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	Utilitarianism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximization of some good for society or humanity.
		Utilitarianism influenced economics, in particular utility theory, where the concept of utility is also used, although with quite different effect.
		Utilitarians argue that justification of either slavery, torture or murder would require improbably large benefits to outweigh the direct and extreme suffering to the victims and excludes the indirect impact of social acceptance of inhumane policies.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Utilitarianism (2680 words)

	Utilitarianism
		Although Mill was a utilitarian, he argued that not all forms of pleasure are of equal value, using his famous saying "It is better to be Socrates dissatisfied, than a fool satisfied." He disagreed with Bentham's hedonic calculus holding that quality is better than quantity.
		Utilitarian anarchist William Godwin famously observed that if the life of the Archbishop of Cambray is preferable to the life of his chambermaid, the fact that the latter is my mother "would not alter the truth of the proposition".
		John Rawls rejects utilitarianism, both rule and act, on the basis that it makes rights depend on the good consequences of their recognition, and thus he argues that it is incompatible with liberalism.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/u/ut/utilitarianism.html (1407 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarian ethics was formulated first by Jeremy Bentham 6 in 1781, and later 3 championed and elaborated by 6 the philosopher John 6 Stuart Mill.
		On the 1 one hand the standard 0 of right and 8 wrong, on the 4 other the chain of 6 causes and effects, 7 are fastened to 3 their throne.
		A closely related and very 2 controversial branch is 2 Utilitarian Bioethics, which concludes 4 from Utilitarian Ethics 7 that killing unhappy people 8 is a net 6 positive value, and 5 that therefore people with 5 birth defects, people 8 with terminal diseases, and 1 depressed people are 5 candidates for Euthanasia.
	www.rutle.com /utilitarian_ethics_.htm (334 words)

	Utilitarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarianism (from the Latin utilis, useful) is a theory of ethics based on quantitative maximisation of happiness for society or humanity.
		Utilitarianism was originally proposed in 18th century England by Jeremy Bentham and others, although it can be traced back to ancient Greek philosophers such as Parmenides.
		Utilitarians argue that justification of either slavery, torture or murder would require improbably large benefits to outweigh the direct suffering to the victims and excludes the indirect impact of social acceptance of inhumane policies.
	www.freecaviar.com /search.php?title=Utilitarianism (1997 words)

	utilitarian ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarian ethics was formulated first by Jeremy Bentham in 1781, and later championed and elaborated by the philosopher John Stuart Mill.
		Utilitarian Bioethics concludes from a hedonistic form of Utilitarian ethics that killing unhappy people could have net positive value, and that people with birth defects, people with terminal diseases, and depressed people are candidates for Euthanasia.
		is distinct from utilitarian bioethics generally, in that it specifies a specific position rather than advocating use of utilitarianism in bioethics.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Utilitarian_ethics.html (384 words)

	Leslie Stephen, The English Utilitarians - II. James Mill
		The Utilitarians were opposed on principle to Cobbett, a reformer of a type very different from their own; and still more vitally opposed to Owen, who was beginning to develop his Socialist schemes.
		The Utilitarian, though for the moment he was in alliance with the Whig, regarded the common victory as a step to something far more sweeping.
		The Utilitarians took some part in the struggle, and welcomed the victory with anticipations destined to be, for the time at least, cruelly disappointed.
	phare.univ-paris1.fr /textes/Stephen/Utilitarians2 (19378 words)

	Broadmining: Utilitarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarianism: "The greatest good for the greatest number." or: "The greatest good over the least pain." A theory that the morality of any action or law is defined by its utility.
		This would obviously violate the rights of the sixth man, but utilitarianism seems to imply that, given a purely binary choice between (1) killing the man and distributing his organs or (2) not doing so and the other five dying, violating his rights is exactly what we ought to do.
		John Rawls rejects utilitarianism, both rule and act, on the basis that it makes rights depend on the good consequences of their recognition, and thus he argues that it is incompatible with
	lowide.com /Utilitarianism (1528 words)

	[A-List] Trade, Markets and Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarian ethics presumes that moral discussion originates from the point of view of the individual ego.
		Friedrich List, in his National System of Political Economy (1841), asserts that political economy as espoused in England, far from being a valid science universally, was merely British national opinion, suited only to English historical conditions.
		List's institutional school of economics asserts that the doctrine of free trade was devised to keep England rich and powerful at the expense of its trading partners and it must be fought with protective tariffs and other protective devises of economic nationalism by the weaker countries.
	lists.econ.utah.edu /pipermail/a-list/2002-June/019641.html (12411 words)

	Utilitarian ethics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarian ethics was formulated first by JeremyBentham in 1781, and later championed and elaborated by the philosopher John Stuart Mill.
		Utilitarian Bioethics concludes from a hedonistic form of Utilitarian ethics that killing unhappy people could have net positive value, and that peoplewith birth defects, people with terminal diseases, and depressed people are candidates for Euthanasia.
		"Utilitarian Bioethics" is distinct from utilitarian bioethics generally, in that it specifies aspecific position rather than advocating use of utilitarianism in bioethics.
	www.therfcc.org /utilitarian-ethics-2341.html (326 words)

