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Topic: List of political metaphors

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	List of Metaphor Sites
		"Cycling is a metaphor for life: performing under demanding conditions, acquiring skills for managing specific situations, and enduring through the rough spots" (from the introduction).
		"Metaphors are particularly important to information technology because, as a new field, its functions and properties are first talked of in a human perspective.
		Therefore, metaphors seem to be especially useful for explaining the space of possible meaning complexes or designs of information systems"(from the abstract).
	userpages.umbc.edu /~lharris/metalist.htm (0 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Metaphor
		Within rhetorical theory, metaphor is generally considered to be a direct equation of terms that is more forceful and assertive than an analogy, although the two types of tropes are highly similar.
		Metaphor and simile are two of the best known tropes and are often mentioned together as examples of rhetorical figures.
		A final difference is that in practice, often-used metaphors can "wear away" into dead metaphors as listeners come to learn metaphorical meanings by rote rather than making sense of seemingly nonsensical assertions, whereas a simile, because it explicitly calls attention to the act of comparison, is not as susceptible to the loss of metaphoricity.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Metaphor (2365 words)

	Metaphor
		Many consider metaphor to be at the heart of poetry (or even to define in part what it means to be human): the figure of speech that links dissimilar objects or concepts, establishing a non-deductive relationship.
		In political discussions, a ship is often taken as a metaphor for an entire nation; the so-called "ship of state".
		Metaphor is one of the most common figures of speech and many words have their origin in metaphor.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/m/me/metaphor_1.html (675 words)

	List of political metaphors - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a list of common political metaphors.
		stalking horse: a perceived front-runner candidate who unifies his or her opponents, usually within a single political party.
		Spin (public relations), a heavily biased portrayal of an event or situation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_political_metaphors (521 words)

	Metaphor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within rhetorical theory metaphor is generally considered to be a direct equation of terms that is more forceful and assertive than an analogy, although the two types of tropes are highly similar and often confused.
		Metaphor and simile are two of the best known tropes and are often mentioned together as examples of rhetorical figures.
		A final difference is that in practice, often-used metaphors can "wear away" into dead metaphors as listeners come to learn metaphorical meanings by rote rather than making sense of seemingly nonsensical assertions, whereas a simile, because it explicitly calls attention to the act of comparison, is not as susceptible to the loss of metaphoricity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Metaphor (2303 words)

	metaphor
		A metaphor consists of two parts: the tenor which is the subject to which attributes are ascribed, and the vehicle, which is the subject from which the attributes are derived.
		An active metaphor is one which by contrast to a dead metaphor, is not part of daily language and is noticeable as a metaphor.
		A simile is like a metaphor [pun intended] in that both relate one object to another to but a metaphor does not use "like" or "as" to relate the two subjects.
	www.mcfly.org /metaphor (1289 words)

	Political Science -- Course Archive -- Winter 2004 @ Chicago (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Political machines were the dominant form of partisan organization in the United States for much of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries.
		Topics include the inevitability of conflict, the dynamics of obedience and authority, the function and organization of political attitudes, the variety in styles of political thinking, the sources of stereotypes and intolerance, the role of emotions in political life, and non-Western understandings of human consciousness and political action.
		Combining political science and sociology, this workshop focuses on organizations and social networks—both the microunderpinnings of their construction (identity and exchange) and the macroconsequences of their aggregation (states and markets).
	political-science.uchicago.edu /courses/courses-winter-2004.html (2920 words)

	Governance through Metaphor Project
		The other is an extensive experiment with a Chinese system, based on metaphor, that was traditionally central to the philosophy of governance.
		Metaphors are a special form of presentation natural to many cultures.
		Many familiar metaphors of alternation exist through which the characteristics and limitations of such a shift may be understood.
	www.uia.org /metaphor/home.php (940 words)

