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Topic: List of Russian tsars

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	Tsar
		Tsar (Russian царь, from Latin Caesar, cognate with German Kaiser; also spelt Czar in English) was the title used for the rulers of Russia from 1546 to 1917.
		Tsarevna is the term for a daughter of a Tsar or Tsarina, and tsarevich for a male heir apparent.
		Tsar was also the title of the rulers of Bulgaria in 893 - 1014, 1085 - 1396 and 1908 - 1946, and of Serbia in 1346 - 1371.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ts/Tsar.html (515 words)

	Tsar
		In modern usage in the Russian and Bulgarian languages (but not in Serbian), the original imperial connotations of the term have been blurred and it is used as the default word for a monarch, thus as an equivalent of English "king".
		Tsesarevich (Цесаревич) (literally, "son of the tsar") is the term for a male heir apparent, the full title was Heir Tsesarevich ("Naslednik Tsesarevich", Наследник Цесаревич), informally abbreviated in Russia to The Heir ("Naslednik") (from the capital letter).
		Mogul, Tsar or Czar has been used as a metaphor for positions of high authority, in English since 1866 (referring to U.S. President Andrew Johnson), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "Autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the Czar').
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/t/ts/tsar.html (2960 words)

	Tsar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Thus, "tsar" was not only used as an equivalent of Latin "imperator" (in reference to the rulers of the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire and to native rulers) but was also used to refer to Biblical rulers and ancient kings.
		Since the word "tsar" remained the popular designation of the Russian ruler despite the official change of style, its transliteration of this title in foreign languages such as English is commonly used also, in fact chiefly, for the Russian Emperors up to 1917.
		The subsidiary title of Tsar of Poland demonstrates the Russian Emperors' rule over the legally separate (but actually subordinate) Polish Kingdom, nominally in personal union with Russia, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 (hence also called "Congress Poland"), in a sense reviving the royal style of the pre-existent national kingdom of Poland.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsar (4445 words)

	Learn more about Nicholas II of Russia in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The son of Russian Tsar Alexander III and Empress Marie Romanova (born Princess Dagmar of Denmark), he was the grandson of Christian IX of Denmark through his mother, and of Tsar Alexander II through his father.
		After the "February Revolution" of March 1917 (February in the existing Russian calendar) Nicholas was forced to abdicate in his own name and that of his too ill to rule son Alexei in favor of Nicholas' brother, Michael II, who abdicated after a matter of hours, ending three centuries of Romanov rule.
		The last Russian Tsar and all his family, including the gravely ill Alexei were brutally murdered in the basement of the Ipatiev House where they had been imprisoned in on the night of July 16 (or 17), 1918 by a band of Bolsheviks led by Yakov Yurovsky.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /n/ni/nicholas_ii_of_russia.html (1601 words)

	Guides to Russian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is primarily a list of 139 sources that are used throughout the rest of the volume.
		There is also s lengthy section of supplementary material with tables listing the city officials, a chronological hsitory of the Winter Palace from 1708-1730, a table on the icnography of the tsars, the hydrography of St. Petersburg, meteogology of St. Petersburg, to name but a few of the titles of the nineteen supplements.
		Russian language periodicals in full text are available through Russian services such as Integrum World Wide (www.integrumworld.com).
	www.library.uiuc.edu /spx/class/SubjectResources/SubSourRus/rushistbib.htm (6309 words)

	Sience
		Russian Academy of Sciences is the community of the top ranking Russian scientists and principal coordinating body for basic research in natural and social sciences, technology and production in Russia.
		Russian Academy is proud of it's members awarded with the Nobel prize, who are: Ivan Pavlov, Nikolai Semenov, Igor Tamm, Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank, Lev Landau, Nikolai Basov, Alexander Prokhorov, Mikhail Sholokhov, Alexander Solzhenitsyn, Leonid Kantorovich, Andrey Sakharov, Pyotr Kapitsa, Zhorez Alfyorov.
		Still it is the leading force of the Russian science keeping its best traditions, thus maintaining a high level of the scientific, technological, educational and spiritual potential of the country.
	www.russianembassy.org /RUSSIA/science.htm (577 words)

	List of Russian rulers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Patriarchs, heads of the Russian Orthodox Church, also sometimes acted as the leaders of Russia — as, for example, during the Polish occupation and interregnum of 1610—1613 (see List of Metropolitans and Patriarchs of Moscow).
		Władysław IV Vasa (1610 - 1612) In 1610 he was elected a Tsar of Russia however was never able to take the Muscovite throne and used the title of Grand Duke of Moscow
		See List of leaders of Russia for the continuation of leadership.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Russian_rulers (700 words)

	Ivan IV of Russia
		Known in the Russian language as Ivan Grozny(Thunderous), known in English as Ivan the Terrible.
		This tsar retains his place in the Russian folk tradition simply as Ivan Vasilyevich (Vasily's son).
		Ivan came to the throne at age three and was crowned Tsar at age sixteen on January 16, 1547.
	www.teachersparadise.com /ency/en/wikipedia/i/iv/ivan_iv_of_russia.html (538 words)

