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Topic: List of szlachta

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Szlachta
		Szlachta was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the two countries that later jointly formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		The equality among szlachta was no more, as the law systems of the partitioning powers recognized only the privileged aristocracy and treated the poorer szlachta as normal citizens, or extreme cases, peasants.
		The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism," a name derived from supposed ancestors of the szlachta, the Sarmatians.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Szlachta (3368 words)

	Szlachta - Free net encyclopedia
		The szlachta were formed in the late Middle Ages and existed through the 18th century and into the 19th century.
		Traditionally, the szlachta were owners of landed property, often in the form of folwarks.
		The Polish word "szlachta" (meaning the "gentle class" or "noble class", an untranslatable term essentially encompassing the idea of gentility or nobility of blood, and treating the English words gentry and nobility as roughly coterminous: a specific nobleman was a "szlachcic," a noblewoman was a "szlachcianka").
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Szlachta (3292 words)

	List of szlachta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article chiefly lists the szlachta's magnate segment (the higher nobility), as they were the most prominent, famous and notable.
		Below is a list of important szlachta families.
		Szlachta privileges were abolished under the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_szlachta (499 words)

	List Of Szlachta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Famous magnate s: families that had accumulated great wealth and political power and had few equals; they were the top magnates, who generally preserved their power across several centuries.
		Listed below are important members of the szlachta of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, by century and year of birth.
		Talk:List of szlachta for a temporary list of non-szlachta figures of the Commonwealth
	www.seattleluxury.com /encyclopedia/entry/List_of_szlachta (576 words)

	Polish Nobility and Its Heraldry: An Introduction
		The emergence of szlachta as a distinct estate was well advanced by the reign of Kazimierz Wielki (Casimir the Great, 1333-1370), however, the process of reinforcing and codifying its legal privileges continued up until the middle of the 16th century, when, as it is commonly held by the academics today, nobility became a closed society.
		Kulikowski [21] indicates that in the middle of the 14th century it was agreed that belonging to szlachta comes from belonging to one of the knightly clans - nobilitatis stripes ex progenitoribus eorum originem semper ducunt - as it was outlined by the statutes of Kazimierz
		Szlachta was rightly cautious, however, when it believed that not all ennobled persons were worthy of this honour.
	www.szlachta.org /heraldry.htm (16740 words)

	BT Research - Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		democracy, since all the szlachta were equal in rights and privileges, and the Sejm could veto the king on important matters, including legislation (the adoption of new laws), foreign affairs, declaration of war, and taxation (changes of existing taxes or the levying of new ones).
		Sarmatism enshrined equality among szlachta, horseback riding, tradition, provincial rural life, peace and pacifism; championed oriental-inspired attire (żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia, szabla); and served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility by creating an almost nationalistic sense of unity and of pride in the szlachta's Golden Freedoms.
		After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Roman Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, while the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches).
	www.breathittteens.com /research.php?title=Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (5326 words)

	Chołodecki Information
		According to the historian Józef Białynia Chołodecki, an unknown member of the Białynia clan was given the rights to develop the land in and around Chołodec, and that individual took the last name of Chołodecki.
		The Chołodecki surname first appears in the 17th century in Poland, a Chołodecki is listed in the registers during the election of King Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki in 1669 and in the late 17th century Kazimierz Amor Chołodecki becomes a man of some stature in Włodzimierz Wołyński, living on the estate of Piatydnia.
		The family was confirmed as Szlachta in 1783 and 1825 by the Austrian authorities in Galicia, while in Wołyń the stricter Russian rules also confirm nobility in 1811 and 1827.
	www.bookrags.com /Cholodecki (664 words)

	List of szlachta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This is the List of important szlachta families.
		This article will List of important members of the szlachta (noblemen) of Poland and Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by century and date of birth.
		Note that all szlachta priviliges were revoked in the Second Polish Republic (1918-1939).
	list-of-szlachta.iqnaut.net (320 words)

	Agent List, GMAC Real Estate/The Kee Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	www.gmackee.com /getagent/list.php?oid=005400001 (175 words)

	Parliament - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The General Sejm (Polish Sejm Generalny or Sejm Walny), first convoked by the king John I Olbracht in 1493 near Piotrków, evolved from earlier regional and provincial meetings (sejmiks.
		It followed most closely the sejmik generally, which arose from the 1454 Nieszawa Statutes, granted to the szlachta by King Casimir IV the Jagiellonian.
		Parliament, Parliamentary government, Origins of parliamentary government, England, France, Scotland, Poland, Nordic and Germanic development, Russia, Novgorod and Pskov, Parliament of the United Kingdom, List of parliaments, Contemporary national parliaments, Contemporary supranational parliaments, Equivalent national legislatures, Defunct, Subnational parliaments, Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, Spain, United Kingdom, See also, Legislatures and Westminster system.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Parliament (2796 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Once the Jagiellons had disappeared from the scene in 1572, the fragile equilibrium of the Commonwealth's government began to shake.
		The two pictures illustrate the notion that agriculture, once expremely profitablt to the nobles (szlachta) in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, became much less profitable from the second half of 17th century onwards]] The economy of the Commonwealth was dominated by feudal agriculture based on exploitation of agricultural workforce (serfs).
		This economic arrangement worked well for the ruling classes in the early era of the Commonwealth, which was one of the most prosperous eras of the grain trade [7].
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (5859 words)

