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Topic: List of galaxy clusters

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Galaxy groups and clusters
		Clusters are quite prominent in X-ray surveys and along with AGN are the brightest X-ray emitting extragalactic objects.
		Clusters of galaxies are the most recent and most massive objects to have arisen in the hierarchical structure formation of the Universe and the study of clusters tells one about the way galaxies form and evolve.
		Clusters have two important properties: their masses are large enough to retain any energetic gas ejected from member galaxies and the thermal energy of the gas within the cluster is observable within the X-Ray bandpass.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Galaxy_cluster (1244 words)

	The Universe within 100 million Light Years - The Virgo Supercluster
		This is a neighbouring group of galaxies in Centaurus and is dominated by the two spiral galaxies M83 and NGC 4945 and the large lenticular galaxy NGC 5128.
		The Virgo II groups are a long filament of galaxies extending southwards from the groups of galaxies at the southern edge of the Virgo cluster.
		This is a map of the Virgo cluster - the nearest large cluster of galaxies.
	www.atlasoftheuniverse.com /virgo.html (1108 words)

	Galaxy - MSN Encarta
		Thousands of galaxies were identified and cataloged by the British astronomers Sir William Herschel, Caroline Herschel, and Sir John Herschel, during the early part of the 19th century.
		This was interpreted by the American astronomer Edwin Hubble as evidence that all galaxies are moving away from one another and led to the conclusion that the universe is expanding.
		In viewing a galaxy with a telescope, inferring its distance is impossible, for it may be a gigantic galaxy at a large distance or a smaller one closer to Earth.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761553870/Galaxy.html (949 words)

	Galaxy groups and clusters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Note: clusters of galaxies should not be confused with star clusters such as galactic clusters and open clusters, which are structures within galaxies, as well as globular clusters, which typically orbit galaxies.
		Galaxy clusters are found by optical or infrared telescopes by searching for overdensities, and then confirmed by finding several galaxies at a similar redshift.
		Clusters are quite prominent in X-ray surveys and along with AGN are the brightest X-ray emitting extragalactic objects.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Groups_and_clusters_of_galaxies (944 words)

	GALAXY
		Edwin Hubble as evidence that all galaxies are moving away from one another and led to the conclusion that the universe is expanding.
		n viewing a galaxy with a telescope, inferring its distance is impossible, for it may be a gigantic galaxy at a large distance or a smaller one closer to earth.
		Studies of velocities of stars in external galaxies have led to the belief that much of the mass in the universe is not visible as stars.
	www.geocities.com /rrien/Galaxy.html (1450 words)

	Optional CD ROM Files: GALAXY CLUSTERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Abell Galaxy Cluster Catalog: A homogeneous all-sky catalog of 4,076 rich galaxy clusters, nominally complete to redshift z = 0.2 for clusters with populations of 30 or more galaxies in the magnitude range m(3) to m(3) + 2.0, where m(3) is the magnitude of the third-brightest cluster galaxy.
		CGCG Zwicky Catalog of Galaxy Clusters: 9,134 galaxy clusters extending from the north celestial pole south to the Palomar Sky Survey dec zone astride the celestial equator.
		Coma Cluster Galaxy Catalog: 6724 Coma cluster field galaxies and probable galaxies with b(26.5) 21.0 in a 2.63-degree- square are centered on NGC 4874.
	www.willbell.com /software/hypersky/gcluster.htm (208 words)

	NASA - Galaxy
		Clusters of galaxies, in turn, are grouped in larger structures called superclusters.
		A Seyfert galaxy is a spiral galaxy that emits large amounts of infrared rays as well as large amounts of radio waves, X rays, or both radio waves and X rays.
		Because the galaxy is rotating, the waves seem to travel in a spiral path, leading to the appearance of spiral arms of dense dust and gas.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/galaxy_worldbook.html (2426 words)

