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Topic: List of monarchs deposed in the 20th century

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List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century

List of monarchs deposed in the 19th century

List of monarchs deposed in the 18th century

List of current monarchs

List of Finnish monarchs

Pretender

Savang Vatthana

List of extinct states

Queen Elizabeth II and the Commonwealth of Nations

List of Grand Dukes of Luxembourg

Sri Savang Vatthana

Monarch of the Netherlands

List of kings of Burundi

Monarch

Lists of incumbents

	List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Emperor Karl was deposed as Emperor of Austria in 1918.
		Emperor Amha Selassie I, briefly emperor 1974–1975, was deposed by the abolition of the monarchy.
		Sharif Salih ibni al-Marhum Idrus al-Idrus, Tuan Besar of Kubu, was deposed by the Japanese in 1943.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_monarchs_deposed_in_the_20th_century (3119 words)

	List of monarchs deposed in the 18th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Christian Friedrich Karl Alexander of Ansbach, Prince-Magrave of Ansbach (Fürst und Markgraf von Ansbach), deposed or abdicated 1791, died 1806.
		H.E. Shri Diwan Nawab Muhammad Mahabat Khanji I Bahadur Khanji, Nawab Sahib of Junagad, deposed 1760, reinstated 1762.
		Karaeng Sapanang Tu-Timoka, Sultan of Tallo, deposed 1761.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_monarchs_deposed_in_the_18th_century (582 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : List of monarchs who lost their thrones or a... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Sri Paduka Ratu Anak Agung Gusti Gedé Jelantik, Regent and Stedehouder of Karangasem, abdicated in 1908.
		The Emperor Gojong was deposed by the Japanese in 1910.
		Maharaja Raja Ramaraja Sri Patmanabha Dasa Vanchi Pala Bala Rama Varma II (Sri Chithira Tirunal), Kulasekhara Kiritapati Manney Sultan Bahadur, Shamsher Jang, Maharaja of Travancore, was deposed in 1971.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /List_of_monarchs_who_lost_their_thrones_or_a... (3000 words)

	Monarch Encyclopedia Articles @ Gyny.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Most monarchs are raised within a royal family where they are taught to expect and obey their future "duties," and they are, formally or informally, succeeded upon their death or abdication by members of their own family, usually their eldest son or eldest child.
		In a few cases a monarch is associated with a particular group (or nation) within a state, such as Te Arikinui Te Atairangikaahu of the Māori (the Māori Queen) and Osei Tutu II of the Ashanti.
		When it comes to deposed monarchs, it is customary to continue the usage of their monarchical title (e.g., Constantine II, King of the Hellenes) as a courtesy title, not a constitutional office, for the duration of their lifetime.
	www.gyny.org /encyclopedia/Monarch (2064 words)

	Monarchy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Monarch often ruled at the pleasure of the deity and was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that supernatural sanction had been withdrawn: Celestial Emperor of China, Mayan kings, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia.
		In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, if not of social life in general, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while a constitutional monarch is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability).
		The order of succession in most European monarchical states of the 21st century is by primogeniture, meaning the eldest son of the monarch is first in line, followed by his male, then female siblings in order of age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Monarchy (2704 words)

	Monarchy
		The Monarch often ruled at the pleasure of the deity and was overthrown or sacrificed when it became apparent that supernatural sanction had been withdrawn: emperor of China, Mayan kings, Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia.
		In an absolute monarchy, the Monarch has power over every aspect of the state, and a constitution may be granted or withdrawn, while in a constitutional monarchy he is subject to it as well as any citizen (though it may grant him such priviliges as inviolability).
		Elective monarchies, distinguished by the Monarchs being appointed for life, have in most cases been succeeded by hereditary monarchies, but both secular sovereign nation cases at present are 20th century creations.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/mo/monarchy.html (2262 words)

	Abolished monarchies
		The most famous monarchical abolition occurred in 1792 when the French monarchy was abolished during the French Revolution.
		The monarchies of India, Kenya, Tanzania, South Africa, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were abolished when or shortly after they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the commonwealth in the middle of the 20th century.
		In Bulgaria Simeon Saxe-Coburg Gotha, who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, has been elected and currently serves as the Prime Minister of his country.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ab/Abolished_monarchies.html (368 words)

