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Topic: List of molecules in interstellar space

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Molecule
		In science, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties.
		A substance that consists of covalently bound molecules is a molecular substance or molecular compound.
		Molecules have fixed equilibrium geometries—bond lengths and angles—that are dictated by the laws of quantum mechanics.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Molecule (377 words)

	Molecule Did You Mean molecule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		A molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its chemical composition and properties.
		Molecular chemistry is concerned with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics is concerned with the laws governing their structure and properties.
		Although the concept of molecule was first introduced in 1811 by Avogadro, the existence of molecules was still an open debate in the chemistry community until the work of Perrin (1911).
	www.did-you-mean.com /Molecule.html (814 words)

	Interstellar medium - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The ISM consists of an extremely dilute (by terrestrial standards) gas and dust, consisting of a mixture of ions, atoms, molecules, larger dust grains, electromagnetic radiation, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields.
		The interstellar medium is usually divided into three phases, depending on the temperature of the gas: hot (millions of kelvins), warm (thousands of kelvins), and cold (tens of kelvins).
		In 1912, William Henry Pickering wrote: "While the interstellar absorbing medium may be simply the ether, yet the character of its selective absorption, as indicated by Kapteyn, is characteristic of a gas, and free gaseous molecules are certainly there, since they are probably constantly being expelled by the Sun and stars..."
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Interstellar_medium (945 words)

	List of molecules in interstellar space - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of molecules that have been detected in the interstellar medium as of 2003.
		These molecules were detected by examining the spectra of interstellar clouds, proto-planetary disks, or cool stellar atmospheres.
		List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules from NASA's Cosmic Ice Lab
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_molecules_in_interstellar_space (92 words)

	Molecule - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In general, a molecule is the smallest particle of a pure chemical substance that still retains its composition and chemical properties.
		Molecular chemistry deals with the laws governing the interaction between molecules that results in the formation and breakage of chemical bonds, while molecular physics deals with the laws governing their structure and properties.
		The term unstable molecule is used for very reactive species, i.e., short-lived assemblies (resonances) of electrons and nuclei, such as radicals, molecular ions, Rydberg molecules, transition states, Van der Waals complexes, or systems of colliding atoms as in Bose-Einstein condensates.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Molecules (963 words)

	ESA Human Spaceflight \| Users » Interstellar Medium
		Ultraviolet irradiation of dust grains may result in the formation of complex organic molecules or even total carbonization of the sample, forming - according to the local environmental conditions - carbonaceous matter such as amorphous carbon, hydrogenated amorphous carbon or coal- and kerogen-like material.
		Listing of interstellar and circumstellar molecules as compiled per October 2000 (Al Wootten).
		The incorporation of interstellar matter in meteorites and comets in the pre-solar nebula (as evidenced by isotopic measurements) provides the basis of the cosmic dust connection.
	www.spaceflight.esa.int /users/index.cfm?act=default.page&level=1f&page=eanaistm (430 words)

	New Scientist SPACE - Features - 13 things that do not make sense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Look across space from one edge of the visible universe to the other, and you'll see that the microwave background radiation filling the cosmos is at the same temperature everywhere.
		She railed against its claims that a chemical remedy could be diluted to the point where a sample was unlikely to contain a single molecule of anything but water, and yet still have a healing effect.
		On its 12-billion-year journey, the light had passed through interstellar clouds of metals such as iron, nickel and chromium, and the researchers found these atoms had absorbed some of the photons of quasar light - but not the ones they were expecting.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article.ns?id=mg18524911.600 (4168 words)

	Cool Cosmos
		The composition of the interstellar medium (the space between the stars) determines the composition of the objects which form from it such as stars and planets.
		Interstellar molecules, such as water and ammonia and atoms such as oxygen and carbon are detected in the infrared in many parts of our galaxy.
		These molecules are found in the cool clouds of dust and gas within which new stars and planets are formed.
	coolcosmos.ipac.caltech.edu /cosmic_classroom/ir_tutorial/irspec_ism.html (335 words)

	Hélène R. Dickel - "Molecules in Space" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Only a few molecules were known to exist in outer space when the first interstellar molecule discovered by radio techniques, the hydroxyl radical (OH), was observed in 1963.
		Space is a good vacuum so the times between collisions can be hours to several years as opposed to fractions of seconds on earth; therefore, in addition to the radicals, ions also remain stable for many years and long carbon chain molecules can form.
		Molecules are found in clouds of cold gas and dust which are distributed throughout the Milky Way Galaxy.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /~lanie/HRD_Molecules.html (294 words)