	Russian History
		This chronology of Russian history provides the dates the major events of Russian history from the beginnings of written Russian history (The Tale of By-gone Years) through the current year.
		This an exhibition of the treasures of the tsars which was mounted in 1995 at the Florida International Museum in St. Petersburg, Florida (guess who her sister-city is).
		It explores those critical attitudes towards Russian society and culture expressed in much of the literary criticism of the 1820s, in the programs and goals of the secret societies of the Decembrists, and finally in Chaadaev's First Philosophical Letter.
	www.bucknell.edu /Academics/Colleges_Departments/Academic_Departments/Foreign_Language_Programs/Russian_Studies/Resources/History.html (1676 words)

	The Ultimate Tsar Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		In 1547, Ivan IV of Russia changed his title from "Veliki Kniaz (Grand Duke) of the whole Rus" to "tsar of the whole Rus" as a symbol of change in the nature of the Russian state.
		The title "Tsar" was also used by Serbian rulers in the middle of the 14th century.
		However, in 1721, Tsar Peter the Great of Russia took the additional title of Imperator (Emperor), which, at least officially, superseded the older title of Tsar, which was henceforth formally used only for peripheral parts of the Empire.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Tsar (1171 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Tsar
		Tsar (Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian цар, Russian, in scientific transliteration respectively car and car'), often spelled Czar or Tzar and sometimes Csar or Zar in English, is a Slavonic term for a emperor.
		In contrast, in the Bulgarian and Russian languages, the term tsar has come to be interpreted as a default term for a monarch and signifies ancient and Biblical rulers, as well as monarchs in fairy tales and the like.
		Unlike Serbian, the title of king (Russian korol', Bulgarian kral) is perceived as alien and is reserved for (West) European royalty (and, by extension, for those modern monarchs outside of Europe whose titles are translated as king in English, roi in French etc.).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Tsar (3215 words)

	Russian Diplomacy - Johnson's Russia List 10-31-02 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Imperial Russian and Soviet national identity was the product of territorial expansion, which explains why it has been so difficult for Russians, who no longer dominate their neighbors, to agree on a post-Soviet identity.
		Hence the traditional Russian belief that Russia can and must pursue a "third way" that is neither Asian nor European, but "Eurasian." Trenin, however, agrees with those (and Putin is clearly one of them) who have come to believe that the "third way" will lead straight to the Third World.
		The situation in the Kaliningrad exclave- a part of the Russian Federation that is separated from Russia by Lithuania and Poland-is particularly difficult.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/6523-10.cfm (3257 words)

	Alexander II of Russia
		Born the eldest son of Nicholas I of Russia, Alexander's early life gave little indication of his potential, and up to the time of his accession in 1855, few imagined that he would be known to posterity as a great reformer.
		These tendencies had been fostered by his tutor Zhukovsky[?], the humanitarian poet, who had acquainted the Russian public with the literature of the German romantic school, and these traits remained with Alexander all through life, though they did not prevent him from being severe in his official position when he believed severity to be necessary.
		In the numerous other questions submitted to him he began by carefully consulting the conflicting authorities, and while leaning as a rule somewhat to the side of those who were known as "Liberals," he never went as far as they desired, rather seeking a middle course by which conflicting interests might be reconciled.
	www.wordlookup.net /al/alexander-ii-of-russia.html (2565 words)

	Books about Russian history
		Written in a narrative style that captures both the scope and detail of the Russian revolution, Orlando Figes's history is certain to become one of the most important contemporary studies of Russia as it was at the beginning of the 20th century.
		This new Chronicle documents the lives of tsars famous and infamous in a lively series of biographical portraits stretching from the late fifteenth to the early twentieth centuries.
		From the bestselling author of Stalin and The Last Tsar comes The Rasputin File, a remarkable biography of the mystical monk and bizarre philanderer whose role in the demise of the Romanovs and the start of the revolution can only now be fully known.
	russian-crafts.com /books/history.html (417 words)

	Russian History
		The Vikings, or as the Russians call them, the Varangians, came to Russian territory in the 9th-10th centuries.
		The oldest Russian city of written history was first mentioned in the Chronicles in 859.
		The oldest monastery in Russian history originated as a series of caves in the bank of the Dnepr.
	www.departments.bucknell.edu /russian/Site-prior-to-Easyweb-migration/history.html (2549 words)

	Russia
		Russian national flags normally used in Russia range from the lightest to the darkest shade (like from argentine blue to british blue), even if in russian light blue is considered a separate color.
		The color of the stripes was then understood according to the ancient explanation of the Universe: on the bottom is a material world, higher are the skies, and the highest is a divine world.
		I seem to recall that the current Russian flag has similar meanings, the white for the White Russians, the blue for the Ukrainians and the red for the Russians of what is now Russia.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/ru.html (1398 words)

	Russia and Related Websites on the Internet
		Imperial Russian Journal - dedicated to Russia's Royal Family and the golden age of Imperial Russian history and culture.
		Memories of the Russian Court - offers an inside look the last years of the Dynasty, by Anna Vyrubova.
		Russian Imperial Style - introduction to the art and culture of Imperial Russia in the era of the Romanovs.
	www.russianstamps.com /links.htm (736 words)