	Top Story - BULK SOURCE OF UNIVERSE'S GAMMA RAYS IDENTIFIED, SCIENTISTS SAY - August 13, 2002
		Gamma rays emitted from galaxy clusters serve as probes to the early structure formation in the Universe.
		Galaxy clusters are the largest gravitationally bound structures in the Universe.
		Two of the three variables to measure magnetic fields are known: the mass of galaxy clusters and the distribution of the microwave background.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /topstory/20020812gamma.html (1129 words)

	Astromart News - Spitzer Finds Hundreds of Distant Galaxy Clusters
		Galaxy Cluster Abell 1689 - These close-ups show "lensed" images of background galaxies that have been brightened and smeared by the gravitational bending of light by the foreground cluster.
		Galaxy clusters are among the universe’s most dense places and a single galaxy cluster can contain hundreds of large galaxies similar to our Milky Way.
		While individual galaxy clusters have previously been found at similar distances, this is the first time that such a large number of galaxy clusters has been detected so far away.
	www.astromart.com /news/news.asp?news_id=519 (756 words)

	Martin White: Probes of Large Scale Structure
		Clusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound systems in the universe, with sizes of a few Mpc (a Mpc is about 3 million light-years).
		Clusters are rare objects: fewer than 1 in 10 galaxies in the universe resides in clusters, the rest are said to be ``field galaxies''.
		The two most obvious means of studying clusters of galaxies are by observing the light emitted from the constituent galaxies or the X-ray emission from the hot intracluster gas.
	astro.berkeley.edu /~mwhite/probes-lss.html (1607 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Thousands of galaxies were identified and cataloged by the British astronomers Sir William and Caroline Herschel and Sir John Herschel, during the early part of the 19th century.
		Galaxies are generally not isolated in space but are often members of small or moderate-size groups, which in turn form large clusters of galaxies.
		The images were obtained by aiming a telescope at apparently blank regions of the sky and using a solidstate charge-coupled detector to gather the very faint light, then processing the images by means of a computer.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/galaxy.html (1441 words)

	Galaxies and the Universe - Galaxy Groups and Clusters
		The survey of clusters was extended to the southern sky by Abell, Corwin, and Olowin 1989 (ApJSuppl 70, 1; CDS digital version), producing the first reasonably complete all-sky catalog of nearby clusters (some as far away as z=0.4).
		Clusters have a wide range of richness, size, and internal structure in the distribution of galaxies.
		I'll stress at the outset that the visible galaxies are such a minor part of the whole assemblages, and are probably even outweighed by the hot intracluster gas, that "cluster of galaxies" is downright misleading, but we're stuck with it.
	www.astr.ua.edu /keel/galaxies/clusters.html (1693 words)

	Titanic merger of galaxy clusters revealed
		They believe that the cluster is undergoing a merger with another cluster, and this is provoking an enhancement of the star formation rate, so the surplus of radio emitting galaxies is explained.
		All clusters that exhibit strong radio haloes are thought to be merging clusters (a radio halo is extended radio emission in a cluster, usually extending to about 1Mpc in diameter).
		Due to the size of a galaxy compared to the space between the galaxies in a cluster, not many galaxy-galaxy mergers occur.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=44536 (1336 words)

	FSVSCLUSTR - Faint Sky Variability Survey Catalog of Galaxy Clusters and Rich Groups
		Assuming the presence of a cluster red sequence, the uncertainty of the estimated cluster redshifts is assessed to be sigma ~ 0.03.
		The apparent I magnitude of the brightest cluster galaxy.
		The richness of the cluster, defined as the number of galaxies found within its spatial boundary, its color filter, and the magnitude range between m_3 < I < m_3 + 2, where m_3 is the magnitude of the 3rd brightest cluster member.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /W3Browse/all/fsvsclustr.html (663 words)