	Metaphors
		Hayakawa once pointed out that “metaphors are not ornaments of discourse,” but are “direct expressions of evaluation and are bound to occur whenever we have strong feelings to express.”[1] In the context of intractable conflicts, wherein extraordinary events often give rise to extraordinary human responses, the increased use of metaphor would come without surprise.
		Metaphors help disputants and observers understand and communicate to others about things that are occurring, framing events in a way that gives meaning in their own worldview.
		Lederach’s mastery of metaphors allowed him to effectively and vividly convey the essence conflict transformation and peacebuilding, which for him is the crossroad between vocation, art and life.
	www.beyondintractability.org /essay/metaphors/?nid=6570 (2268 words)

	Kesher Talk: Metaphors run amok
		Most of the metaphor torture at the Sudan rally was conducted by earnest young social activist rabbinical students, who are systematically taught how to force quotes from Torah, descriptions of Jewish ritual, and references to the Shoah, to perform duties for which they were not originally intended.
		Since this rally was not sponsored by A.N.S.W.E.R. or UFPJ, the leash of political correctness was looser than at the usual moonbat-fest, and of course since the speakers were People of Color and not yet revealed to be CIA Stooges (which I expect by next week), they had to be taken seriously.
		The contrast between politically incorrect victims of oppression and earnest white leftists was starker at the larger rally in front of the UN on September 12th.
	www.keshertalk.com /archives/2004/12/metaphors_run_a.php (1751 words)

	Metaphor information - Search.com
		Metaphor comprises a subset of analogy and closely relates to other rhetorical concepts such as comparison, simile, allegory and parable.
		A root metaphor is different from the previous types of metaphor in that it is not necessarily an explicit device in language, but a fundamental, often unconscious, assumption.
		Orwell defines a dying metaphor as a metaphor that isn't dead (dead metaphors are different, as they are treated like ordinary words), but has been worn out and is used because it saves people the trouble of inventing an original phrase for themselves.
	www.search.com /reference/Metaphor (2154 words)

	Metaphor Article, Metaphor Information (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The morecommon meaning of metaphor is a figure of speech that is used to paint one concept with the attributes normally associated with another.
		Many consider metaphor to be at the heart of poetry (or even to define in part whatit means to be human): the figure of speech that links dissimilar objects or concepts, establishing a non-deductive relationship.
		Originally, metaphor was a Greek word meaning "transfer".The Greek etymology is from meta, implying "a change" andpherein meaning "to bear, or carry".
	www.anoca.org /ship/meaning/metaphor.html (682 words)

	METAPHOR - GoGoSearch.com
		Metaphor is a subset of analogy and is closely related to other rhetorical concepts such as comparison, simile, allegory and parable.In cognitive linguistics, metaphor is often seen as a basic cognitive function, that humans naturally see common traits in subjects which are factually distinct, and such behavior may be required for comprehension and learning.
		Termed a conceptual metaphor, this trait is exploited in psychotherapy using a therapeutic metaphor where stories unrelated to the patient are used to teach lessons about the patient's situation.
		A metaphor is, commonly, a figure of speech used to paint one concept with the attributes normally associated with another.
	www.gogosearch.com /wiki/metaphor (2142 words)

	Metaphors, Not Conversations
		The metaphor proposed for many of the agents and assistants that I find so bothersome is of a "magic" program that says "I know, trust me, I'll tell you".
		What you want in a metaphor is a presentation of the data in a way that emphasizes what the user needs to see, exposing whatever they need when they need it in a visual or some other visceral manner that supports the meaning and manipulation of the data.
		The problem with many of these Artificial Intelligence-style metaphors is that they seem to be designed to pass a Turing Test: A human types a free-format question and the computer types back in prose, or the "Holy Grail" of conversing in voice.
	www.bricklin.com /metaphors.htm (1659 words)