	Observations of interstellar molecules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Since the chemical bond is sensitive to high-energy radiation and high temperatures molecules are found in cool astronomical environments such as the dark interior of dense interstellar clouds, in expanding envelopes around dying red giant stars, in comets, and in planetary atmospheres.
		Interstellar molecules are observed spectroscopically either through emission lines or through absorption lines in a medium in front of a source of continuum radiation (light), such as a star or a quasar.
		list of all interstellar molecules identified to date, the majority were indeed detected through their rotational spectral lines at radio wavelengths.
	www.chl.chalmers.se /~numa/astrophysics/molecules/molecules.html (4209 words)

	[No title]
		The 'congruencies' are a form of space warp that is dependent on the folds that occur in the space-time continuum.
		Protection from interstellar dust and micrometers is obtained by diverting their kinetic energy into a ferrous fluid compound and spraying a screen of droplets ahead of the ship.
		A term used to explain a point in space, artificial or natural, where an object may travel through this point in space and end up at the other end of the fold, which is situated somewhere else in the universe.
	www.kentaurus.com /drives.txt (15600 words)

	Space Probes Find Links to Life / Satellites uncover critical molecules evident in our own galaxy
		Two satellites scanning the giant clouds of dust and gas that fill distant regions of interstellar space have detected many of the molecules that scientists say are the crucial components of life.
		Interstellar space, in fact, appears to be a vast chemistry laboratory that constantly cooks up simple molecules into more complex organic ones and spreads them everywhere.
		The list of more than 75 interstellar molecules that the two satellites have either detected for the first time or have studied in detail is a long one.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2001/02/20/MN157389.DTL&type=science (890 words)

	Sugar in Space
		The discovery was made by detecting faint radio emission from the sugar molecules in the interstellar cloud.
		Molecules rotate end-for-end, and as they change from one rotational energy state to another, they emit radio waves at precise frequencies.
		Built in 1967, it made the first detections of dozens of the molecules now known to exist in space, including the important first discovery of carbon monoxide, now widely used by astronomers as a signpost showing regions where stars are being formed.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast20jun_1.htm (1009 words)

	ESA Science & Technology: ISO, the hidden Universe and astro-chemistry
		Atoms and molecules in space are identified by comparing their spectra - a signal that is unique to each compound and hence can be used as a 'signature' - with that of known compounds obtained in the laboratory.
		That is the case with one of the most ubiquitous molecules detected so far, a group of compounds that have left their chemical fingerprint in many places in the Universe.
		They are known to be complex carbonaceous molecules, made of more than a hundred carbon atoms; their abundance shows that a very rich and active organic chemistry is taking place around the stars and in the space between them.
	sci.esa.int /science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=26783 (1345 words)

	Cold Sugar in Space Provides Clue to the Molecular Origin of Life \| SpaceRef - Your Space Reference
		Conditions are quite different in interstellar space, and most of the complex molecules appear to form on or under the surfaces of tiny dust grains.
		In this scenario, smaller molecules such as water, formaldehyde, methane, ammonia, carbon dioxide, or methanol, coat the surfaces and interiors of dust grains in the clouds.
		The cold glycolaldehyde was identified both by emission from the molecules and by absorption of radio waves emitted by a background source, all between 13 GHz and 22 GHz in frequency.
	www.spaceref.com /news/viewpr.html?pid=15078 (1150 words)

	List of the Common Molecules
		Chlorophyll Chlorophyll is the molecule that absorbs sunlight and is responsible for the photosynthesis process.
		Cyanoacetylene Cyanoacetylene was detected in interstellar space in 1970.
		Dihydroxyacetone phosphate DHAP is an intermediate molecule involved in processes occurring in the body as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.
	www.reciprocalnet.org /edumodules/commonmolecules/list.html (4847 words)

	Article: On the Extraterrestrial Origin of the Species, by Dr. Max Bernstein
		These molecules could only survive, let alone form, in very favorable conditions: a nice planet with liquid water, lots of nice ingredients to start with, and a source of energy to drive the chemistry that would lead to the formation of biotic molecules.
		For instance, from simple molecules of one carbon atom commonly observed in the interstellar medium, such as methyl alcohol, we make much larger, more complex molecules under conditions that are representative of dense interstellar clouds.
		Jason Dworkin, has shown that the molecules he makes in his simulations are able to self-assemble into vesicles (hollow bilayer membrane-like structures), which are believed by many to have been absolutely essential for the development of life.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2001/20010604/origins_of_life.shtml (3373 words)

	Lucy M. Ziurys, Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona
		One of the primary objectives of our research is to study these molecules and their chemistry via an interdisciplinary approach that involves high resolution molecular spectroscopy in the laboratory, radio astronomical observations, and chemical modeling.
		Small organic molecules related to sugars and nucleic acids are another area of investigation, as part of the NASA Astrobiology Institute.
		The radio astronomy aspect of this research program principally concerns the detection of new interstellar molecules, which is achieved by observing their pure rotational spectrum using millimeter and sub-mm wave telescopes.
	www.chem.arizona.edu /faculty/profile/profile.php?fid_call=ziur (686 words)

