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Topic: List of rules of inference

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	PlanetMath: inference rule
		In logic, an inference rule is a rule whereby one may correctly draw a conclusion from one or more premises.
		An important feature of rules of inference is that they are purely formal, which means that all that matters is the form of the expression; meaning is not a consideration in applying a rule of inference.
		This is version 5 of inference rule, born on 2007-03-18, modified 2007-04-16.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/InferenceRule.html (306 words)

	biology - Rule of inference
		Prominent examples of rules of inference in propositional logic are the rules of modus ponens and modus tollens.
		Rules of inference must be distinguished from axioms of a theory, which are assertions that are assumed to be true without proof.
		Rules of inference play a vital role in the specification of logical calculi as they are considered in proof theory, such as the sequent calculus and natural deduction.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Rule_of_inference (1055 words)

	Read about Rule of inference at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Rule of inference and learn about Rule of inference ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		semantics is necessary for the assertions the rule of inference relates and the rule of inference itself.
		Note that there is no sharp distinction between a rule of inference and an axiom, in the sense that a rule can be artificially encoded as an axiom and vice-versa.
		Rules of inference play a vital role in the specification of logical calculi as they are considered in proof theory, such as the
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Rules_of_derivation (1009 words)

	Inference Encyclopedia
		That is, a valid inference does not depend on the truth of the premises and conclusion, but on the formal rules of inference being used.
		But even if those facts were certain, the inference is of an inductive nature: perhaps you have often heard your neighbour at night, and the best explanation you have found is that he or she is an insomniac.
		Hooke's law is the rule that gives the elongation of a beam (that's an effect) when a force (that's the cause) is acting on a beam.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Inference.html (1808 words)

	News \| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		Rules of inference are usually formulated as rule schemata by the use of universal variables.
		Rules of inference must be distinguished from axioms of a theory.
		Rules of inference play a vital role in the specification of logical calculi as they are considered in proof theory, such as the sequent calculus and natural deduction.
	www.timesdaily.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=rules_of_inference (1011 words)

	Rule of inference - TheBestLinks.com - Rules of inference, Argument, Axiom, Calculus, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Rules of inference, Rule of inference, Argument, Axiom, Calculus, Infinity...
		Rules of inference are usually formulated as rule schemata that encode (infinitely) many other rules.
		Rules of inference play a vital role in the specification of logical calculi as they are considered in proof theory, such as the sequent calculus.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Rules_of_inference.html (592 words)

	Rule of inference - Definition, explanation
		In logic, especially in mathematical logic, a rule of inference is a scheme for constructing valid inferences.
		Prominent examples of rules of inference in propositional logic are the rules of modus ponens and modus tollens.
		Rules of inference must be distinguished from axioms of a theory, which are assertions that are assumed to be true without proof.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/ru/rule_of_inference.php (1085 words)

	Inference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The rules and process of inference are some of philosophy's oldest subject matters.
		Note that while an inference that leads from true premisses to a wrong conclusion is necessarily incorrect, true premisses and a true conclusion do not necessarily imply that the inference was correct.
		Although now somewhat past their heyday, AI systems for automated logical inference once were extremely popular research topics, and have know industrial applications under the form of expert systems.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Inference (1359 words)

	make
		An empty rule can be created with a command consisting of simply a semicolon (that is, the rule still exists and is found during inference rule search, but since it is empty, execution has no effect).
		The single-suffix inference rules define how to build a target if a file is found with a name that matches the target name with one of the single suffixes appended.
		Inference rules are applied to implicit prerequisites or to explicit prerequisites that do not have target rules defined for them in the makefile.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/007908799/xcu/make.html (5402 words)

	Peter Suber, "Non-Standard Logics"
		Inferences are from wffs to wffs, or from truth-values to truth-values (by means of rules), not from meanings to meanings.
		Rules of inference refer to syntactic features of wffs or to semantic truth-values, but not to other semantic features beyond truth-value such as meaning or intension.
		Rules of inference are total functions from the domain of sequences of wffs to the range of wffs.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/courses/logsys/nonstbib.htm (2695 words)

	Inference
		Inference To infer is to draw a validity or invalidity of inferences and implications.
		List of rules of inference A list of commonly used rules of inference.
		Rule of inference In arguments, but the formulation is much more difficult and controversial.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/inference.html (164 words)