	Political Science -- Course Archive -- Comparative Politics @ Chicago (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Some of the themes we will examine are: the relationship between authoritarianism and colonial rule, the importance of class coalitions in determining the levels of state violence, the role of institutions of repression in sustaining violence, the everyday practices of authoritarian rule, and the nature and purposes of ideology.
		This course explores some of the vast literature in comparative politics and political theory on "democracy" and "democratization." Among the issues we shall investigate are the meanings of these terms, the relationships between economic development and political change, and the conditions of possibility under which democratic transformations take place.
		Topics include: political development and modernization; democracy, dictatorship and regime change; revolution; ethnic mobilization and conflict; political culture and political attitudes; preference formation, social alignments, political parties, and institutions; interest intermediation; states and markets; and the comparative method.
	political-science.uchicago.edu /courses/courses-comparative.html (3751 words)

	Metaphor, Morality, and Politics
		What we learn from this is that metaphorical morality is grounded in nonmetaphorical morality, that is, in forms of well-being, and that the system of metaphors for morality as a whole is thus far from arbitrary.
		The metaphor that morality is strength induces a view of evil as the force that moral strength is needed to counter.
		The metaphors I have discussed so far in paper have been both conceptual in nature and deep, in the sense that they are used largely without being noticed, that they have enormous social consequences, and that they shape or very understanding of our everyday world.
	www.wwcd.org /issues/Lakoff.html (10788 words)

	Mixing Memory: Lakoff's View of Metaphors
		Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish--a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language.
		A second aspect of Lakoff's theory of conceptual metaphors is that the metaphors themselves are embodied.
		While his first conceptualisation of how metaphors work was in terms of 'mapping' (a topographical frame), it was later changed to 'projection' (deemphasizing the importance of transmission from source to target in favour of a third Bleded Space).
	mixingmemory.blogspot.com /2004/09/lakoffs-view-of-metaphors.html (3912 words)

	Various Jewish/Old Testament Metaphors
		When I researched mystic-state phenomena metaphors in acid lyrics, I reached a point where I found enough instances of themes that I could formulate thematic categories and start handling lyric phrases in bulk.
		This book list is intended to cover Jewish mysticism without Kabbala; people should stop the trendy misuse of language that reduces and narrows Jewish mysticism to only Kabbalah, or stretches the word 'Kabbalah' out of shape to supposedly cover all of Jewish mysticism.
		As soon as the mind coherently realizes its situation and control dynamics correctly, that conceptual grasp is the logos given to the mind -- the divine reasoning about personal controllership and then about having to receive transcendent resetting of the personal controllership delusion, now qualified and purified.
	www.egodeath.com /JewishOldTestamentMetaphors.htm (5904 words)

	exp metaphors
		Once an aspirant or community accepts a metaphor or terminology its continual use generally pushes the meaning away from that which the Master intended : the 'kingdom of heaven' and 'nirvana' are good examples.
		Divine Darkness: this metaphor is rare (it originates from the pseudo-Dyonisius), but is valuable because there are times in the life of a jnani when complete withdrawal from the senses is important.
		This is a good example of a metaphor that has taken on a life of its own, as most people now consider the word to be roughly synonymous with 'heaven'.
	www.jnani.org /intro/exp_metaphors.html (466 words)

	Metaphor (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In language, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin) is a rhetorical trope defined as a direct comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects.
		In the simplest case, this takes the form: "The subject is a subject." More generally, a metaphor describes a first subject as being or equal to a second subject in some way.
		A synechdochic metaphor is one in which a small part of something is chosen to represent the whole so as to highlight certain elements of the whole.
	articles.gourt.com /en/metaphor (2119 words)

	List of War Metaphors
		A filibuster is a type of blockade used in political warfare, which limits the mobility of an enemy party.
		Perhaps metaphor is the only way to make the insanity of war seem comprehensible to us.
		Further, that this symmetric aspect of metaphor is extrapolatable both linearly and laterally, thus may be harnessed to mathematically predict missing knowledge and invention in all other disciplines.
	knowgramming.com /war_metaphors.htm (0 words)

