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Topic: List of countries by external debt

	External debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		External debt (or foreign debt) is that part of the government debt of a country which is owed to creditors outside the country.
		Having understood external debt as that part of sovereign (or government debt) of a country which is owed to outsiders (or foreigners), it can be defined as the total outstanding liabilities to the external world on behalf of the host nation.
		A borrowing of an individual or corporate of a nation from outside is not included in this term external debt as it is one specific to or on behalf of the government.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/External_debt (226 words)

	List of countries by external debt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		"External debt" is defined as the total public and private debt owed to nonresidents repayable in foreign currency, goods, or services (see definition).
		The list is mostly based on The World Factbook [1] accessed on 31 December 2005.
		Germany: External Debt presents only a fraction of the overall financial relationships of Germany with other countries and is more than offset by Germany's external assets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt (254 words)

	Finding solutions to the debt problems of developing countries (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Debt relief is also needed by poor countries in a post-conflict situation to bring support to their economic recovery after prolonged periods of war or severe civil strife.
		Debt re-structuring with foreign banks occurred at a later stage, and for some countries this process was much delayed and the problems of shortage of trade finance was not addressed in time to avoid a serious recession.
		Debt relief for the poorest countries should not be provided at the expense of ODA funding for development programmes and projects in these and other countries, which are also dependent on aid for their welfare and development prospects.
	www.un.org /esa/coordination/ecesa/eces99-2.htm (9558 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The majority of countries are food-deficit nations, most have staggering rates of population growth, and their rates of early death and infant mortality are the highest in the world, resulting from inferior living conditions.
		The LDC debt situation, compared to that of the rest of the world, is made all the more ridiculous when one recognizes that many of these starving and near-starving nations are exporting food grains as cash crops to generate the foreign exchange required to service their foreign debts.
		While not a complete list of all the options that are available to assist LDCs with their staggering debt problems, the implementation of these recommendations by the international development assistance community would represent a solid first step toward finding more permanent solutions.
	caster.ssw.upenn.edu /~restes/isw/chapter32.html (2187 words)

	Third World Debt Undermines Development - Global Issues
		Debt reduction has been delayed for many years because governments have been unwilling to admit they have made bad loans, and it is only pressure by Jubilee 2000 and other groups that has made the difference, admits a former IMF and British Treasury insider in a candid article in the prestigious journal
		The legacy of colonialism — for example, the developing countries’ debt is partly the result of the unjust transfer to them of the debts of the colonizing states, in billions of dollars, at very high interest rates.
		For the poorest countries (approximately 60), $550 billion has been paid in both principal and interest over the last three decades, on $540bn of loans, and yet there is still a $523 billion dollar debt burden.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/Debt.asp (997 words)

	List of countries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is an alphabetical list of countries of the world, including both internationally recognized and generally unrecognized independent states, inhabited dependent territories, as well as areas of special sovereignty.
		It covers all areas under the jurisdiction of the listed countries, namely territory, territorial waters (including internal waters and contiguous zone), Exclusive Economic Zone, continental shelf and airspace.
		The names of countries in the list are given in English and include both the short official names (e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Countries_of_the_world (1742 words)

	Assessing the G8 Debt Proposal & Its Implications
		The debt proposal should therefore be seen as distinct from the main part of the communiqué, which is filled with disconcerting tributes to the power of liberalization, privatization, and market forces.
		It applies to far too few countries, and is cast as the culmination of a heavily-conditioned HIPC program, but the precedent of at last providing for the release of 18, and as many as 38, countries from the cycle of debt domination is one that must be preserved and expanded upon.
		Debt is a political instrument, one that traps countries in the snare of conditions and never lets go, subjecting millions to national policies that must please corporate interests before addressing their own.
	www.50years.org /cms/updates/story/270 (7590 words)

	[Ngo-list] Pakistan's external debt highest in region: IMF study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It states that the low-income country debt crisis is a reminder that external borrowing can be detrimental if it fails to generate a commensurate increase in a country's capacity to repay.
		For these reasons, the most general lesson from the low-income country debt crisis is that new borrowing even on concessional terms be pursued with caution, based on prudent economic projections and recognition of country-specific circumstances and risks.
		The study lists fundamental (and often overlapping) types of constraints that affect the ability of low-income countries to generate the resources necessary to service their debts.
	lists.isb.sdnpk.org /pipermail/ngo-list/2003-July/003297.html (733 words)

	friendly dictators
		Unwavering "anti-communism" and a willingness to provide unhampered access for American business interests to exploit their countries' natural resources and cheap labor are the excuses for their repression, and the primary reason the US government supports them.
		Under his regime, the gross domestic product has decreased by 13%, the country's health statistics are among the world's worst, 80% of the population is illiterate, all opposition parties but one were forbidden to participate in the 1985 national elections, and those who protest these inequities are jailed or killed.
		Hernandez Martinez was run out of the country in 1944, but his memory was celebrated as recently as 1980, when the Maximiliano Hernandez Martinez Brigade carried out a series of death-squad assassinations of prominent Salvadoran leftists.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /US_ThirdWorld/dictators.html (9246 words)