	List of utilitarians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		English Utilitarians III Third volume of this work by Leslie Stephen, covering his life and diverse aspects of his intellectual legacy.
		The English Utilitarians: Jeremy Bentham Online text of this first volume of the 1900 study of Utilitarian thought by Leslie Stephen.
		List Owners Tip of the Day This daily announcement list gives list owners a daily tip on how to publish and promote a discussion list, e-zine or newsletter.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-List_of_utilitarians.html (368 words)

	§7. The Hedonic Calculus. III. Bentham and the Early Utilitarians. Vol. 11. The Period of the French Revolution. ...
		Just as he assumed that men were constantly controlled by intellectual considerations, so here, he also assumes that men are much more alike than they really are: and the two assumptions account for many of the weaknesses, and even absurdities, of his projects.
		Later utilitarians have avoided some of these difficulties by laying stress on the importance, in personal and social life, of the permanent objects which are sources of pleasure, rather than upon particular pleasant experiences.
		Thus, the doctrine of sanctions fails to establish the thesis of utilitarianism that general happiness is the rule of right.
	www.bartleby.com /221/0307.html (1709 words)

	Leslie Stephen, The English Utilitarians - I. Jeremy Bentham
		The English Utilitarians of whom I am about to give some account were a group of men who for three generations had a conspicuous influence upon English thought and political action.
		When the reformers published the Black Book in 1820, they gave a list of the bishops holding sees in the last year of George III; and, as most of these gentlemen were on their promotion at the end of the previous century.
		Trees were scarce enough to justify Johnson, and a list of all the trees in the country included currant-bushes.(34*) Sinclair was a pupil of the poet Logan: studied under Blair at Edinburgh and Millar at Glasgow; became known to Adam Smith, and, after a short time at Oxford, was called to the English bar.
	phare.univ-paris1.fr /textes/Stephen/Utilitarians1 (20352 words)

	TCS: Tech Central Station - The War Over the War in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarians such as Peter Singer seem to care more about alleviating hunger and satisfying basic needs (for shelter, fuel, clothing, and medical care) than promoting liberty, self-respect, dignity, and responsibility.
		If deterrence is part of the utilitarian justification for punishment, as it clearly is, then it is part of the utilitarian justification for the removal and punishment of tyrants.
		Deontologists see the world very differently from consequentialists, of whom utilitarians are but one type, of whom act-utilitarians are but one type, of whom hedonistic act-utilitarians are but one type.
	techcentralstation.com /051004B.html (2738 words)

	NTU Info Centre: Utilitarianism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Utilitarianism is a suggested theoretical framework for morality, law and politics, based on quantitative maximisation of some definition of "utility" for society or humanity.
		However, advocates of the Utilitarian principle (including Mill) were quick to suggest that the ultimate aim of negative utilitarianism would be to engender the quickest and least painful method of killing the entirity of humanity, as this ultimately would effectively minimise pain.
		Some would argue that the principle of rule utilitarianism is commonly used in society and not for ethical reasons.
	www.nowtryus.com /article:Utilitarianism (1969 words)

	FYI France (sm)(tm) Resource List -- Restricting the Internet in Libraries, the US model?
		People have to be able to cherish both child safety and free speech and other values which may come into conflict in a given fact situation, and resolve the conflict without an outcome forcing a participant to say she or he is against child safety and free speech and other values in fact held dear.
		Utilitarians used to try doing this mathematically, with their "calculus of pleasures and pains".
		The lists contain a selection only: new books and periodicals, and additional online digital information resources, develop in France every week, on the Minitel and the Internet -- one can be sure only that there are more, not fewer, than what is shown here online in France now.
	www.fyifrance.com /fy1275b1.htm (9781 words)

	Environmental Ethics
		As the utilitarian focus is the balance of pleasure and pain as such, the question of to whom a pleasure or pain belongs is irrelevant to the calculation and assessment of the rightness or wrongness of actions.
		Hence, the eighteenth century utilitarian Jeremy Bentham (1789), and now Peter Singer (1993), have argued that the interests of all the sentient beings (i.e., beings who are capable of experiencing pleasure or pain) -- including nonhuman ones -- affected by an action should be taken equally into consideration in assessing the action.
		Similarly, for the utilitarian, non-sentient objects in the environment such as plant species, rivers, mountains, and landscapes, all of which are the objects of moral concern for environmentalists, are of no intrinsic but at most instrumental value to the satisfaction of sentient beings (see Singer 1993, Ch.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/ethics-environmental (9453 words)