	The Universe within 50000 Light Years - The Milky Way Galaxy
		Large galaxies are surrounded by a halo of tight spherical clusters of stars known as globular clusters.
		It is orbiting our galaxy in a period of about 1 billion years but it cannot be expected to last much longer, in a few hundred million years it will be ripped apart by our own galaxy.
		The Sloan Digital Sky Survey for instance report that outside of the Galaxy there are huge clumps of stars that appear to be the remains of smaller galaxies that were ripped apart by the Milky Way more than a billion years ago.
	www.ldps.ws /Mirror/Universe/galaxy.html (530 words)

	STAR CLUSTERS IN OUR GALAXY
		Open clusters are physically related groups of star held together by mutual gravitational attraction originating in the cosmic clouds the stars in open clusters may begin to form almost simultaneously but may not become main sequence stars at the same time.
		This open cluster is about 100 million years old it is 1/50 the age of sun and has diameter of 30 light years and 380 light years distant.
		Globular cluster are stark difference, the stars gravity bound concentrations of tens of thousands to one million stars slightly flattened spheroid volume with of 12 to 20 billion years with a spectral type of F, G being pour in heavy elements
	maguires.com /astronomy/star_clusters.htm (1757 words)

	Zwicky Catalog of Galaxy Clusters
		To determine cluster diameters, Zwicky drew isopleths at the level where the cluster density was twice that of the background density of galaxies.
		The number of cluster members was determined by counting all galaxies within the isopleth and within three magnitudes of the brightest member, subtracting the background count.
		Abell considered all galaxy clusters to have the same intrinsic diameter (about 3 megaparsecs), and counted all galaxies within two magnitudes of the third brightest galaxy to determine the cluster size, again making a background correction.
	www.willbell.com /software/hypersky/cgcg.htm (795 words)

	"Nearby" Galaxy Clusters Break All The Rules
		Focusing on three clusters a mere 2 billion light years away, Ulmer and his team were shocked by what they saw: "young" clusters spawning hot, young stars.
		Intriguingly, one of the three is said to be the bluest galaxy cluster ever studied - a fact which may force astronomers to revise many of their theories.
		Contrary to conventional theory, these pot-bellied clusters (with a mass about 10 000 times that of our Milky Way) may be birthing out new stars even as we speak, fashioning them from galactic dust and gas.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/19980509142147data_trunc_sys.shtml (618 words)

	Abell Galaxy Clusters that are observable in an amateur telescope
		Brian Skiff has observed many of these clusters over the years and he informed me that this is a very resonable criteria for making a list of the best and brightest galaxy clusters.
		Abell 426: NGC 1275 is the central galaxy in the Perseus I cluster of galaxies.
		Abell 1656: A spectacular region that is "lumpy" from the overwhelming backround of galaxies.
	www.saguaroastro.org /content/Abel-Galaxy-Clusters.htm (1373 words)

	Arp Peculiar Galaxy Club Introduction
		Halton C. Arp is one of the key actors in the contemporary debate on the origin and evolution of galaxies in the universe.
		His landmark compilation of peculiar galaxies, the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, led him to challenge the fundamental assumption of modern cosmology, that redshift is a uniform indicator of distance.
		For locating the Arp galaxies, it is recommended that you use a good star atlas such as the "Uranometria 2000.0", Volumes I and II published by Willmann-Bell, Inc., or a good computer atlas like Emil Bonanno's "MegaStar" by E.L.B. Software (elb@ix.netcom.com).
	www.astroleague.org /al/obsclubs/arppec/arppec.html (803 words)

	Globular Clusters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Some globular clusters are Messier objects, named after Charles Messier, who compiled a table of such objects to avoid mistaking them for comets.
		This link allows you to determine which Messier objects are viewable from a particular latitude and longitude at a specific time.
		The size of each dot is proportional to the stars brightness, with the biggest dots corresponding to V magnitude 14 stars and the faintest dots corresponding to V magnitude 21.5 stars.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/clusters/globular.html (293 words)