	[No title]
		Molecules in circumstellar shells; derivation of temperatures and column densities in circumstellar and interstellar gas clouds.
		A list of the times when each lecturer will be teaching is attached to this document; any variations will be announced beforehand in class if known in time.
		Herbst, Chemistry in the Interstellar Medium, Ann.Rev.PhysChem., 1995, 46, 27 D.A. Williams, Frontiers of Astrochemistry, Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society, 1998, 109, 1 Molecules in space, Chemistry Review, 1998, pp.2-6 W.M. Irvine, The composition of interstellar molecular clouds, Space Science Reviews, 1999, 90, 203-218 E.
	astronomy.sussex.ac.uk /~rcs/Apcsyl05.doc (603 words)

	UMass Amherst Office of News & Information : News Releases : Satellite Analyzes Cosmic Gas Clouds; UMass Amherst ...
		In warmer regions of interstellar space, SWAS has found that water vapor is far more plentiful, scientists said.
		SWAS is also capable of detecting oxygen molecules in interstellar space, although the results of searching for oxygen molecules have so far been uniformly negative.
		SWAS also measured the amount and distribution of water vapor in the atmosphere of Mars, confirming the long-held belief that the relative humidity of the atmosphere was near 100 percent, said Mark Gurwell of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
	www.umass.edu /newsoffice/newsreleases/articles/13128.php (826 words)

	Image ssc2004-02a
		The Spitzer Space Telescope image was obtained with an infrared array camera that is sensitive to invisible infrared light at wavelengths that are about ten times longer than visible light.
		In this four-color composite, emission at 3.6 microns is depicted in blue, 4.5 microns in green, 5.8 microns in orange, and 8.0 microns in red.
		The impact of these jets heats molecules of carbon monoxide in the cloud, producing the intricate green nebulosity that forms the stem of the rosebud.
	www.spitzer.caltech.edu /Media/releases/ssc2004-02/ssc2004-02a.shtml (529 words)

	A Breeze from the 13th House of the Zodiac
		Interstellar space, the "void" between the stars, is not empty.
		Interstellar gas would overwhelm the solar wind at 1 AU," transforming the space-environment of our planet.
		Born Under Ophiuchus and Ignored by the Horoscopes: A Modern Dilemma (Griffith Observatory) -- An article discussing the omission of Ophiuchus from the Zodiac by astrologers.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2004/17dec_heliumstream.htm (963 words)

	NASA - Exploration Systems - General Articles on ESMD Activities
		As International Space Station comes on line, we need to get more information out to schools and the public on what research is being done, why it is worthwhile, and what the results have been from past missions.
		As the 100th anniversary of powered human flight approaches, Space Research reviews how far we have come in challenging the boundaries of air and space and how the Office of Biological and Physical Research is part of our continuing journey to explore new frontiers in space.
		As people move toward fully realizing the research opportunities afforded by the International Space Station and look ahead to the next generation of hardware development and research to be conducted, they can look back on the earliest cooperative efforts, like Spacelab, and reaffirm that space truly is an international arena.
	exploration.nasa.gov /articles (3375 words)

	Image ssc2004-19a
		NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has captured these infrared images of the "Whirlpool Galaxy," revealing strange structures bridging the gaps between the dust-rich spiral arms, and tracing the dust, gas and stellar populations in both the bright spiral galaxy and its companion.
		This dust consists mainly of a variety of carbon-based organic molecules known collectively as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
		The Spitzer Space Telescope is a NASA mission managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
	www.spitzer.caltech.edu /Media/releases/ssc2004-19/ssc2004-19a.shtml (713 words)

	Fluorine
		Astronomers keep adding to the list of molecules found in interstellar space.
		In 1996, the European Space Agency discovered trace amounts of hydrogen fluoride in a giant cloud of interstellar gas near the galactic center.
		This is the first time a molecule containing fluorine has ever been discovered in interstellar space.
	mooni.fccj.org /~ethall/fluor/fluor.htm (725 words)

	The interstellar neutral-gas experiment on ULYSSES
		A sizeable fraction of the mass of galaxies is not condensed in stars but rather distributed in interstellar space as atoms or molecules: the interstellar gas.
		To understand the complex interactions between the heliospheric and the interstellar components taking place in the transition region a detailed knowledge also of the distribution and the state of the interstellar medium is required.
		As the information about the velocity and the temperature of the interstellar neutral helium is contained in the position and in the width of the measured distribution in inertial space, special effort was put into the calibration of the position of the stepping platform.
	helio.estec.esa.nl /Ulysses/ftp/cdroms/uls_01_a/Docs/Gas/Gas.htm (6446 words)

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