	RE: Businessrules SIG Burlingame meeting minutes available
		It is, therefore, much easier to address modeling issues by modeling rules in a way that captures their semantics than trying to model some abstract thing like an inference engine.
		But this still would not involve "modeling" an inference engine; it would be a general way of representing that a particular set of rules are submitted to the inference engine with no commitments regarding how rules are submitted to the inference engine.
		What the inference engine does with rules (how it processes the rules) will be mainly determined by the semantics of the rules submitted to it.
	www.omg.org /archives/businessrules/msg01682.html (747 words)

	Inference Rules of Natural Deduction
		New wffs are generated by applying "rules" to any wff or a group of wffs that have already occurred in the sequence.
		Note, again, that both the inference rules and the rules of replacement are tautologies.
		The inference rules in Table 1 operate at once on one or more than one of the previous wffs in the deduction sequence and produces a new wff.
	www.mathpath.org /proof/proof.inference.htm (1377 words)

	Inference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		Inference is the act or process of drawing a conclusion based solely on what one already knows.
		This inference is obviously incorrect, because it led us from true premises to the wrong conclusion.
		Although now somewhat past their heyday, AI systems for automated logical inference once were extremely popular research topics, and have known industrial applications under the form of expert systems.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/I/Inference.htm (1118 words)

	Jena 2 Inference Support
		Once the preparation phase is complete the inference graph will act as if it were the union of all the statements in the original model together with all the statements in the internal deductions graph generated by the rule firings.
		When the inference Model is queried then the query is translated into a goal and the engine attempts to satisfy that goal by matching to any stored triples and by goal resolution against the backward chaining rules.
		In fact, the rule language is essentially datalog rather than full prolog, whilst the functor syntax within rules does allow some creation of nested data structures they are flat (not recursive) and so can be regarded a syntactic sugar for datalog.
	jena.sourceforge.net /inference (11383 words)

	-- Axioms of Web architecture
		This rule can be exchanged between two inference engines of the same type, but it does not as a rule make sense to anyone else.
		When the facts corresponding to all the rules of all the inference engines are put onto the web, then the great thing is that all the knowledge is represented in the same space.
		One can export the rule system specifically, ending up with a statement of the form "there is as assertion of birds being able to fly which is is unchallenged in the xxxx corpus by any assertion contradicting that which applied to birds or any otehr superclass of penguins".
	www.w3.org /DesignIssues/Rules.html (1772 words)

	make -- maintain program-generated and interdependent files (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		The list of all prerequisites that are newer than the target or do not yet exist and need to be built.
		In inference rules, this contains the single prerequisite that caused the inference to succeed.
		Each rule is treated independently; the target is remade for each rule with out-of-date prerequisites, using the corresponding recipe.
	www.datafocus.com /docs/man1/make.1.asp (5946 words)

	RDF Inference Language (RIL)
		Listing 4 is an example of how this query can be cast so as to map values to variables.
		A negation over predicates with variable mappings results in a list, for each variable, of the possible values in the universe that did not match any child predicate of the negation, or that was not selected by any child conjunction or disjunction.
		A rule consists of a premise and a conclusion.
	xml.coverpages.org /RIL-20010510.html (2157 words)

	make
		Each specification, or rule, shall consist of a target, optional prerequisites, and optional commands to be executed when a prerequisite is newer than the target.
		In an inference rule, the $< macro shall evaluate to the filename whose existence allowed the inference rule to be chosen for the target.
		Empty inference rules are specified with a semicolon command rather than omitting all commands, as described in an early proposal.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/make.html (8267 words)

	Randomness and Mathematical Proof
		Stated another way, this rule is the familiar formulation of Occam's razor: Given differing theories of apparently equal merit, the simplest is to be preferred.
		Hilbert established a finite alphabet of symbols, an unambiguous grammar specifying how a meaningful statement could be formed, a finite list of axioms, or initial assumptions, and a finite list of rules of inference for deducing theorems from the axioms or from other theorems.
		Hidden in the program are the axioms and rules of inference that determine the behavior of the system and provide the algorithm for testing proofs.
	www.cs.umaine.edu /~chaitin/sciamer.html (5230 words)

	Digital Mars - smake
		This means that smake does not apply an inference rule to the instance without commands.
		Inference rules reduce the number of actions needing to be typed in.
		Inference rules work on targets and dependents with the same file name and different extensions; they do not match multiple files.
	www.digitalmars.com /ctg/smake.html (6517 words)

