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| | Nat' Academies Press, Improving Birth Outcomes: Meeting the Challenge in the Developing World (2003) |
 | | Thus, for example, a 1982 study from southern Brazil reported an overall infant mortality rate of 38.1 per 1,000 live births, an IUGR rate of 9.0 percent, and a preterm birth rate of 6.3 percent. |
 | | In Bangladesh, on the other hand, a 1993-1996 study reported an infant mortality rate of 107.3 per 1,000, and IUGR and preterm birth rates of 69.2 and 17.1 percent, respectively (Arifeen, 1997). |
 | | A true smaller increase in preterm birth appears to be associated with increasing obstetric intervention (induction and cesarean section), multiple gestation (secondary to treatment of infertility), and demographic changes (older maternal age, more unmarried mothers) (Joseph et al., 1998; Kramer et al., 1998; Demissie et al., 2001). |
| www.nap.edu /openbook/0309086140/html/213.html (682 words) |
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