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Topic: List of Valencian monarchs

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	Chapter 5: The Worlds of Alfonso the Learned and James the Conqueror
		For a monarch bent on consolidating the loose-knit institutional state that was the result of two centuries of expansion, these regional diversities were intolerable.
		The list suggests a sense of experience with combat hazards, especially in the case of the padded jacket beneath the mail coat, not only for comfort but to avoid the ever-present danger of blood poisoning when metal came into contact with an open wound.
		For the Valencian phase of Aragonese expansion, James drew heavily on the municipal militias of the upland interior.
	libro.uca.edu /worlds/chapter5.htm (11951 words)

	Immunohistochemistry - In Situ Hybridization Spain
		Ferdinand and Isabella, as exemplars of the Renaissance New Monarchs, consolidated the reform of their respective economies that had been pursued by their predecessors and enforced reforms that weakened the position of the great magnates against the new centralized crowns.
		They consider themselves a guerrilla organization while they are actually listed as a terrorist organization by both the European Union and the United States in their watchlists on the matter.
		Although the current nationalist led Basque Autonomous government does not endorse any kind of violence, their different approaches as to how to terminate ETA and their different approaches to the separatist movement are a source of tension between the central and Basque governments.
	www.immunoportal.com /modules.php?name=Wikipedia&title=Spain (6258 words)

	Genealogyweb presents...Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Valencian Community is a prototypical example of the "Mediterranean Spain", with a fantastic climate and more than 500 kilometers of coast.
		Each passenger that went to America had to ask for a license, and a thorough investigation was made about him and his family to check that he was not a criminal, that he was a good Catholic man, etc...
		Once you have located an ancestor using the list of passengers, you can try to locate additional information about him and his family in the Informaciones y Licencias section of the Archive, but that would require you traveling to Seville.
	www.genealogyweb.com /spain.html (4100 words)

	Spanish History Bibliography
		Listings are extensive, in the case of archive describing the files of records.
		This is a list of all foreign newspapers, arranged by country and then by city, for which there were microfilm copies available for purchase from commercial microfilm publishers or for loan from libraries in the United States and Canada through 1983.
		A list of all newspapers held by the Yale Libraries, with the exception of those held at the Beinecke, those bound and in the Sterling stacks, and those which may appear as part of microform collections.
	www.library.yale.edu /rsc/history/history/spanhistold.htm (4291 words)

	Australian Information from Wikipedia
		The new foreign monarch was regarded with scorn.
		Catalan, Galician, Aranese (Occitan) and Castilian are all descended from Latin and some of them have their own dialects, some championed as separate languages by their speakers.
		A particular case is Valencian, the name given to a variety of Catalan, that also has the co-official language status recognized in Autonomous Community of Valencia.
	thinkingaustralia.com /thinking_australia/wikipedia/default.php?title=Spain (7654 words)

	Brief History of Spain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		All of this probably indicates that more Jews remained in Spain than were expelled and that, when all is said and done, Spaniards and Jews are closer to each other than their 15th century antagonism might suggest.
		Spanish weakness was demonstrated when the United States declared war in 1898--over the sinking of the battleship Maine, anchored in the port of Havana, which probably exploded from a careless storing of gunpowder--and very quickly destroyed the Spanish navy in Santiago de Cuba and in Cavite, Philippines.
		Valencian is related to but not as spoken as Catalan.
	www.worldhistoryplus.com /history/s/Spain_brief.htm (5041 words)

	Spain - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The defeats of the French army, by relying more on well trained regular soldiers and the heavy use of hand guns and cannon against armoured knights, in the Italian Wars from 1494, saw the emergance of the new kingdom as a European superpower.
		Until the 15th century, Castile and Léon, Aragon and Navarre were independent states, with independent languages, monarchs, armies and, in the case of Aragon and Castile, two empires: the former with one in the Mediterranean and the latter with a rapidly growing one in the Americas.
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales or National Assembly.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/p/a/Spain.html (5244 words)

