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| | GaWC Research Bulletin 88 |
 | | Apart from the lack of an undisputed definition of world cities in and by itself, the main reason for these somewhat eclectic approaches has been a lack of data (Smith and Timberlake, 1995; Short et al., 1996), a problem that is, of course, related to the absence of undisputed defining characteristics of world cities. |
 | | World cities are then the basing points in these networks, and their specification therefore relates to the identification of 'cities in global matrices', as Smith and Timberlake (1995) reminded us. |
 | | All cities operate at a myriad of scales, and although the importance of their respective functions may vary, it would be wrong to pin down a clear-cut border between world cities, thoroughly influenced by and influencing globalization, and other cities deemed 'sub-global.' |
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