	Debt Relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The HIPC Initiative is a comprehensive approach to debt reduction for poor countries that requires the participation of all creditors.
		At the end of the first phase, a debt sustainability analysis will be carried out to determine the current external debt situation of the country.
		If the external debt ratio for that country after traditional debt relief mechanisms is above 150 percent for the net present value of debt to exports, it qualifies for assistance under the Initiative.
	www.gm-unccd.org /FIELD/Multi/WB/FR_HIPC.htm (1022 words)

	Labour Practices in the Footwear, Leather, Textiles and Clothing Industries
		Other countries experienced less dramatic drops in percentages, but far more significant losses of actual employment; in Austria, for example, where the percentage of women workers only feel from 83 per cent in 1985 to 78 per cent in1995, this was translated by a drop from 48,000 to 10,000 women employees.
		Countries in Oceania had the highest share of female employment in the 1980-90 period, but by 1995 Europe was at the top of the list accounting for 55 per cent of female employment in footwear.
		If the developing countries have generally experienced rising levels of employment in the TCF industries over the last 30 years while employment fell in the industrialized countries, the basic trend in employment within individual countries is characterized by extreme instability.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/tmlfi00/tmlfir.htm (16235 words)

	The Heavily In-debt Poor Countries Initiative is Not Working - Global Issues
		It was set up for the poorest of nations, for whom, according to the World Bank, the debt of the HIPC countries was, on average, more than four times their annual export earnings, and 120 percent of GNP.
		As Africa's debt service obligations grow each year, and as Africa's people are forced to repay these debts by mortgaging their health, their education and their future, it is time to acknowledge that the cancellation of Africa's debts represents the only just solution.
		Debt reduction for poverty eradication in the least developed countries provides analysis and recommendations on debt of least developed countries and the impacts of HIPC.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/Debt/HIPC.asp (1837 words)

	TomPaine.com - Time To Cancel Tsunami Countries' Debt
		The president acknowledged that the type of huge debt obligations all too common among impoverished countries can "unjustly burden a struggling nation" and endanger its "long-term prospects for political health and economic prosperity." He argued that debt forgiveness was vital.
		In the wake of the natural disaster, through-going debt relief should be an essential element of the humanitarian and reconstruction assistance to these countries.
		Creditor governments should individually consider each of the countries hit by the tsunami and calculate debt cancellation based on the true needs of their people—acknowledging the unpayable burdens of nations throughout the developing world, and extending the generosity of all those who have responded to this natural disaster into a just program for human development.
	www.tompaine.com /articles/time_to_cancel_tsunami_countries_debt.php (1109 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| G8 reaches deal for world's poor
		The G8 countries are the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Russia.
		Thirty-eight countries are eligible for debt relief under the HIPC (highly-indebted poor countries initiative).
		Debt campaigners argue that an additional 24 countries should be included in any debt relief plan, including such large debtors as Nigeria, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/business/4083676.stm (651 words)

	UNCTAD subsites: DMFAS - a brief description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		UNCTAD is thus entrusted with the task of preparing the report of the UN Secretary-General on the debt situation of developing countries and countries in transition which is discussed at annual sessions of the General Assembly.
		It makes debt service calculations showing how the total of debt service obligations would be affected by taking on a proposed loan, and projects the impact of borrowing decisions of various entities on a country's global debt profile.
		Biennial debt management conference: The inter-regional conference on debt management, which was held for the first time in Geneva in December 1997, has now become a regular activity organised on a biennial basis and the only forum of its kind.
	r0.unctad.org /dmfas/english/intro.htm (2353 words)

	Fondad publication - Debt Relief: Myths and Reality
		In 1996, the international community introduced the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative to provide a permanent exit from the repeated debt reschedulings of HIPCs in the Paris Club and bring their external debts to sustainable levels.
		Issues addressed include the bailing-out of IMF loans by donor countries, the (mis)use of aid funds for debt relief and repayment of export credits, the need for including domestic debt in assessments of debt sustainability, and the question of whether debt relief should be de-linked from IMF conditionality.
		With a view to the future of low-income countries, the book relates the HIPC Initiative to the Millennium Development Goals and warns that debt relief can only provide a fraction of the funds required for reducing poverty and avoiding a new build-up of unsustainable debt.
	www.fondad.org /publications/hipc/contents.htm (461 words)