	Iberian Peninsula, 1600–1800 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Monarchs avidly patronize native artists as well as Flemish and Italian masters, as lavish displays of pomp and splendor are used to assert the glory of the Spanish crown.
		The palace of Buen Retiro is raised on the outskirts of Madrid.
		Its lavish decorative program is unmistakably propagandistic, glorifying the monarch, the Church, and Spanish military victory in such monumental works as Velázquez's canvas The Surrender of Breda, as well as his portrait of Philip IV on horseback (1635).
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/09/eusi/ht09eusi.htm (2341 words)

	Valencia, Spain - August 2003
		Amongst the Valencian life would be this dog that blithely jumped in the fountain in the center of the plaza causing Melanie to abandon her horchata and go take pictures.
		Also on the local drink list is Agua de Valencia which is basically orange juice strengthened (considerably) with a clear hard alcohol.
		The Valencian nationalism is not readily noticeable to the tourist like it is in Catalunya, it's a much more relaxed sense of autonomy.
	www.mrfs.net /trips/2003/Spain/Valencia/Valencia.html (1019 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		Both the cause of union and the Portuguese monarch were served by the elevation of Antonio Martinez de Chaves.
		As the list of creations indicates, many of those created in 1439 were strangers to those already in the College, as well as to each other.
		Some monarchs did demand concessions from Rome for their support and, in some cases, they usurped ecclesiastical powers unilaterally-the most notable example of this was the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-nicholasv.htm (3188 words)

	India, Indian States, India States, Indian hotels, Indian News and Indian Tourism, India Travel
		This led to the establishment of the Swebian Kingdom in Gallaecia, in the northwest, and the Visigothic Kingdom elsewhere.
		Ferdinand and Isabella, as exemplars of the Renaissance New Monarchs, consolidated the modernization of their respective economies that had been pursued by their predecessors and enforced reforms that weakened the position of the great magnates against the new centralized crowns.
		Until the late fifteenth century, Castile and LeÃ³n, AragÃ³n and Navarre were independent states, with independent languages, monarchs, armies and, in the case of Aragon and Castile, two empires: the former with one in the Mediterranean and the latter with a new, rapidly growing, one in the Americas.
	www.chhattisgarhin.org /wiki-Spain (5948 words)

	WAVEID.COM - SPAIN SPANISH MADRID ZARAGOZA SEVILLE MALAGA BILBAO BARCELONA VALENCIA TRAVEL HOTELS TICKETS MUSIC
		As the old states continued to exist and function with their own laws, assemblies and administrations under one monarch, the title of the reigning Habsburgs was "The King of the Spaniards", not "Spain".
		The new, meek, monarch was sincere in his desire to reform the country for the benefit his subjects but the fast pace of events overwhelmed him.
		King Juan Carlos I of Spain.Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales.
	www.waveid.com (8736 words)

	Spain - Gurupedia
		The kingdom of the Catholic Monarchs then imposed the Christian religion: in 1492, Isabella and Ferdinand ordered the expulsion of all Jews from their dominions, having imposed physical segregation in 1480 (two years after the establishment of the Inquisition), and in 1502 Muslims were forced to convert to Christianity or be banished.
		With the approval of the Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the old historic nationalities — Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia — were given far-reaching autonomy, which, in due course, was extended to all Spanish regions.
		Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral
	www.gurupedia.com /s/sp/spain.htm (2695 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spanish Language and Literature
		The poem breathes throughout the spirit of war; battle scenes are always described with great zest and the various conquests of the hero in his victorious progress through Moordom are enumerated fully.
		Love of the Catholic religion and glorification of its practices, blind loyalty to the monarch and exaltation of the feeling called the point of honour, are among the leading characteristics animating the thousands of plays composed by these and lesser spirits.
		The list of religious writers includes José de Sigüenza, a Hieronymite (1540-1606), of whose history of his own order a French critic said it made him regret that Sigüenza had not undertaken to write the history of Spain.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14192a.htm (9197 words)