	Russian Experience , The \| The New York Public Library
		This comprehensive anthology is a labor of love and dedication to "the Russian national spirit, whose finest embodiment is poetry," and includes works by 253 poets, each receiving a biographical essay by Yevtushenko.
		This list of English language titles is a brief selection of recent publications reflecting the authors' varied perspectives on Russia's course from the last days of the tsars to its present state.
		Included in the list are literary works by Soviet and Russian Ã©migrÃ© writers and poets emphasizing human problems and broken Russian characters affected by revolution, collectivization, the purges, World War II, the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet empire in 1991.
	www.nypl.org /branch/books/index2.cfm?ListID=136 (1358 words)

	The Russian Revolution Web Quest
		F) Lenin dies and Trotsky is defeated by a triumvirate of Stalin, Kamenev and Zinoviev.
		List three ways in which Kerensky was involved in the Russian Revolution and events that followed.
		List three ways in which Kollontai was involved in the Russian Revolution and events that followed.
	www.personal.kent.edu /~ksherwoo/russianrevolution.htm (427 words)

	Blair-Putin Summit - Johnson's Russia List 6-25-03 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		But the reasons why the Russian leader is the beneficiary of a state visit are uncomfortably similar to the reasons why Britain invited the Romanian rulers a quarter of a century ago.
		So powerfully has the Chechen cause against Russian repression been represented here that anyone venturing another view is drowned out, or excoriated as a mindless apologist for a brutal Russian dictatorship.
		The conduct of Russian troops in Chechnya has been ruthless and has, at times, exceeded all norms of civilised behaviour, as has the conduct of Chechen rebels.
	www.cdi.org /russia/johnson/7238-12.cfm (1200 words)

	Amazon.com: Russian Ark: DVD: Anna Aleksakhina,Konstantin Anisimov,Aleksei Barabash,Aleksandr Chaban,Sergei ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The most magnificent of the buildings is the Winter Palace, residence of Russian Tsars from 1754 to 1762.
		In RUSSIAN ARK we experience Russia's treasured museum, the Hermitage, from the point of view of a `visitor' - we never see his face, only hear his voice and thoughts (by Sokurov himself) as he walks through the Winter Palace, viewing tableaux from 300 years of Russian history enacted before his eyes.
		The preview for Russian Ark is fabulous, however one tiny detail that I overlooked at the time is that the preview gives no clues as to what the plot of this movie might be.
	www.amazon.com /Russian-Ark-Anna-Aleksakhina/dp/B00009NHAT (2987 words)

	Amazon.com: Chronicle of the Russian Tsars: The Reign-by-Reign Record of the Rulers of Imperial Russia: Books: David ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The first Russian state emerged in the late 9th century as a federation of Slavic kingdoms and tribes around Kiev, under the leadership of Rurik, who almost certainly was of Scandinavian origin.
		Each tsar or tsarina gets a boxed summary of personal data, an historical survey of the reign, a variety of illustrations and relevant maps, and often a basic genealogical drop-chart.
		Warnes is a well-known scholar of Russian history and culture and his interpretations of five centuries of Russian history are astute and well-written.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0500050937?v=glance (1258 words)

	Russian Department Resources
		The RIA-Novosti Russian news service is one very useful news source to which Friends and Partners doesn't have a link.
		Moscow is filled with beautiful churches and cathedrals in the Russian onion-domed style.
		It is separated from the continent by a narrow strait of 6 km width and for that reason, first, Westerners thought it should be a peninsula.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~russian/resources.html (1444 words)

	Alexander Palace Time Machine - Romanov and Russian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Time Machine is the world's most popular website for Russian and Romanov history with more than a million visitors each month.
		List of Imperial Jewels found in Tobolsk 1933
		List of Valuables Taken by Yurovsky from the Romanovs
	www.alexanderpalace.org /palace (415 words)

	Russian Resources - Boston College
		There he meets a French marquis and together they travel through the Winter Palace of the Tsars and 300 years of Russian history.
		From the Ends to the Beginning: A Bilingual Anthology of Russian Verse sponsored by the Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures of Northwestern University
		Russian Interactive Online Reference Grammar - by Edward Beard - Lots of short intruductions to and information about various parts of Russian grammar (nouns, verbs, conjugation, etc.), with links to online dictionaries and software.
	www.bc.edu /schools/cas/language/catalog/slavic/se-russian (615 words)

	Amazon.ca: Chronicle Of The Russian Tsars: Books: David Warnes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		With an extensive epilogue; a huge "select bibliography"; a list of illustration credits; and an easy-to-read, well-organized text, this is a fine choice for students doing research on a specific ruler, or for those who are just interested in the story of Imperial Russia.
		Warnes, who also wrote a fine general history of modern Russia, has provided a useful and very informative study of tsars from Ivan III to the ill-fated Nicholas II.
		While the superbly organized text is geared toward general readers, specialists will find considerable value here; Warnes' speculations on the causes of Russian eastward expansion and on the actual relations between church and state are both provocative and credible.
	www.amazon.ca /Chronicle-Russian-Tsars-David-Warnes/dp/0500050937 (428 words)

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