SUCCESSION
		It was Gamal Mubarak, the 36-year-old son of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak.
		The president's younger son is a graduate of the American University in Cairo, and a spokesman for an Egyptian-American economic advisory group.
		In Iraq, President Saddam Hussein's two sons are reportedly jousting for the title of heir-apparent.
	www.fas.org /news/syria/000614-syria1.htm (842 words)

	Right Web \| Analysis \| Barry - Neocons' Iraq Strategy Now Focused on Syria (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The USCFL describes itself as the “cyber-center for Pro-Lebanon Activism.” USCFL was one of the leading proponents of the “Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003,” which calls for a series of sanctions against Syria and which President Bush signed on December 12, 2003.
		Virtually all 31 signatories of this MEF report, which was used to persuade Congress to introduce and pass the Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act in 2003, are USCFL members, and several became high officials or advisers in the Bush foreign policy team, including Abrams, Perle, Feith, Dobrianksy, and Wurmser.
		If the president imposes sanctions against Syria rather than attempting to engage it through diplomatic channels, it’s likely that the Syrian regime will be painted with the same fear-mongering brush used to justify the invasion of Iraq.
	rightweb.irc-online.org /analysis/2004/0403syria.php (1482 words)

	Syria a Terrorist Nation – Part I (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Syria’s choice of being a haven for war criminals and terrorists is similarly well known.
		Syria was and is the host to at least 10 major terrorist organizations, such as Hezbollah, Islamic Jihad, Hamas and Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, among many others.
		Syria was identified as having been the source of the 1983 truck bomb massacre against the American Marine barracks in Lebanon, which killed 241 Marines.
	newsmax.com /archives/articles/2003/5/6/124354.shtml (1522 words)

	CBC News: Iraq and Syria restore diplomatic relations after 24 years (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Iraq restored diplomatic relations with neighbouring Syria on Tuesday after nearly a quarter-century of severed ties, a government spokesman said.
		Syria's visiting Foreign Minister Walid Moallem, left, and Iraq's Foreign Affairs Minister Hoshyar Zebari, arrive for a media conference in Baghdad on Tuesday.
		The Iraqi and Syrian presidents also received invitations from Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to a weekend summit in Tehran to tackle the chaos in Iraq, Iraqi lawmakers said.
	www.cbc.ca /storyview/AOL/world/national/2006/11/21/iraq-syria.html (979 words)

	Neocons' Iraq Strategy Now Focused on Syria by Tom Barry
		Before the month is out, it's likely that President Bush will announce new sanctions against Syria – accusing the northern neighbor of Israel, Lebanon, and Iraq of many of the same offenses that were leveled against the Hussein regime in Iraq.
		The USCFL describes itself as the "cyber-center for Pro-Lebanon Activism." USCFL was one of the leading proponents of the "Syria Accountability and Lebanese Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2003," which calls for a series of sanctions against Syria and which President Bush signed on December 12, 2003.
		If the president imposes sanctions against Syria rather than attempting to engage it through diplomatic channels, it's likely that the Syrian regime will be painted with the same fear-mongering brush used to justify the invasion of Iraq.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig4/barry-tom2.html (1354 words)

	Tom DeLay's case for invading Syria. - By William Saletan - Slate Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If you count all cross-border conflicts, the list of offenders includes Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh; North and South Korea; Israel, Lebanon, and Syria; Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda; Chad and the Central African Republic; Saudi Arabia and Yemen; Myanmar, the Soviet Union, and various parties in the Balkans.
		More recently, Iran and Syria, both of whom are on the WMD list, have directed violence against Israel.
		The list is too long to count, but the State Department's March 2002 report on human rights indicates that in Africa alone, 18 regimes, including Libya and Sudan, are guilty of such practices.
	slate.msn.com /?id=2070072&device= (1042 words)

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