	Titles of European hereditary rulers
		A list of geographical names in rulers' titles might not be a list of their actual possessions.
		In some cases, when a territory had a special importance it could be listed before the other names in its group or even before the names associated with a higher rank in the hierarchy of titles.
		By the 16th century in Germany it finally had become a title located between Duke and Margrave in the hierarchy, but in other countries it could be treated differently.
	www.geocities.com /eurprin/index.html (1562 words)

	monarchs
		The Assembly deposed or excommunicated all bishops, abolished the Prayer Book as "heathenish, Popish, Jewish and Armenian." Completely unwilling to compromise his position on the Church, Charles once again showed his naivete by brusquely informing the Assembly that all their decisions were invalid.
		In the latter part of the century, Arthur Young's tenure as Secretary of the Board of Agriculture ensured that the new farming methods were accepted throughout the nation (though it took many years for English farmers to utilize the iron plow, developed in 1784 by James Small).
		The early part of the 17th century brought a new emphasis on coal mining though effective methods of extracting it had to wait until developments in the steam engine took place and mines could be drained of their ever-present water.
	ecs.lewisham.gov.uk /youthspace/ca/webpages/monarchs.htm (22858 words)

	Joseon Dynasty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The last ruling monarch was Sunjong, the Yungheui Emperor, who was demoted from his status as head of state in 1910, and surviving bloodlines of the Joseon Dynasty today primarily consist of the descendants of King Yeongchin (Crown Prince Euimin) and King Euichin (Prince Euihwa), Sunjong\'s younger brothers.
		By the late 14th century, the 400 year-old Goryeo Dynasty established by Wang Geon in 918 was tottering, its foundations collapsing from years of war and de facto occupation from the disintegrating Mongol Empire.
		Hangul was offcially re-recognized in the late 19th century, and everyday written use of Hanja and Hanmun eventually came to end slowly in the latter half of the 20th century.
	www.orindacaus.com /details/Choson_Dynasty (5738 words)

	Kuwait Encyclopedia Articles @ OfficialTexts.com (Official Texts) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Kuwait was established in the 16th century when several clans (bedouins) from the "Al Aniza" tribe migrated to the northern shore of the Persian Gulf from the Najd, their famine-stricken homeland in central Arabia.
		By the 18th century, most of the local people made a living selling pearls.
		After being allied with Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War until its end in 1988 (Kuwait paid Iraq to protect it from what it perceived as a threat posed by Iran), Kuwait was invaded and annexed by Iraq (under Saddam Hussein) on August 2, 1990.
	www.officialtexts.com /encyclopedia/Kuwait (2203 words)

	Paris - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		In fact, the last time Paris was enlarged was in 1860 when Napoleon III and the prefect Haussmann annexed the then suburban communes surrounding Paris, such as Montmartre or Auteuil, extending the area of the city from 34.50 km² (13.3 mi²) to 78 km² (30.1 mi²), and creating the 20 arrondissements of Paris.
		In the 12th and 13th centuries, which included the reign of Philip II Augustus (1180 to 1223), the city grew strongly.
		The mayor wished to scrap the cap on building height dating back to Haussmann in the 19th century, and thus build tall in order to compensate for the lack of space on the ground, such as was done in Manhattan.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/a/r/Paris.html (5515 words)

	Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		After the 13th century and the fall of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, the universalistic aspirations of the Emperors became increasingly theoretical, and their control over Italy, still seen as the locus of the proper empire, became increasingly tenuous.
		The Bulgarian monarch, who had further irritated his Byzantine counterpart by claiming the title "emperor of the Romans" (basileus tÅn RÅmaiÅn), was eventually recognized, albeit reluctantly, as "emperor of the Bulgarians" (basileus tÅn BoulgarÅn) after a meeting with the Byzantine Emperor Romanos I Lakapenos in 924.
		He was deposed in 1974, the imperial title ending the next year when his son, who had succeeded him, was deposed and exiled.
	www.nyacknyus.com /details/Emperor (7064 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royalty in English History - Kings and Queens of England
		Edward Atheling, known as "the Exile," was the son of 11th century English king Edmund II Ironside.
		Written between the 9th and 12th centuries, the Chronicle traces the history of England from the migration of the Saxon war-lords through Roman Britain, the onslaught of the Vikings, the Norman Conquest, and the reign of Stephen.
		Contains a list of all those appointed to the Order between 1348 and 1998, and lists all the officers of the Order for the same period.
	www.royalty.nu /Europe/England (3361 words)