	Category:Lists of monarchs information - Search.com
		List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century
		List of the monarchs of the Kingdom of England
		List of rulers of Italy in the period 476–773
	www.search.com /reference/Category:Lists_of_monarchs (184 words)

	Spain - Wikipedia Mirror
		Until the late fifteenth century, Castile and Léon, Aragon and Navarre were independent states, with independent languages, monarchs, armies and, in the case of Aragon and Castile, two empires: the former with one in the Mediterranean and the latter with a new, rapidly growing, one in the Americas.
		Spain is a parliamentary monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes Generales.
		Land of Valencia (-{Comunitat Valenciana}- in Valencian /-{Comunidad Valenciana}- in Spanish, as official denominations).
	www.wiki-mirror.be /index.php/Spain (7962 words)

	Vives/The Instruction of A Christen Woman. The Life of Juan Luis Vives
		We know that their plight was on his mind, for in 1531 he wrote a Valencian friend, begging him to look in often on his sisters and his widowed aunt.
		Between Noreña's 1970 biography, when the birth date was listed as 1492 (15), and his 1989 work, Juan Luis Vives and the Emotions (cited hereafter as Emotions), he has conceded the later year as the more likely date (3).
		Events surrounding the great-grandfather's fate are related in a catalogue, in the Valencian dialect, for a 1981 exhibition organized by the University of Valencia, Guia de l'exposició.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /epub/books/vives/life.html (10987 words)

	Spain
		The afrancesados had high expectations of the nomination of Joseph Bonaparte in Spain, even though he was not of royal blood and a foreigner, while the rest of the country regarded him with scorn.
		The new monarch, endowed with a meek character, was sincerely interested in reforming the country and was looking to please his new subjects.
		Land of Valencia (in Valencian / in Spanish, as official denominations).
	articles.gourt.com /?article=Spain (8136 words)

	Chapter 2, Society Organized for War by James F. Powers
		The culmination of this Valencian [59] and Murcian expedition was a major conflict against the combined regional forces of Murcia and Seville at Aspe near the town of Murcia.
		The monarch's reconfirmations may well have had as a part of their motivation the restatement of the military obligations for the older towns further back from the frontier, possibly sought as a means to balance his resources against those of the military orders on the frontier.
		The monarch's conflict with the church overtook events at this juncture, and he was unable to pursue his plans for the conquest of the western Algarve, a task left for his brother Afonso III.
	libro.uca.edu /socwar/sw2.htm (13225 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Need Spanish help
		The list is just the ordinary Spanish leader file, which I'd liek to have divided so that the Castillian leaders go to Castille and the Aragonese/Catalan leaders go to Aragon and such.
		There's a bug with Alfonso V. His category is listed as 'monarch', but it should be 'general' - otherwise the game will think he's an actual monarch...
		The way it is now, he's listed as a regent - not a leader.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=134952 (753 words)

	The Shire of Vanished Wood (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		If they censured the members of a faction which sought to depose the reigning monarch, so soon as the revolution had been accomplished, they were equally ready with fulminations against future disturbers of the new occupant of the throne.
		Charlemagne’s expedition impressed the Arab governors of the north-eastern towns with the idea that the Frankish monarch was a power to whom they could turn, should they happen to be at variance with their own authorities.
		Nor should he be compared with refractory nobles, such as Bernardo del Carpio, whose defiance of monarchical authority aroused the admiration of a public impatient of subordination for the common good, and intent only upon the aims of individual selfishness.
	www.vanishedwood.org /castle/library/book.php?id=AragonAndCatalonia (17657 words)