	GuruNet — Content Map
		List of rulers of separate Emirates of the United Arab Emirates
		List of rulers of the Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia
		List of sailing frigates of the United States Navy
	www.gurunet.com /cm-dsid-2222-letter-1L-first-25701 (57 words)

	Rules of Inference
		Each new step that we take in constructing a proof must then be a substitution-instance of one of these rules of inference.
		Thus, we can take the tiny step of adding this conclusion to our list of established statements, indicating at the right a simple justification that explains exactly where it came from, by listing the previous statements used as premises of an argument that follows one of the rules of inference.
		Since each step in our proof relies only upon a rule of inference and the supposed truth of earlier statements, the entire chain of reasoning must be valid.
	www.philosophypages.com /lg/e11a.htm (871 words)

	Natural Deduction: Preliminary Matters
		When, as justification of an inference on a given line, you cite the numbers of one or several lines together with an inference rule, you are saying that the valid pattern of that rule generates the argument constituted by that sequence.
		See where the letters in the conclusion occur in the premises, and what is the likely last rule you shall use to get those letters; then ask what will be the likely penultimate rule, and so, work backwards from the desired conclusion.
		Here is a list of Copi's rules of inference, rules of replacement, and also his (strengthened) rule of Conditional Proof.
	www.lawrence.edu /fast/BOARDMAW/Nat_Ded_Prelim.html (660 words)

	Logic: Web Lecture: Rules of Inference, Rules of Replacement, and Proofs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-04)
		So the next step is to find examples of the Rules of Inference within the premises of the argument so that we may use the basic and valid Rules to imply the same conclusion which the unproved premises imply.
		As the frazzled student looks down the list of rules in a panic, his or her eye lights upon the Constructive Dilemma, and the world becomes right once more.
		These ten rules are a great help in proving arguments but they are also numerous enough to complicate the issue.
	www.cstone.net /~lbrannon/Logic/weblecture011503.htm (1285 words)

	AblePolicyEngine (Agent Building and Learning Environment (ABLE))
		This class is used to cache a rule with its current business value (priority) and an instance of this class becomes an element in a list of rules that are eligible to fire.
		Fires one rule in the specified ruleblock using policy rule inferencing.
		Determines whether the specified ruleblock is "executable" by examining the rule types and rule object configurations.
	www.research.ibm.com /able/doc/reference/com/ibm/able/rules/AblePolicyEngine.html (549 words)

	Math Forum Discussions - Re: Are Wikipedia's rules of inference correct?
		One set of these is from Rule C/Existential Elimination.
		of predicate calculus and a single rule of inference, the
		The Math Forum is a research and educational enterprise of the Drexel School of Education.
	www.mathforum.com /kb/thread.jspa?forumID=13&threadID=1416160&messageID=4929013 (748 words)

	www-rdf-rules@w3.org Mail Archives
		This mailing list is intented for the discussion of queries and rules for RDF data.
		See the list of lists for related mailing lists and a description of their intended content.
		If you are not subscribed to any W3C list then your posts will be rerouted to a human who may, after some delay, silently add your address to an 'accept' list.
	lists.w3.org /Archives/Public/www-rdf-rules (580 words)

	Tutorial (Fuzzy Logic Toolbox)
		The rules themselves are useful because they refer to variables and the adjectives that describe those variables.
		To summarize the concept of fuzzy inference depicted in this figure, fuzzy inference is a method that interprets the values in the input vector and, based on some set of rules, assigns values to the output vector.
		After this there are sections that touch on a variety of topics, such as Simulink use, automatic rule generation, and demonstrations.
	www.mathworks.com /access/helpdesk_r13/help/toolbox/fuzzy/fuzzytut.html (512 words)

	THE TECHNIQUES OF DISPUTATION IN THE HISTORY OF LOGIC
		The rule says that in such a case the opponens should point out to his partner that such principles are not to be doubted.
		The number of rules that must be known seems to be smaller than in the medieval period.
		In the direct attack the opponens is advised to prove the contradictory rather than the contrary of A, because the auditores (a fourth kind of participant in the disputation) may gather, in the case of the contrary, that both opponens and respondens are wrong.
	www.ditext.com /angelelli/dispute.html (5817 words)

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