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Topic: List of indices of refraction

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Refractive index

Refraction

Negative refractive index

Birefringence

Dispersion (optics)

Facet

Water

Sellmeier equation

Wavelength

Complex number

Nonlinear optics

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Refraction
		Refraction of light is the most commonly seen example, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another or when water waves move into water of a different depth.
		Refraction is also responsible for rainbows and for the splitting of white light into a rainbow-spectrum as it passes through a glass prism.
		In underwater acoustics, refraction is the bending or curving of a sound ray that results when the ray passes through a sound speed gradient from a region of one sound speed to a region of a different speed.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Refraction (933 words)

	Refraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in its velocity.
		Refraction of light is the most commonly seen example, but any type of wave can refract when it interacts with a medium, for example when sound waves pass from one medium into another.
		Refraction is also responsible for rainbows and for the splitting of white light into a rainbow-spectrum as it passes through a glass prism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Refraction (786 words)

	Refractive index
		The refractive index of a material at a particular frequency is the factor by which electromagnetic radiation of that frequency is slowed down (relative to vacuum) when it travels inside the material.
		If the refractive indices of two materials are known for a given frequency, then one can compute the angle by which radiation of that frequency will be refracted as it moves from the first into the second material from Snell's law.
		Sometimes the refractive index is defined as a complex number, with the imaginary part of the number representing the absorption of the material.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Refractive_index.html (822 words)

	refraction - Encyclopedia.com
		refraction in physics, deflection of a wave on passing obliquely from one transparent medium into a second medium in which its speed is different, as the passage of a light ray from air into glass.
		The law of refraction relates the angle of incidence (angle between the incident ray and the normal) to the angle of refraction (angle between the refracted ray and the normal).
		The index of refraction, n, of a transparent medium is a direct measure of its optical density and is equal to the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum, c, to the speed of light in the medium: n = c/v.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc.aspx?id=1E1:refracti (1495 words)

	Refraction - Definition, explanation
		Refraction in geometric optics is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in velocity.
		Refraction is also responsible for rainbows and for splitting up of white light into a rainbow-spectrum as it passes through a glass prism.
		Glass has a higher refractive index than air and the different frequencies of light travel at different speeds (dispersion), causing them to be refracted at different angles.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/re/refraction.php (429 words)

	List of indices of refraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many materials have a well-characterized refractive index, but these indices depend strongly upon the wavelength of light.
		In general, an index of refraction is a complex number with both a real and imaginary part, where the latter indicates the strength of absorption loss at a particular wavelength—thus, the imaginary part is sometimes called the extinction coefficient k.
		visible) wavelengths, and must be included in any description of the refractive index.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_indices_of_refraction (210 words)

	Snell's Law
		Refraction is the bending of the path of a light wave as it passes across the boundary separating two media.
		Refraction is caused by the change in speed experienced by a wave when it changes medium.
		This study of the refraction of light as it crosses from one material into a second material yields a general relationship between the sines of the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/refrn/u14l2b.html (1062 words)

	The Physics Classroom
		In a previous part of Lesson 2, we learned about a mathematical equation relating the two angles (angles of incidence and refraction) and the indices of refraction of the two materials on each side of the boundary.
		A ray of light in air is approaching the a layer of crown glass at an angle of 42.0 degrees.
		When light approaches a layer which has the shape of a parallelogram that is bounded on both sides by the same material, then the angle at which the light enters the material is equal to the angle at which light exits the layer.
	www.physicsclassroom.com /Class/refrn/U14L2c.html (1584 words)

	Articles - Refractive index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The refractive index (or index of refraction) of a material is the factor by which the phase velocity of electromagnetic radiation is slowed in that material, relative to its velocity in a vacuum.
		Since the refractive index of a material varies with the frequency (and thus wavelength) of light, it is usual to specify the corresponding vacuum wavelength at which the refractive index is measured.
		If the refractive index of a medium is not constant, but varies gradually with position, the material is known as a gradient-index medium and is described by gradient index optics.
	www.zdiamond.net /articles/Refractive_index (1340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		As the light enters from the left it bends toward the normal line because it is going from a lower index of refraction to a higher index of refraction (it is slowing down upon entering the plastic.
		As it leaves the plastic it bends away from the normal line because it is going from a higher index of refraction to a lower index of refraction (it is speeding upon leaving the plastic).
		Shorter wavelengths refract more than longer wavelengths, so this means that the order of colors will have longer wavelengths (like red) on the top and shorter wavelengths (like blue) on the bottom.
	www.lhup.edu /jreid/110_refraction_notes.htm (598 words)

