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Topic: List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories

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	Main Page - Protoscience
		While protoscience is often speculative, it is to be distinguished from pseudoscience by its adherence to the scientific method and standard practices of good science, most notably a willingness to be disproven by new evidence (if and when it appears), or supplanted by a more-predictive theory.
		For example, the "General Lorentz Ether" theory of Ilja Schmelzer is described as an "ether theory of gravity" that makes predictions similar to those of general relativity.
		It is claimed that "General Lorentz Ether" is a replacement theory for an earlier theory that was reviewed on the internet and shown to have defects.
	protoscience.wikicities.com /wiki/Main_Page (757 words)

	Society Fresh : Article 'List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This list of alternative, speculative and disputed theories includes examples of fields of endeavor that many in the mainstream scientific community consider to be fringe or pseudoscientific, beginning from theories considered crackpot by all but their handful of followers and ending in respectable theories that are simply the minority view.
		In addition to a postulated theory, inclusion in the list is possible because that theory is: Asserting claims without supporting experimental evidence; Asserting claims which contradict experimentally established results; Failing to provide an experimental possibility of reproducible results; or Violating Occam's Razor (the principle of choosing the simplest explanation when multiple viable explanations are possible).
		Many of these theories are considered pathological science: a psychological process in which believers in a theory, who may have originally conformed to the scientific method, unconsciously veer from that method and begin a pathological process of wishful data interpretation.
	www.society-fresh.net /DisplayArticle227541.html (1686 words)

	Miller Shakman & Hamilton
		Likewise, if the dispute is one that is typical of a way of doing business and depends on an unresolved issue of law and all parties recognize the need for a definitive judicial resolution to guide future transactions, mediation may not be suitable.
		If a dispute can be settled instead of litigated, both parties will normally save considerable amounts that would otherwise have to be expended to pay lawyers’ fees and the out-of-pocket costs of litigation while carrying the litigation through a court process that may take years.
		Alternatively, if the parties wish to use a nonlawyer as a mediator, they may wish to authorize him or her to obtain legal opinions on key issues from a lawyer of his or her choice.
	www.millershakman.com /press2.html (9722 words)

	MysWizard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This unified theory was governed by the exchange of four particles: the photon for electromagnetic interactions, and a neutral Z particle and two charged W particles for weak interaction.
		One bit of speculation is that there may indeed be a huge number of universes, but that only a small number of them are habitable, and hence the fundamental constants of the universe are ultimately the result of the anthropic principle rather than a consequence of the theory of everything.
		The theory argues that current scientific theory is inconsistent and incomplete in that it predicts yet doesn’t explain Action at a distance, violates its own conservation laws, and fails to live up to experimental data or concur with the laws of common sense.
	www.myswizard.com (6113 words)

	Talk:List of alternative, speculative and disputed... - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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	Crank (person) - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Usage of the label is often subjective, with proponents of competing theories labeling their opponents cranks, but typically is used to describe someone who is well out of mainstream opinion on a matter.
		On occasion these cranks turn out to be correct, in which case they are redefined as "experts" ahead of their time; in many other cases they turn out to in fact be wrong.
		While they may appear harmless, and are usually filtered out by the other regular participants in a newsgroup or mailing list, they can still cause problems because the necessity for these measures is not immediately apparent to newcomers; there are several instances on record, for example, of journalists accepting kook claims as valid.
	www.indopedia.org /Kook.html (835 words)

	Business Software Review : Article 'Hollow Earth' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hidden variable theory is urged by a minority of physicists who argue that the statistical nature of quantum mechanics implies that it is really applicable only to ensembles of particles.
		Social Darwinism is a set of theories which proponents argue govern the natural sociological relations of humanity; these theories are putatively an application of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to society as a whole.
		New Chronology consists of various competing theories which claim that currently accepted chronology presents a history that lasts either much longer or much shorter than it should (e.g., that Jesus was born around 1000 years ago or that he was the pharaoh Akhenaten).
	www.business-software-review.org /DisplayArticle41872.html (2204 words)

	GuruNet — Content Map
		List of alumni of the University of Cambridge
		List of Ambassadors from the United States to Hawaii
		List of amendments to the United States Constitution
	www.gurunet.com /cm-dsname-Wikipedia-dsid-2222-letter-1L-first-15751 (112 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pseudo science
		In other circumstances it may be difficult to distinguish which of two opposing "sciences" are valid; for example, both the proponents and opponents of the Kyoto Protocol on global warming have recruited the help of scientists to endorse contradictory political goals.
		Logical positivism, for example, espoused a theory of meaning which held that only statements about empirical observations are meaningful, effectively asserting that statements which are not derived in this manner (including all metaphysical statements) are meaningless.
		A number of self-proclaimed alternative medicine treatments have been designated pseudoscience by critics, largely because some of these methods inspire false hope in terminally ill patients, and end up costing large amounts of money without actually providing any real benefit, treatment, or cure for various ailments.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pseudoscience (1806 words)