	List of Metaphor Sites
		Metaphor is examined from its origins in Greek rhetoric to recent theories from its students."
		Therefore, metaphors seem to be especially useful for explaining the space of possible meaning complexes or designs of information systems"(from the abstract).
		This site is a study of the metaphors teachers use to describe themselves and their students.
	umbc7.umbc.edu /~lharris/metalist.htm (1244 words)

	Feature
		Genuine adherents of a political philosophy never take its arguments seriously, but only its practical aims, which are concealed beneath these arguments.
		Political arguments do not exist, after all, for people to believe in them, rather they serve as a common, agreed-upon excuse.
		Pilger, like Pinter, is not like most political commentators; very often Pilger is drawing our attention to the fact that our governments, our corporations, our arms manufacturers, are profiting from the death and suffering of hundreds of thousands of innocent men, women and children in the Third World.
	independent-bangladesh.com /news/oct/22/22102005ft.htm (10103 words)

	The Mahablog » The War on Bad Metaphors
		It is a huge mistake, she said, to rule out a political approach to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict in favor of a military approach.
		The term “root” is a metaphor for the roots of a plant (obviously), and a plant needs its roots to live.
		A better metaphor than “root causes” could be “parent causes” because even though your parents were absolutely vital to your existence we all know that at a certain point you became your own person and that we cannot make you go away by killing your parents.
	www.mahablog.com /2006/09/21/the-war-on-bad-metaphors (4014 words)

	Amazon.com: Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors: Books: Susan Sontag (Site not responding. Last check: )
		AIDS and Its Metaphors extends her critique of cancer metaphors to the metaphors of dread surrounding the AIDS virus.
		In her pair of related essays, Illness as a Metaphor and AIDS and its Metaphors, Susan Sontag reveals many of the metaphors surrounding such influential diseases as tuberculosis, cancer, syphilis, and AIDS.
		Sontag is spot-on in her analysis of metaphors of AIDS: the military metaphors, the latency metaphors, and the plague metaphors.
	www.amazon.com /Illness-Metaphor-AIDS-Its-Metaphors/dp/0312420137 (3157 words)

	POLITICAL AMAZON: The GWBush SMIRK-O-RAMA! (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The investigators noted that Bush did not initiate the sale of his stock, that he was approached by a broker and checked with the company's general counsel about the propriety of the sale before carrying it out.
		Metaphorically speaking, he will construct a notion of reality, build a house to fit and then hunker down, even if the ground shifts, one fellow Republican strategist said.
		He entered politics when he volunteered to work for a 1968 congressional race in his native Oklahoma and has worked on campaigns ever since.
	www.politicalamazon.com /bush-articles.html (12176 words)

	Table of Contents and Excerpt, González, Anthropologists in the Public Sphere
		If our interplanetary visitor examined politics, he or she might also be intrigued by the collapse of Enron and the apparent contradictions between democracy in theory and in practice.
		It seems that anthropologists were highly visible on the list because ours is a field that contextualizes and integrates multiple points of view—social, political, economic, and historical—and of course because many of us do this kind of work in foreign countries.
		Politically, this work can be satisfying because it connects us to our civic duties and provides a public service: citizen education.
	www.utexas.edu /utpress/excerpts/exgonant.html (6518 words)

	A Second Look at the Cathedral and Bazaar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These metaphors for high centralization (Cathedral) and no centralization (Bazaar) do not account for the size of a given project; its complexity, timeframe and time pressures; its access to resources and tools; and, whether we are talking about core functionally (like Linux kernel) or peripheral parts of the system.
		Political maneuvering can be a very successful way to raise status, especially in large groups, but the success of such maneuvering can lower the overall morale of the group.
		We will define political behaviors as those activities that are not required as part of one's role in a given open source project or movement, but that influence, or attempt to influence, behavior of other members within the group.
	www.firstmonday.dk /issues/issue4_12/bezroukov (13567 words)

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