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Topic: List of political parties in Lebanon

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	Political Parties and Electoral Systems in Lebanon and Israel: Interactive Reinforcement
		In Lebanon, the role of political parties has been weak, specifically in the tendency for traditional and neotraditional forces to be emphasized while the role of political parties is being undermined by these forces.
		After 1982, many political parties, on both sides, were transformed into militias as the militarization of the parties eventually led to the parties being controlled by their military wings.
		The relatively weak political role of the political parties in Lebanon is attributed to the structure of these parties, which remained highly confessional and depended heavily on individual traditional communal leaders.
	ddc.aub.edu.lb /projects/pspa/krayem/krayem.html (2084 words)

	List of political parties - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around very special issues with the aim to participate in power, usually by participating in elections.
		Election results for the parties can be found at List of election results or among the external links at the end of the article.
		Included are the countries and entities listed in the list of countries.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/list_of_political_parties (522 words)

	freedomhouse.org: Lebanon
		Lebanon is a parliamentary republic in which the president, who is chief of state, governs the country's affairs, along with the prime minister, who acts as head of the government, and an executive cabinet.
		Lebanon's Personal Status laws that are applied in Muslim courts clearly state that a woman's property and earnings are her own and she is not required to spend them on the household or the family.
		The general sentiment in Lebanon, which is reflected in the implementation of this law, is that the state has no right to interfere in matters of the home or in conflicts between a husband and wife; therefore, a woman is left totally unprotected by the law in her own home.
	www.freedomhouse.org /template.cfm?page=176 (8821 words)

	The Guardians of the Cedars (XÇ) International Website
		The political parties of the East in general, and the parties of Lebanon in particular, were born and evolved around the thought of the person and his very existence.
		The land of Lebanon differs from that of the desert, and because of this rough and rigid geography the Lebanese were characterized from the others that surrounded them with strength, so their history was full and strong.
		It's normal for every political party to seek power and authority; this is one of the goals of the Guardians of the Cedars, but this ambition differs in core from the rest of the political parties present in Lebanon, in a sense that they lack the vision, the political target and program.
	www.cedarguards.org /ideology.htm (5350 words)

	UNDP-POGAR: Programme on Governance in the Arab Region: Elections
		Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy in which the people constitutionally have the right to change their government.
		Political parties in Lebanon are governed by the 1909 Law of Associations, which applies to both political and non-political organizations.
		The elections were conducted according to the electoral law of the year 2000 despite the admission by most political parties and leaders that it is an unfair law as far as the distribution of electoral districts is concerned.
	www.pogar.org /countries/elections.asp?cid=9 (1679 words)

	Lebanon: Bus bombings heighten tensions before pro-government rally
		The bombings came as political tensions worsened in Lebanon, ahead of the second anniversary of the killing of the former prime minister, Rafik Hariri.
		The 14th March leaders constantly repeat a list of additional names of assassinated leaders and figures, to emphasis the need to ‘prove’ that Syria is behind all such crimes in Lebanon.
		Moreover, people supporting the opposition, who seem to make up a majority in Lebanon, and even many of those who took to the streets on 14th March 2005, demanding Syria pulled out of Lebanon, are now sickened by the way the recent killings are used to by the government to try to bolster its support.
	www.socialistworld.net /eng/2007/02/16lebanon.html (1616 words)

	The Guardians of the Cedars
		The President of the Party who is responsible for conducting its march, directing its course and achieving its goals, also has to define the doctrines, ensure rectitude, promote alertness and look after the proper formation of the partisans.
		In 1943 "Independent Lebanon" was born, followed by a 4th rebirth in 1958 as the "Shaky Lebanon" and, finally in 1975 the "Cracked Lebanon" came to existence.
		Lebanon’s sixth rebirth will only be achieved by the alertness of its people and their human pride, not by their fanaticism, chauvinism, antagonism or isolationism.
	www.gotc.org /ideology1.htm (958 words)

	The Head Heeb: Lebanese politics for beginners, part 2
		No single party controls more than ten percent of the legislature, parties as a whole have never accounted for more than 30 percent, and the allegiances of most members of parliament are based on personal or sectarian rather than ideological ties.
		Such blocs differ from true political parties, however, in that they are generally not ideologically based, exist in only a single district or group of adjacent districts, and last only for the duration of the campaign.
		Henchag is the party of the Armenian left and the Ramgavar is a third force and the "party of the intellectuals," but all three parties tend to interpret their ideology loosely and support the incumbent government.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/027750.html (9645 words)

	Osmanlı Tarihi Kültürü Medeniyeti Edebiyatı Sanatı
		Lebanon has a unique form of parliamentary democracy in which the highest offices are reserved for certain ethnic groups.
		The Kataeb Party, also known as the Phalange Party, the National Bloc, National Liberal Party, Lebanese Forces (now outlawed), the Free Patriotic Movement and the Guardians of the Cedars (now outlawed) are the parties with the largest popular following among Christians.
		political party activity is organized along largely sectarian lines; numerous political groupings exist, consisting of individual political figures and followers motivated by religious, clan, and economic considerations.
	www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com /wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon_.html (1428 words)