	CNN.com - Anger over Iraq contracts list - Dec. 10, 2003
		France and Germany have reacted angrily to news that they are not on a U.S. list of countries eligible to compete for contracts for Iraqi reconstruction.
		Countries that either participated in the Coalition effort in the war or supported it -- including Britain, Australia, Spain, Italy, Poland, Turkey and Japan -- are on the list.
		A German government spokesman said it would be unacceptable for the United States to bar firms from countries which opposed the war in Iraq from competing for prime contracts to rebuild the country.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/meast/12/10/sprj.iraq.list (409 words)

	List of countries by GDP (nominal) - Psychology Central (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This article includes two lists of countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP), the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year.
		List of countries by past GDP (Nominal) - for the years between 1998 and 2003
		List of countries by past GDP (PPP) - for the periods between 1 CE and 1998 CE
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal) (267 words)

	UNESCO Courier: Debt relief: a creditable solution? - includes related article on HIPC Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Since at least the mid-1990s, a few developing countries have simply stopped servicing a large portion of their debts - that is paying the interest and principal on loans.
		Only two countries, Uganda and Bolivia, have had their debts lightened, while another five are slated for assistance in 1999.
		While reducing total debt is important to keep a country's books looking healthy, the key to finding new resources to invest in education or health services, for example, lies in cutting those debts that countries actually service and not those considered unrecoverable.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1999_Jan/ai_54237614 (1297 words)

	Debt relief: a creditable solution?.
		Critics maintain that relatively little has been done to help poor countries manage their debts in comparison to the billions of dollars mobilized by the international community to rescue middle and high income countries, such as during the Asian crisis.
		Since at least the mid-1990s, a few developing countries have simply stopped servicing a large portion of their debts—that is paying the interest and principal on loans.
		Canceling effectively unpayable debts owed by the poorest countries may turn out to be a sensible policy for all creditors.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_01/uk/ethique/txt1.htm (2352 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Business \| Pressure for Africa poverty deal
		UK Chancellor Gordon Brown on Friday expressed optimism that a debt deal would be done, saying that there was the "political will of the richest countries to move forward".
		Mr McClellan said debt would only be cancelled for countries that showed a commitment to "sound economic policies" and reducing corruption.
		The development lobby, which is organising mass demonstrations during the summit, wants finance ministers to agree debt relief for all poor countries, double aid to $100bn a year, and reform the world trading system.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/business/4083180.stm (712 words)

	[Ngo-list] Finance Minister calls for 'holistic approach' on external debt issue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the issue of debt reduction, the minister reiterated the proposal made by the Chief Executive of Pakistan during the Millennium Summit to divert the money spent on debt servicing towards social development programmes.
		He also observed that assisting developing countries in capacity-building and improving their governance should be essential elements of the global poverty eradication strategy.
		The themes for this year's high-level meeting were: development financing, in particular poverty eradication, ODA and Debt; the movement towards a development-friendly international financial system; public and private responsibility in the prevention of financial crises.
	lists.isb.sdnpk.org /pipermail/ngo-list/2001-May/000842.html (445 words)

	Eldis - Aid and debt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This report argues that debt servicing at any level is incompatible with attaining the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in many African countries.
		This paper intends to demonstrate the International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) role in constraining countries from increasing public expenditure in education to meet the Education For All (EFA) goals and t....
		Is the rhetoric of debt relief enough to address the underlying problems that sustain poverty and present obstacles to the realisation of the Millennium Development Goals?
	www.eldis.org /aid/debt.htm (530 words)

	Economic Policy and Debt - The Enhanced HIPC Initiative
		Through the HIPC Initiative, nominal debt service relief of more than US$ 56 billion has been approved for 28 countries, reducing their Net Present Value of external debt by approximately two-thirds.
		Of these countries, 19 have reached the completion point and have been granted unconditional debt service relief of over US$37 billion.
		Many of these countries have been affected by conflict and/or have problems of protracted arrears.
	web.worldbank.org /WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:20260411~menuPK:528655~pagePK:64166689~piPK:64166646~theSitePK:469043,00.html (274 words)

	Information about Countries & World Rankings
		Saudi Arabia is the only country in the world that formally prohibits on its territory the public practice of any religion except Islam.
		Country Comparisons - Examine similarities and differences between any two countries
		Countries to have won the most Beauty Pageants
	www.aneki.com (68 words)

	External Debt - Millions of Dollars - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		External Debt - Millions of Dollars - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, Political System
		This page of GDP per capita ranking of countries is based on figures from the 1999 CIA world factbook.
		As a rule the GDP per capita data used to rank the countries is as of January 1999.
	www.photius.com /wfb1999/rankings/external_debt_0.html (80 words)

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