	Chapter 8: Irrigation and Society in Medieval Valencia
		Borrull, unable to find any record of the early history of the Valencian system in the works of Islamic historians (who, to be sure, he read in translation or as discussed in the works of Spanish arabists), set out to collate all the available data and thus "form a sure concept" of Valencia's irrigation history.
		The coincidence of nearly a century of peace with the rule of two great monarchs (the test of greatness was the meriting of elegies) was conclusive for Borrull.
		It is apparently believed by everybody that the Spanish conquerors of the Moors only applied the institutions of their predecessors in matters of irrigation; that the honor of their creation belongs to the Moors; that Spain actually did nothing but inherit a splendid heritage, by which she benefits.
	libro.uca.edu /irrigation/irrigation8.htm (9180 words)

	Spain : Essential Historical Information, explanation, recent texts, monographs, and relevant links.
		In 1492, Granada, the last Moorish kingdom was defeated by the Catholic Monarchs Isabella I of Castile (Isabel La Católica) and Ferdinand II of Aragon (Fernando el Católico or Ferran el Catòlic).
		With the approval of the Constitution of 1978 and the arrival of democracy, the old historic nationalities - Basque Country, Catalonia and Galicia - were given far-reaching autonomy, which, in due course, was extended to all Spanish regions.
		See also: List of Spanish monarchs, Kings of Spain family tree Politics Main article: Politics of Spain Spain is a constitutional monarchy, with a hereditary monarch and a bicameral parliament, the Cortes or National Assembly.
	www.llpoh.org /Reviewing_the_20th_century/Spain.html (2843 words)

	Volume I, no. 3
		Papers are invited on the following themes related to Valencian history: 1) The Quaternary Epoch, (a) the geographical background; (b) paleolithic man. 2) Economy and Society, (a) demography; (b) economic structure and activities of production, (c) social strata and class conflict.
		Listed below are the holdings on microfilm of Spanish newspapers as of April 1970 end current microfilming of Spanish newspapers in progress.
		Below are listed historical and related social science topics listed in the Latin American Research Review, Volume V (1970).
	uweb.cas.usf.edu /ssphs/vol1no3.html (3392 words)

	The ideology of today's left according to the leftists \| Turnabout
		This notion that a constitutional monarch has no business speaking out on controversial issues surely must be hogwash.
		A monarch speaking out is not the same as him waving a sceptre and giving orders.
		She is more religious than usual Monarchs and Aristocrats in Europe, who are by most part very influenced by Illuminists and Positivists philosophies.
	turnabout.ath.cx:8000 /node/1206 (3756 words)

	Spain
		The 20th century initially brought little peace; Spain made a late and minor entry into the scramble for Africa, with the colonization of Western Sahara, Spanish Morocco and Equatorial Guinea.
		A military disaster in Morocco in 1921 contributed to discrediting the monarch and worsened political instability.
		The executive branch consists of a Council of Ministers presided over by the President of Government (comparable to a prime minister), proposed by the monarch and elected by the Congress of Deputies following legislative elections.
	www.savage-comedy.com /_Spain (8235 words)

	Feudalism
		One of the most significant dates during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs was 12th October 1492: the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus.
		This list does not include the Statute of Bayonne, approved by Joseph I in 1808, which many authors do not regard as a constitution in the proper sense, since it was imposed as a result of the Napoleonic invasion.
		The Generation of '98 was almost obsessively preoccupied with what came to be known as the 'Spanish problem', and thus rediscovered the beauty of the somber Castilian countryside and developed a considerable stylistic renovation avoinding the characteristic 19th century rhetoric.
	mths.metamora.k12.il.us /Departments/foreign_language/hayes/feudalism.htm (12867 words)

	Barcelona - encyclopedia article about Barcelona. Free access, no registration needed. What does Barcelona mean? What ...
		In a monarchy, often a capital is wherever a monarch's court is (which can move from palace to palace).
		It is in the comarca This is a list of the comarques (singular "comarca") of Catalonia.
		Barcelona is divided into several districts; the following list favors Catalan-language names, rather than Spanish-language names; as of 2004, they are the most commonly used and the only official ones:
	www.uncg.edu /gar/courses/lixl/380BLS/380Unit5/Lesson5Europe1900_files/Barcelona.htm (3632 words)

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