	NASA - NASA's Hubble Weighs in on the Heaviest Stars in the Galaxy
		We looked at one of the most massive clusters in our galaxy and found there is a sharp cutoff to how large a star can form," he added.
		Figer's finding is consistent with statistical studies of smaller-mass star clusters in our galaxy and with observations of a massive star cluster known as R136 in our galactic neighbor, the Large Magellanic Cloud.
		Figer estimated the stars' masses by measuring the ages of the cluster and the brightness of the individual stars.
	www.nasa.gov /home/hqnews/2005/mar/HQ_05071_HST_galaxy.html (688 words)

	List of galaxy clusters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This page lists some of the more interesting galaxy clusters and groups.
		Defining the limits of galaxy clusters is imprecise as many clusters are still forming.
		In particular, clusters close to the Milky Way tend to be classified as galaxy clusters even when they are much smaller than more distant clusters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_galaxy_clusters (92 words)

	Category:Clusters - Memory Alpha - A Wikia wiki
		Clusters generally are groups of stars, sometimes groups of other astronomical objects.
		These stellar clusters vary in size and placement in the galaxy - the two major types that can be distinguished are open clusters and globular clusters.
		Note: Further articles about clusters can be requested on the list of unwritten cluster articles.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Category:Clusters (129 words)

	Observational Data for Galactic Globular Clusters
		The list of globulars is taken from the compilation by Djorgovski & Meylan (ref. 1), and lists all confirmed clusters deemed to belong to the Galaxy and classified as globulars.
		That is, I have listed in the bibliography the paper with the most useful finder chart for the field of each cluster, the one with magnitudes for bright field stars around the cluster---the best one for checking one's visual and photographic observations.
		Interpreting colour-magnitude diagrams for clusters in terms of a star's evolutionary history remains a central problem for astrophysics even 75 years after the first diagrams were constructed and their significance shown.
	www.ngcic.org /papers/gctext.htm (2654 words)

	List of galaxy clusters - Definition, explanation
		Defining the limits of galaxy clusters is imprecise as many clusters are still forming.
		In particular, clusters close to the Milky Way tend to be classified as galaxy clusters even when they are much smaller than more distant clusters.
		Originally compiled by George Abell in 1958 using the plates of POSS, and extended to the southern hemisphere by Abell, Corwin and Olowin in 1987.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/li/list_of_galaxy_clusters.php (191 words)

	The Universe within 5000 Light Years - The Orion Arm
		This is a list of the brighter planetary nebulae.
		Located in the Perseus Arm of the Galaxy, the Heart and Soul Nebulae are located in a region of active star formation containing many young clusters of stars.
		The Eta Carinae nebula is a massive region of star formation in the Sagittarius arm of the Galaxy, and it surrounds the extremly massive star Eta Carinae.
	www.atlasoftheuniverse.com /5000lys.html (751 words)

	Clusters and Groups
		The low scatter of Fornax galaxies around the Tully-Fisher relation make the cluster an ideal calibrator given the current direct measurement of its distance by the HST Key Project on the Extragalactic Distance Scale.
		The elliptical galaxy NGC1404 also exhibits a cool halo of X-ray gas, with a highly sharpened leading edge and a cometary-like tail, as it presumably falls into the cluster.
		For this, we are using an analog to the Fundamental Plane of early-type galaxies, built from the central surface brightness, scalelength, and rotation velocity of the disks.
	www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk /~bureau/clusters.html (971 words)

	Galaxy Cluster Selection. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Moreover, since the surface density of clusters is relatively low, it is planned to place a fibre on the Brightest Cluster Member (BCM) for clusters with a BCM magnitudes of less than g'=19.5 (one magnitude fainter than the main galaxy magnitude cut).
		One of the prime goals of the SDSS is to obtain repeat scans of 300 square degrees of sky centered at the South Galactic Pole.
		The main strength of the SDSS for cluster research is the coherent manner in which both distant and nearby clusters will be selected from the same raw data.
	astro.uchicago.edu /home/web/sdss/www/clusters.html (566 words)

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