	Page Lebanon
		Second, the plan stated that this list was to be submitted to Future Movement chief MP Saad Hariri and Parliament Speaker Nabih Berri - representing the pro-government and opposition factions, respectively - in order to draft a short list to be presented to Parliament for voting.
		Syrian troops withdrew from Lebanon in 2005 after a controversial 30-year presence, and their movements near the Lebanese-Syrian border, which has yet to be formally delineated, have remained a point of contention between the two states.
		Lebanon is gradually approaching that crucial threshold where the zu'ama, in order to salvage their political livelihoods, finally bend to the will of the people.It matters not who committed these crimes, but who is perceived to have done so.
	pagelebanon.blogspot.com (3669 words)

	Political Parties
		Unlike many other political groupings in the country, the FPM has firm platforms on many political and economic issues in Lebanon, and strives to keep the party policy-based.
		Mustaqbal captured the parliamentary majority in the 2005 elections, and is currently in the process of legally transforming into an official political party - a process through which it hopes to boost its secular credentials.
		Named for the demonstration staged by these parties (along with others, most conspicuously the Free Patriotic Movement, who are not currently considered part of the March 14 alliance) on 14 March 2005, demanding Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and the truth about Rafik Hariri’s assassination.
	www.arabmediawatch.com /amw/CountryBackgrounds/Lebanon/PoliticalParties/tabid/171/Default.aspx (1786 words)

	Solida Press Release January 21 2005
		At a time when all so-called “Opposition” parties appear optimistic that the democratization of Lebanon is at hand, SOLIDA remains gravely preoccupied by the fact that the issue of the disappeared and missing Lebanese, as well as those held in Syria, is virtually never raised by most of those parties.
		Unless this is done clearly, publicly and without delay, political parties stand liable to be accomplices in having endorsed the crimes by cowardice.
		We call on those self-declared "opposition" parties to have the courage to demand the right thing, and if this is not done for the sake of your missing compatriots, then at least let it be done in a simple calculation of your political future.
	www.lebanese-forces.org /various/solida012105.htm (501 words)

	UCSB General Catalog - Political Science (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Students with a bachelor's degree in political science who are interested in pursuing a California Teaching Credential should contact the credential advisor in the Gevirtz Graduate School of Education as soon as possible.
		The conduct of inquiry and explanation, and the nature and scientific status of the knowledge produced by research on social and political issues, are considered in the context of both the theory-building and practical, policy-oriented aspects of political science.
		Focus on the role of politics in defining the public purposes of education, determining its content and distribution, and in holding educators accountable to the larger body politic.
	www.catalog.ucsb.edu /LS/polsci.htm (6310 words)

	Middle East Online
		Anti-Syrian figures in Lebanon have pointed the finger at Damascus and pro-Syrian President Emile Lahoud for covering up a plot to assassinate those who speak out against Syria, which in April ended a 29-year military presence in its smaller neighbour.
		Attallah heads the Democratic Left party and was among those who organised peaceful demonstrations to call for Syrian troops to leave in the wake of a February bomb blast on the Beirut seafront that killed ex-prime minister Rafiq Hariri and fatally wounded former minister Bassel Fleyhan.
		He raised eyebrows in Lebanon when on Wednesday he called on his followers to remain peaceful and not retaliate should he be assassinated.
	www.middle-east-online.com /english/?id=13860 (670 words)

	Dec24b
		Mottaki said the agreement reached recently among Lebanese parties on the election of a new president and the settlement of existing differences has raised hopes that the long-running crisis is about to end.
		Bush is "disappointed because there is an attempt to arrive at a national understanding among Lebanese to satisfy all Lebanese parties," he was quoted by the Syrian press as saying.
		Lebanon has been without a president since Emile Lahoud's term expired on November 23 without the two sides agreeing on a successor.
	www.free-lebanon.com /LFPNews/2007/December/Dec24/Dec24b/dec24b.html (442 words)

	Lebanon
		The Constitution of Lebanon promulgated on 23rd May 1926 said, "Article 5: The Lebanese flag is blue, white, red with a cedar in the white part".
		At independence, Lebanon used as national flag the French national flag (vertically divided blue-white-red) with a cedar in the middle.
		One of their palaces in Beirut was one of the landmarks of that city, and was partly destroyed during the civil-war and later sold to the Saudi royal family.
	flagspot.net /flags/lb.html (3109 words)

	Iraqi political groupings and individuals
		For this purpose, presented a list of 4000 recruits to Pentagon officials, of whom 1000 were selected on 17Dec02 to be given military training in Hungary with the U.S. Army's European Command, to provide the basis of a new Iraqi national army.
		Campaigned for liberal democracy, political reform, land reform, progressive taxation and workers' rights, with limited engagement with international issues (though it did organise protests against the Portsmouth treaty, 1948); was part of the national front of 1957 (see ICP notes).
		As communist parties were persecuted, a number of leftists joined the party; in response, Chadirchi urged the party to model itself on the British Labour Party, to distinguish itself from Marxists and radical nationalists.
	middleeastreference.org.uk /iraqiopposition.html (11453 words)