	Index of Refraction of Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The index refraction is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a substance.
		Materials of the same composition can have different refractive indices due to the different conditions that they are in.
		The index refraction of liquid water at 20 °C is 1.333.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2005/AmyHo.shtml (196 words)

	Ray Tracing and Problem-Solving
		In a previous part of Lesson 2, we learned about a mathematical equation relating the two angles (angles of incidence and refraction) and the indices of refraction of the two materials on each side of the boundary.
		Determine the angle of refraction of the light ray upon entering the crown glass and upon leaving the crown glass.
		The light ray refracted one direction upon entering and the other direction upon exiting; the two individual effects have balance each other and the ray is moving in the same direction.
	www.glenbrook.k12.il.us /gbssci/phys/Class/refrn/u14l2c.html (1471 words)

	:: NASA Quest > Archives :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		This phenomenon is known as refraction and is often thought of as the bending of light rays.
		Refraction inherently causes problems for telescopes on Earth, since light passing from space through the Earth's atmosphere is subjected to variable of refraction.
		If they plot the incident angle sine values on the y-axis and the refracted angle sine values on the x-axis, students can calculate the slope of their graph and derive the formula that relates incidence to refraction.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /smore/teachers/act7.html (1170 words)

	Refraction of Light
		Ar is the refractive angle between the light ray and the normal to the meduim to medium interface.
		Using the refraction simulator, notice how the light bends toward the normal when the light enters a medium of greater refractive index, and away from the normal when entering a medium of lesser refractive index.
		As you approach the critical angle the refracted light approaches 90 or -90 degrees and, at the critical angle, the angle of refractions becomes 90 or -90 and the light is no longer transmitted across the medium/medium interface.
	riker.ps.missouri.edu /rickspage/refract/refraction.html (381 words)

	AP INNOVATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		indices of materials are not the same for all wavelengths of light.
		Because of this, different wavelengths are refracted at different angles, an effect known as dispersion.
		This is a list of materials and their indices of refraction.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~gkannark/1758_01.htm (454 words)

	Refraction - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		Refraction is the change in direction of a wave due to a change in velocity.
		For example, a light ray will refract as it passes through glass; understanding of this concept led to the invention of the refracting telescope.
		Air has a refractive index of about 1.003, and water has a refractive index of about 1.33.
	www.music.us /education/R/Refraction.htm (686 words)

	refraction
		Further reinforcement of light refraction will be done with a demonstration of a penny at the bottom of an opaque coffee cup slowly filled with water allowing the penny to come into view to a student standing far enough away so he or she cannot see the coin.
		The fact that different liquids have different indices of refraction is not assumed, and should not be revealed by the teacher at this point.
		The index of refraction should be briefly defined as the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in a material (n = c/v).
	www.phys.lsu.edu /outreach/plato/refraction.htm (1727 words)

	Mineral Gallery - Index of Refraction, Birefringence and Dispersion
		The index of refraction, birefringence and dispersion are somewhat exotic properties for ordinary rockhounds, but they are consistent properties in that minerals never stray far from their known values.
		The index of refraction is the geometric ratio of the angle at which light comes to the crystal (called the angle of incidence) by the angle at which light is bent as it enters a crystal (called the angle of refraction).
		But density is not the only impact to the index of refraction (if it were, we could used index of refraction to measure density and we can't do that, directly anyway) as chemistry and structure play an important part too.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/property (801 words)

	Teacher's Page
		The concept of refraction is important to students because it occurs in their everyday lives.
		As well, refraction and total internal reflection are the foundations for many applications of light and waves: rainbows, mirages, fiber optics, polar bear fur.
		The simulation allows students to change the angle of incidence and the indices of refraction of the two mediums.
	homepage.usask.ca /~dln136/refraction/pages/teachers_page.html (844 words)