	Alternative Science - 999 Alternative Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This list of alternative, speculative and disputed theories includes examples of fields of endeavor that are considered to be fringe or pseudoscientific by the mainstream scientific community.
		Included examples range from theories considered crackpot by all but their handful of followers and ending in respectable theories that are simply the minority view.
		Thus, some theories that are regarded as pseudoscientific today may be rehabilitated as respected theories in the future.
	www.999alternativescience.com (519 words)

	Straussian.net Discussions: Strauss and liberal-democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		One man doesn't have a dispute with another because he is dirty, or because he is selfish, vulgar, unmannered, unkind, drunken, wealthier, greedy, or lazy.
		One social utility used as a guideline for adjudication of disputes was the importance that the law was equally applied to everyone, despite the obvious inequality of the disputants.
		The theory of change is acceptable on its own as it relates to the physical world, but the claim of change being degenerative is without merit.
	www2.bc.edu /~wilsonop/discus/messages/1/15.html#POST649 (9949 words)

	Computational Esthetics
		This betrays a weak point in Birkhoff's "theory": for every genre of input objects, new rules must be formulated, and the notion of beauty embodied by Birkhoff's formula may therefore shift a little in each case.
		The coding theory that we proposed should not only predict the Gestalt that a particular input evokes, but also, what inputs are experienced as ambiguous because they evoke several distinct Gestalts that are roughly equally plausible.
		We conjecture that the experience of beauty is characterized by processes of this sort, which allow perception to gain access to itself, because its intermediate results and alternative interpretive hypotheses are stable enough to reach consciousness —; something which is impossible during the normal goal-directed perception of clear-cut input.
	iaaa.nl /rs/compestE.html (4000 words)

	1995: "Native American Political Systems and the Evolution of Democracy: An Annotated Bibliography"
		In a footnote, Edmunds writes that "...Grinde and...Johansen argued that the political theories of the 'founding fathers' were heavily influenced by their familiarity with the political structure of the Iroquois Confederacy.
		Lists Grinde and Johansen, Exemplar of Liberty [1991].
		List compiled by Russell Means and Professor Glenn Morris, Political Science Department, University of Colorado at Denver.
	www.ratical.com /many_worlds/6Nations/NAPSnEoD95.html (6144 words)

	Chapter 4: Egyptian Nationalism, Egyptology, and Alternative Histories of Ancient Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, “alternative theories” does express a fundamental division between orthodox Egyptology and all others that even “alternative theorists” like West recognize as a powerfully exclusive process to which they are subjected by the academic world.
		Their theories are based on various Western myths and legends and fueled by archaeological discoveries, such as the infamous “door” with the copper handles within the Great Pyramid which has yet to be opened, and the symbolic tomb of Osiris that was excavated in 1999.
		Egyptologists and alternative theorists define their object of study as a mystical one, not a mere sortie into secular history that can be achieved by sorting through rubble in the sand.
	www.princeton.edu /~lisawynn/dissertation/newage.html (18522 words)

	Constitution of the United States: Analysis and Interpretation, 1996 Supplement
		These ``anomalies'' led the Court to conclude that the ``speculative benefits'' of the ban were insufficient to justify the burdens it imposed on expressive activities.
		First, ample alternative channels of communication were not available, and second, the ban was seen rather as a content limitation.
		There was no opinion of the Court on the other two holdings in the case, \57\ and a plurality \58\ rejected assertions that public forum analysis, \59\ or a rule giving cable operators' editorial rights ``general primacy'' over the rights of programmers and viewers, \60\ should govern.
	www.gpoaccess.gov /constitution/html/96supp.html (11672 words)

	Pseudo-Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Here for example is their List of alternative, speculative and disputed theories and List of protosciences.
		The assumptions of the big-bang theory are disputed by many: Open Letter to the Scientific Community in New Scientist (22 May 2004).
		This was a theory based on kinematics - the movement of bodies - formulated by astrophysicist and mathematician Edward A. Milne (1896-1950) that paralleled Einstein's theory.
	www.outlanders.fsnet.co.uk /talk-pseudoscience.htm (2603 words)

	Time Cube - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ray has challenged newspapers and academics to debate the subject, though most reject Time Cube, for reasons such as considering it to be nonsense or absurdism, or to lack testable hypotheses.
		Though he is dismissed as a crank, Ray is outspoken in defending Time Cube and refers to conspiracy theories in explaining why his ideas are not accepted.
		Some speculators have suggested that vehement Cube-supporters on bulletin boards and elsewhere are sock-puppets of Gene Ray.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Time_Cube (926 words)