	Amal - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Amal Party: Amal, Arabic for "hope", is the popular name for a Lebanese political party and former militia organisation.
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
		You can find it there under the keyword Amal (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amal)The list of previous authors is available here: version history (http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amalandaction=history).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Amal (160 words)

	FRONTLINE/WORLD . Lebanon - Party of God . Bullets to Ballot Box: A History of Hezbollah . 1992-2001: Global Terror ...
		Allegedly trained by Iran's Revolutionary Guards, Mugniyah is suspected of involvement in major terrorist attacks attributed to Hezbollah, including the bombing of the U.S. embassy in Beirut in 1983 and the hijacking of the TWA flight in 1985.
		Under Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah has become one of the most powerful political parties in Lebanon's Parliament.
		This marked the official end of Israel's 18-year occupation and enlarged Hezbollah's reputation as a guarantor of Lebanon's independence, which, in turn, increased the party's popularity even more.
	www.pbs.org /frontlineworld/stories/lebanon/tl04b.html (259 words)

	VoS - Search Results - Political (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Center for Ethics, Capital Markets, and Political Economy ("The basic idea is that the concepts and vocabulary of economics no longer incorporate the moral standards according to which most people live their lives.
		Homepage (NSF-funded three-year study of political uses of the Net; "the research is aimed at understanding whether the technologies of the Net may alter patterns of political participation and engagement in public affairs by citizens in the U.S.") (Bruc
		Film Theory List ("This list is a forum for the discussion of the theory of film, cinema, video and related media in all their aspects: aesthetic, artistic, cultural, social, philosophical and political...") (The Spoon Collective)
	vos.ucsb.edu /search-results.asp?search=Political (3915 words)

	Political Squabbling Leaves Lebanon Without Government (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lebanon's prime minister-designate is struggling to overcome squabbling among political parties to form the first Cabinet since Syrian troops withdrew.
		Negotiations began a week ago, and the prime minister-designate is balancing competing requests from rival parties for specific ministerial portfolios.
		Siniora needs to present a list of potential candidates to Lebanon's pro-Syrian president, Emile Lahoud, who will have the final say on the Cabinet appointments, before a legislative session of parliament can take place.
	www.voanews.com /english/Lebanon-Still-Without-Government.cfm (484 words)

	Google Directory - Society > Politics > Parties
		Political party directory documenting activity in the US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United Kingdom.
		The purpose of the party is to foster and promote the preservation of humanity on earth through peaceful political processes and the realization of these goals through education and political action.
		List of annotated links to various political parties around the world.
	www.microtution.org /politics/Parties (229 words)

	CNN Student News One-Sheet: Political Parties in America - CNN.com
		The Republican Party was established in the 1850s when leaders from several political parties, including the Democratic and Whig parties, joined forces in their opposition to slavery.
		The Libertarian Party was founded in 1971 and is the third largest political party in the United States.
		The group's political platform is based on the idea that individuals should be the only authority over their lives.
	cnn.com /2008/LIVING/studentnews/03/10/one.sheet.political.parties/index.html?iref=newssearch (503 words)

	Fruits and Votes » Prof. Shugart's Blog » SNTV, list discipline, and fragmentation
		Under party lists, on the other hand (open or closed), parties must present lists with a finite number of candidates, and they have the legal authority to decide who may and may not bear the party label.*i.e.
		Colombia’s list proliferation is just an extreme example of a standard SNTV problem: the priority the system puts on personal over party criteria in elections, and the extremely low threshold for winning a seat.
		However, if no list obtained enough votes to have both a simple quota (1/M) and be in the running for one of the largest remainders, the effect is identical to pure SNTV: the winners are the candidates heading the M lists with the M highest vote totals.
	fruitsandvotes.com /?p=626 (1505 words)

	Lebanese Political Parties by Radio Sawt Beirut International
		Hezbollah is one of two major political parties in Lebanon that represent the Shiites, Lebanon's largest religious group.
		Ending Israel's occupation of Southern Lebanon was the primary focus of Hezbollah's early activities.[14] Israel had become militarily involved in Lebanon in combat with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had moved into Southern Lebanon after being ousted from Jordan.
		Although Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, and their complete withdrawal was verified by the United Nations, Lebanon now considers the Shebaa farms, a 26-km2 (10-mi2) piece of land captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 war and considered by the UN to be disputed territory between Syria and Israel, to be Lebanese territory.
	www.sawtbeirut.com /lebanese-party/hizbollah.htm (3373 words)

	Governments on the WWW: Political Parties
		Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs (SPÖ) [Socialdemocratic Party of Austria]
		Srpska Stranka Republike Srpske [Serbian Party of the Serbian Republic]
		Hrvatska Seljacka Stranka Bosne i Hercegovine (HSS BiH) [Croatian Peasants Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina]
	www.gksoft.com /govt/en/parties.html (2433 words)

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