	Instructor's Guide to Homework on Reflection, Refraction and Optical Fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Newton argued that refraction occurs because of interactions between the corpuscles of light and particles of the medium through which it travels.
		When the ratio of the indices is close to one, the fiber has a small cut-off angle and transmits only that light that is traveling nearly parallel to the fiber sides.
		Any (transparent) material with an index of refraction greater than 1.41 will trap all light that enters it by TIR when the material is surrounded by air.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/phys/ScIT/InformationTransfer/instructor/hw_soln/rrhw_soln_05.html (5585 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Cinnabar
		It has the highest refractive power of any mineral.
		Its mean index for sodium light is 3.02, whereas the index for diamond—a substance of remarkable refraction— is 2.42 and that for GaAs is 3.93.
		Generally cinnabar occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Cinnabar (835 words)

	Introduction to the atmospheric-refraction bibliography
		For many years, I have been collecting references on atmospheric refraction and sunset phenomena, starting with papers I needed to calculate airmass, back when I was reducing astronomical photometry.
		Some idea of the completeness of the green-flash list can be gleaned from the list of 17 GF references Shaun Hardy sent me in August, 2000, from the files of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington.
		Of course, in other areas of refraction, the present bibliography is only a small fraction of what exists.
	mintaka.sdsu.edu /GF/bibliog/bibintro.html (2759 words)

	Homework on Reflection, Refraction and Optical Fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		List 5 examples of situations you have encountered outside of the classroom that exemplify the law of reflection.
		In particular, consider (a) the slowing of light, and (b) the refraction, or bending, of light.
		List three advantages of using a cladding other than air when making optical fibers.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/phys/ScIT/InformationTransfer/reflrefr/rr_hw/rrhw_05.html (2379 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The resultant speed depends on the index of refraction of the material, n, which can be characterized by both the polarization of the light and by its propagation direction.
		The LC droplets are birefringent having two indices of refraction depending on the polarization of the incoming light.
		Near the surface of the droplets of liquid crystal, the LC molecules are surrounded by dissimilar molecules of the polymer.
	www.phy.davidson.edu /StuHome/BeDenius/liqcry/pdlc.htm (888 words)

	Anti Reflective Glass, Dichroic, Wafer, Tempered, Glass Coating And Tubing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Anti-reflective coatings contain layered materials that have indices of refraction that are designed to bend the light rays entering or reflecting from glass surfaces.
		Because visible light is made up of a spectrum of light wavelengths, the coating material indices and respective coating thicknesses are chosen based upon the wavelength of light to be affected.
		The indices of refraction of the base material and surrounding medium are also critical to the coating design.
	www.abrisa.com /Guide/GlareReduction/antiReflective/AR_designPrincipals.asp (273 words)

	Index (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
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	www.freeglossary.com /i35j9.html (36 words)

	List of optical topics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If you cannot find the topic you are interested in on this page, the article may nonetheless exist; you can try to find it using the "Search" box, or look in Category:Optics and its subcategories.
		If you click on "Related changes" at the side of this page, you will see a list of the most recent changes in articles to which this page links.
		Dark state -- Densitometry -- Diaphragm (optics) -- Dichroism -- Dichroic filter -- Dichroic prism -- Diffraction -- Diffraction grating -- Diffractive optics -- Dispersion (optics) -- Double refraction -- Double-slit experiment --
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_optical_topics (559 words)

	[No title]
		This one is a pair of 5 inch refracting objectives, placed 18 inches apart, in the manner of a battery commander's scope.
		One interesting aspect of later rangefinders is that they were gas charged with helium, since it is the only gas with an index of refraction that does not change in the temperature range encountered by these instruments, and the extreme length of the rangefinders mandated this stability.
		This list is quite small because it hasn’t been publicized, if it were announced on the astronomy lists it would grow considerably.
	www.europa.com /~telscope/binoc_list.txt (20933 words)

	Indices of Refraction - Beyond3D Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The refraction seen in the crystal balls is a bit of a trick, if I'm not mistaken that really has no relation to what light would really do.
		That would be a bit of nightmare to manage (even in a raytracing package) as you'd, no doubt, have to take into account the rates of change of the refractive index throughout the material and subtly bend the light.
		IIRC, It is not technically possible to create a "projection" matrix to transform the 'refracted' portions because, even with a flat interface between the translucent materials, refraction is a nonlinear operation.
	www.beyond3d.com /forum/showthread.php?t=1209 (2322 words)

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