	Medieval, Renaissance, Reformation: Western Civilization, Act II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries two nations, Portugal and Spain, pioneered the European discovery of sea routes that were the first channels of interaction between all of the world's continents, thus beginning the process of globalization in which we all live today.".
		Lists all 95 theses written by Martin Luther, which brought on accusations of heresy and eventually led to his excommunication and the reformation of the church.
		Maria Gaetana Agnesi, celebrated eighteenth century mathematician, responsible for developing mathematical equation of the curve called "Witch Agnesi." "She was recognized as a child prodigy very early; spoke French by the age of five; and had mastered Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and several modern languages by the age of nine.
	www.omnibusol.com /mediev2.html (12413 words)

	The Ultimate China Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Before the 20th century, power was generally concentrated in the hands of the emperor, but sometimes shifted to powerful officials, regional warlords, imperial relatives, and eunuchs.
		During the 19th and early 20th centuries the country was too weak militarily to repel European interference and Japanese invasion; at the same time, internal conflicts also plagued China, which led to its continuing division.
		It was used in this manner from the tenth century onwards by the competing dynasties of Liao, Jin and Song.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/China (3583 words)

	England - IBWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		England is one of the three constituent nations of the Federated Kingdoms, occupying the south-eastern third of Britannia to the East of Kemr.
		Until the 19th century, the Monarch was both head of state and head of government and expected to take direct control of the Government.
		Also, as a result of James III (James II here) never being deposed (which caused the creation of the British political parties), party lines are different, not really forming until the beginning of the 20th century.
	ib.frath.net /w/England (1014 words)

	FRANCIA
		By the 20th Century, France had all but devoured the old kingdom of Burgundy, nearly all of the Duchy of Upper Lorraine, and Alsace, the part of the Duchy of Swabia west of the Rhine.
		Later France would take most of the 18th century to acquire Alsace and Lorraine, but most of the Imperial Kingdom of Burgundy would be acquired by the reign of Henry IV (numbers in blue are the dates of acquisition by France).
		Since nearly every evil of the 20th century resulted from a rejection of liberalism, this all reflects a continuing unwillingness to learn from history that is astounding in its obstinacy and folly.
	www.friesian.com /francia.htm (14313 words)

	RUSSIAN IMPERIAL SUCCESSION, by BRIEN HORAN
		In addition, two of the Grand Duke Kirill's children, Maria and Kira, were born during the monarchy, and both are listed in the court calendar; the third child, Wladimir, was born in August 1917, shortly after the fall of the monarchy and the publication of the last official court calendar.
		Archduke Otto, head of the deposed Austrian-Hungarian imperial house of Habsburg, and Prince Louis-Ferdinand, late head of the deposed German imperial house of Hohenzollern, have exercised the same authority with respect to the marriages of members of their dynasties.
		Although the legitimist monarchism of the Church Abroad remained intact throughout the Soviet period, the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of an independent patriarchate in Moscow produced enormous strains within the emigre church.
	www.chivalricorders.org /royalty/gotha/russuclw.htm (15580 words)

	Byzantine Glory : History :: The age of Justinian the 1st: 527 - 565 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The 6th century opened, in effect, with the death of Anastasius and the accession of the Haemus (Balkan) soldier who replaced him, Justin I (ruled 518 - 527).
		When King Hilderich was deposed and replaced, Justinian could rightfully protest this action taken against a monarch who had ceased persecution of North African Catholics and had allied himself with Constantinople.
		Wealth accumulated during the 5th century had been expended; and, to satisfy the basic economic and military needs of state and society, there were too few native Romans.
	www.neobyzantine.org /byzantium/history/periods/history_justinian_527_565.php (3539 words)