	Port Chicago
		Vogel's theory is based on the strength of the explosion, the secrecy after it happened, and documents from Los Alamos Laboratories which described a nuclear test blast as having simulated the Port Chicago explosion - that test was conducted a few months after the Port Chicago disaster.
		Obviously, these theories are speculative at best, but they are based upon the documentation that even some of the Naval inquiry people did not have in 1944.
		The article stated Vogel's theory was that an atomic bomb exploded at Port Chicago was highly plausible according to documents obtained by Vogel and the Sentinel.
	www.sonic.net /sentinel/usa5.html (8078 words)

	[334 NLRB No. 125] St. Barnabas Hospital, 2-CA-31504
		The complaint also alleges alternatively that Respondent terminated the discriminatees, because they engaged in protected concerted activities in violation of Section 8(a)(1) of the Act.
		General Counsel argues alternatively that even if on-call work was considered mandatory, the conduct of the discriminatees would still be protected, since at the time of the discharge, Respondent had no reason to believe that the employees would engage in the type of intermittent strike prohibited by the Act.
		Thus where employees refuse to perform a particular assignment, whether the work is voluntary or mandatory, this is not necessarily considered a partial strike, unless it is part of plan of recurring or repeated, intermittent strikes.
	www.nlrb.gov /nlrb/shared_files/decisions/334/334-125.htm (13269 words)

	Scifi and Fantasy Forum: Off-Topic Conversations: Evolution. Is it just a theory.:Archive through May 01, 2003
		But even if they found a gene linked to fur color, it is oversimplifying not to assume that other factors, such as gene expression, the environment, and inter-species relationships are not involved in the observed distributions of pocket mice color.
		The geologist proposes a theory that tries to explain as many details as possible, but it can never be thoroughly tested, because the true story is hidden in the unobservable past.
		Here you have a study that undercuts one of Darwin’s pet theories, sexual selection, but no clear cause-effect relationship is demonstrated between variation and fitness, or between morphology and the species responsible for the variation.
	speculativevision.com /forum/messages/263/2585.html (9598 words)

	Lincoln, Money, Greenback, JFK, Kennedy, Edmund D. Taylor and C
		Of course all of this worked in favor of speculators with inside knowledge of events, as well as bankers, and held them until the legislation was passed.
		This exemption from taxation is based on the theory that the capital of these banks is invested in U.S. securities and is a remarkable permission of the law.
		It is possible that Taylor produced the disputed letter himself, on behalf of his own case, but it still may reflect the truth of Lincoln's monetary thinking and Taylor's role in creating the greenback.
	www.heritech.com /pridger/lincoln/lin-ken.htm (17449 words)

	173pseudo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The latter may be defined as speculation or hypothesis which has not yet been tested adequately by the scientific method, but which is otherwise consisent with existing science or which, where inconsistent, offers reasonable account of the inconsistency.
		This sort of work is what Kuhn calls "problem solving": working within the bounds of the current theory and its implications for what sorts of experiments should or should not be fruitful.
		If the acceptance or failure of scientific theories relied simply on simple falsification, according to Kuhn, then no theory would ever survive long enough to be fruitful, as all theories contain anomalies.
	blake.montclair.edu /~kowalskil/cf/173pseudo.html (1737 words)

	Protoscience Wiki
		Protoscience is often speculative, but it is to be distinguished from pseudoscience by its adherence to the scientific method.
		Intelligent design is a controversial set of arguments which assert that empirical evidence supports the conclusion that life on Earth was deliberately designed by one or more intelligent agents.
		Alternative physics -Quantum gravity, Space mixing theory, Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics
	www.geocities.com /mindbrainsoul/protoscience.html (683 words)


		The Georgia duo are two of an astonishing list of Giuliani electoral triumphs this year-designed to reposition him to country conservatives as a good old boy as well as a trustworthy ally of the president's, should a vacancy open up on the national ticket.
		This is all speculative in the extreme, but I, for one, will be interested to see where the rest of the Mayor's journey takes him.
		Man's intrusion on their environment and greatly improved means of killing the wolves should have created precisely the kinds of pressures to adapt that theory maintains would have forced evolution to occur.
	brothersjudd.blogspot.com /2002_11_17_brothersjudd_archive.html (14701 words)

	The Dark Allience - Gary Webb / SJMN Series
		Despite the speculative nature of the figure, Byck said, the addictive factor of 50 was "doubled by people who wanted to get tough on cocaine" and then, for reasons he still finds incomprehensible, turned into a measurement of weight.
		The first theory -- which is not something I personally subscribe to, but it's out there -- is that there's something about fl neighborhoods which causes them to be genetically predisposed to drug trafficking.
		And his theory was that a lot of these collapses were not mismanagement, they were intentional.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /ampp/webb.html (21973 words)

	Inquirer Newspaper -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I think the statement about the ''The Daily Courant'' is erroneous and this brief section should be replaced.
		There is also a page listing "the world's oldest newspapers" here: http://www.wan-press.org/article2823.html.
		These could be used as reference by someone who wants to update this history.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/79/inquirer-newspaper.html (1485 words)

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