	Unit List For Polish Factions - Total War Center Forums
		THe unit List for the Polish Factions will be updated once the names are found.
		Somehow I consider szlachta (not as neblemen definition) spreaded a bit later, mid.
		Szlachta (Polish Nobles, Knights) - Szlachta indeed literally means "nobility", but the word was not used in XIII cent.
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?t=48343 (2517 words)

	Berezhany genealogy page. Tracing roots in Galicia, West Ukraine (Austria/Austria hungarian empire: 1772-1918 and ...
		list of pupils of primary school in village Basnykivka (Basnikowka) for 1934,
		list of pupils of village Hayik (Hajek) near Lapshyn (Lapszyn) for 1933,
		list of pupils in village Viktorivka (Wiktorowka) for 1933,
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/97/Roman_Zakharii/genealogy.htm (3704 words)

	Random Works of the Web » Blog Archive » History of Poland (1569-1795) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This event marked the beginning of the period known as “Nobles’; Democracy” or “Nobles’; Commonwealth” (Rzeczpospolita szlachecka) when the state was ruled by the “free and equal” Polish nobility (szlachta).
		Attempts at reform were stymied by the determination of the szlachta to preserve their “golden freedoms” as well as the liberum veto.
		Following the abdication of King Jan Kazimierz Vasa and the end of The Deluge, the Polish nobility (szlachta) elected Michael as king, believing he would further the interests of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	random.dragonslife.org /history-of-poland-1569-1795/419 (4122 words)

	Szlachta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		According to their financial standing, the nobility could be divided into:
		zagrodowa - from zagroda, a poor szlachta house, often little different from a peasant's dwelling
		As with any doctrine, however, that puts one social class above others, it eventually became perverted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Szlachta (3404 words)

	Science
		In referring to the "theory of global warming" for example, the worldwide...
		The difference in temperature between the seasons occur because the planet is tilted on its axis, not due to a changing distance from the Sun (which at most is only 1.7% from the average distance).
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	www.globaloneness.com /science (1005 words)

	List of Poles - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This is a partial list of famous Polish or Polish-speaking/writing persons, or persons born in other countries, which are now Poland, or on historically Polish soil.
		This list has been subject to dispute as to which persons may properly be listed as Poles, due to Polish terrorities having been at various times occupied by foreign countries, and due to the spirited discussions, in recent years, of ethnic identity in the United States, Canada, the Americas, Europe, Asia, Oceania and Africa.
		This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Poles (1748 words)

	Northwood - Loans
		First time borrowers of Stafford Loans are required to complete entrance loan counseling before receiving their loan funds.
		For more information about participating lenders and the loan process, see Northwood's preferred lender list.
		These loans are generally used as a loan of last resort.
	www.northwood.edu /graduate/financialaid/loans/default.asp (472 words)

	Genealogical Links by Nationality
		Everyday the World Wide Web grows, so it would be virtually impossible to list all the sites related to genealogy.
		Polish Genealogical Society of Connecticut and the Northeast: include a list of what’s available in their library
		The Polish Genealogy HomePage: by Rafal Prinke, includes genealogy links and resources, also has a list of surnames with corresponding email addresses for those researching the name
	www.geocities.com /eirelady99/links/nation.htm (521 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Szlachta () was the noble class in Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the two countries that later jointly formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		The Polish term "szlachta" designated the "gentle" or "noble class." It encompassed the idea of gentility or nobility of blood, and was roughly equivalent to the English "gentry" and "nobility." A specific nobleman was called a "szlachcic," and a noblewoman, a "szlachcianka."
		Don't get the Herald-Journal delivered to your home?
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=szlachta (3319 words)

	Amazon.com: Polish Perspectives on Communism: An Anthology: Books: Bogdan Szlachta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
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	amazon.com /Polish-Perspectives-Communism-Bogdan-Szlachta/dp/0739107658 (595 words)

	Kublacon - May 23-26 - Always Come Evening (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If you have photos, please send them here: Web Szlachta
		You can contact the Always Comes Evening players at large at always-eve-ooc@owbn.org (WARNING!
		Do not post sensitive information there, it's the San Francisco out-of-character list serve).
	www.alwayseve.org /illusion/Kublacon.htm (69 words)

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