	Facts about romania during world war ii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		An August 1944 coup led by King Michael deposed the Antonescu dictatorship and put Romania on the side of the Allies for the remainder of the war.
		By 1944, the Romanian economy was in tatters due to the expenses of the war, and resentment of the heavy hand of Nazi Germany was growing even among those who had once enthusiastically supported the war.
		King Mihai, who initially had been largely a figurehead, led a successful August 23, 1944 coup with support from opposition politicians and the army, deposed the Antonescu dictatorship and put Romania's battered armies on the side of the Allies.
	www.supercrawler.com /Facts/romania_during_world_war_ii.html (1460 words)

	World War I
		In the summer of 1914, a Bosnian terrorist seeking Bosnian independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire and union with Serbia assassinated the heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand (brother of the ruling Emperor Franz Josef), and his wife.
		To fight one set of wars at the start of the twentieth century to unify Serbs and Croats and to fight another set of wars at the end to dissolve the union and "ethnically cleanse" the region seems among the sickest of the jokes History plays on human populations.
		In the early twentieth century, preserving the European balance of power was seen mostly as requiring the containment of Germany.
	econ161.berkeley.edu /TCEH/Slouch_WWI10.html (3577 words)

	Administrative and Social History
		Now, thanks to the labors of the author's daughter and the efforts of an enterprising publisher, an English translation of this work has become available for readers who are not proficient in the Persian language.
		It ends with an account of the last king of the Qajar Dynasty, who was deposed in 1925.
		Also included are highly informative, often greatly interacting, references to such diverse things as: the coronation of Qajar monarchs, weddings amongst the peasants, Persian food, ethnic jokes, relations between families, women's activities, religious ceremonies, education of the elite, public finance, medical practices, and agrarian and rural life.
	www.mazdapub.com /Administrative.htm (824 words)

	search.com - List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century
		search.com - List of monarchs who lost their thrones or abdicated in the 20th century
		Prince Regent Julius I was deposed in 1944 by Germany.
		Paduka Sri Sultan Tuanku Sulaiman Sharif ul-'Alam Shah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Bashar un-din Perbaungan, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Serdang, was deposed in 1946.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/List_of_monarchs_who_lost_their_thrones_or_abdicated_in_the_20th_century (2923 words)

	Monarchy Portal @ KingSized.com (King Sized) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In some cases, as with England and Spain, the monarchy has been overthrown and later restored although it should be noted presently neither monarchy uses political power, which is vested in the parliamentary majority.
		Although the king does not hold any direct political power, he is provided a stipend by the government of South Africa, and holds considerable sway over more traditionalist Zulu people in the KwaZulu-Natal Province.
		An absolute monarchy is a government ruled by one man or woman, termed a monarch and bearing a title based on their position.
	www.kingsized.com (2734 words)

	Periodbot output starting #21354325
		Despite the draconian nonconformist laws, there was a large number of non-Anglican meeting houses and nonconformity flourished; a fifth of the population of the Birstall Parish was estimated to be nonconformist.
		In the 18th century Presbyterianism was widespread but then lost a large minority of its flock to Unitarianism and Baptistism.
		As late as 1780 a treaty was concluded between France and Great Britain on the subject of exchange of prisoners, in which the various relations the different ranks bore to each other were specified, together with the sums required to be paid by way of ransom.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~tom7/periodbot/232.html (3206 words)

	Destabilizing Emerging Democracies Worldwide
		The developed world was in the position identical to that of the free cities of Europe centuries ago who stood to lose their industry and trade to the countryside (Chapter two).
		The Guatemalan Truth Commission concluded that 93% of the 200,000 slaughtered in Guatemala’s battle to regain their freedom were killed by U.S. supported military and CIA orchestrated terrorist death squads.
		One can safely assume those on that list are among the many thousands killed by CIA established and orchestrated death squads.
	www.ied.info /books/why/control.html (8256 words)

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