	Reading List
		It starts sometime in the spring of 2001 (the earliest entries aren't dated), then takes a hiatus (inexplicable, since I was sure I'd kept up with updating it) from December 2001 to June 2002.
		This book amply demonstrates Matthew Yglesias's point that there's little to be done philosophically in developing a system of consequentialist ethics (particularly, I would add, when the focus is on the practical) and that the main burden rests on the empirical sciences needed to tie real-world conditions in to the philosophical precepts.
		The chapter on global inequality is especially striking, as Singer focuses almost entirely on the question of charitable giving, rather than probing the structural and historical causes of inequality in order to locate the most efficient leverage points (which may differ, depending on how many other committed utilitarians you can count on to help).
	www.brunchma.com /~acsumama/reading/2004_02_01_readingarchive.html (471 words)

	roots of western culture 1750
		Although Mulan helps her father to go to the battlefield, she needs to pretend to be a man. It is because woman cannot be a soldier. It seems that the role of women and men are obviously different at that time.
		Caitlin's list of strains of femininism illustrates this.
		Utilitarianism comes from the same root as 'utility' -- usefulness. The principle tenet of utilitarianism, as I remember it, is that we should work to promote happiness and prevent unhappiness. Seems pretty reasonable.
	www.yorku.ca /caitlin/HUMA1750/examprep.htm (9035 words)

	Wikipedia:WikiMoney - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Note, however, that wikipedians usually have high standards for the writing of articles, so make sure you are familiar with the policies and guidelines, especially the requirement for NPOV.
		I still need to write the thermal transpiration article, but I have added Crookes radiometer to the list (verified the correct explanation in the 3 external references and checked that EB has the wrong explanation in the 2003 edition) Have not transferred money yet.
		List of flower plants : some have no pict (example : Begonia, geranium), some have only drawings (as I already mentionned, drawings are nice, but it is less good than real stuff)
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia:WikiMoney (4451 words)

	Legal Theory Blog
		Utilitarianism: An action is right if and only if the action will produce the best consequences as compared to the alternative actions that could be undertaken by the agent.
		Utilitarianism claims that there is a very simple rule (which if correctly applied) yields the morally correct action for each situation: act so as to produce the best consequences.
		Utilitarians often claim at this point that there are limits to human capabilities,and utilitarianism requires us only to do what we can.
	lsolum.blogspot.com /2003_11_01_lsolum_archive.html (11412 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Hopefully with a similar atmosphere, the aim of the second workshop will be to obtain an up-to-date picture of the foundational and technical issues concerning formal topology, and to clarify the connections with related approaches.
		The prestige of the speakers, the blind selection of papers, their limited number and the generosity of discussion time made possible the creation of a stable discussion group and the emergence of many young competent philosophers.
		Utilitarians say we ought to maximize the satisfaction of desires (more traditionally, pleasure) -- but it still has to be everyone's desires (or every sentient being's pleasure), not those of a select group.
	lists.ccil.org /pipermail/philnet/2001-December.txt (14934 words)

	Glossary
		This is a term that utilitarians use to designate a unit of pleasure.
		Some rights (natural rights, human rights) belong to everyone by nature or simply by virtue of being human; some rights (legal rights) belong to people by virtue of their membership in a particular political state; other rights (moral rights) are based in acceptance of a particular moral theory.
		Some utilitarians (act utilitarians) claim that we should weigh the consequences of each individual action, while others (rule utilitarians) maintain that we should look at the consequences of adopting particular rules of conduct.
	ethics.sandiego.edu /Glossary.html (2066 words)

	The English Utilitarians Volume One Jeremy Bentham PREFACE Leslie Stephen 1900
		They are The English Radicals, by Mr C. Roylance Kent; and English Political Philosophy from Hobbes to Maine, by Professor Graham.
		I think, indeed, that such a reference is often equally present, though not equally conspicuous, in other philosophical schools.
		The fourth duke of Newcastle in the House of Lords, 3 Dec. 1830.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /stephen01.htm (14378 words)

	Vocabulary Master List
		It was a philosophy put forth by Jeremy Bentham, most simply explained in the phrase the greatest good for the greatest numbers.
		Utilitarians sought to test human institutions by determining how practical and useful they were.
		But the attempt to quantify human happiness seemed impossible to the opponents of this philosophy, and its implied view of religion was very threatening to proponents of religious faith.
	virtual.park.uga.edu /~232/voc/allvoc.html (4155 words)

	Famous Dead Non-theists
		This list celebrates people throughout history who have advocated living life without deference to a transcendent power.
		The purposes of the list are to combat the pervasive myth that atheists are terrible, immoral people and to convince the undecided that it is OK to be an atheist.
		Instead he proposed a kind of act utilitarianism in which agapean love was seen as the highest good rather than pleasure and the avoidance of pain.
	www.mega.nu:8080 /atheist_quotes_3.html (10181 words)

	World-Wide Web Resources - Humanities
		Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, listing the world's myths, characters, and proverbs in a searchable index, illustrated with examples, quotes, and etymologies.
		Notes that activities include developing multilingual thesauri, field lists, and directions for standardizing data input; and developing and releasing publications and computer programs, such as hieroglyphic text processing programs.
		To suggest additions or corrections to this list, send mail to Brad Carrington at bcarring@uky.edu via your browser's mailer or use this form.
	www.uky.edu /Subject/humanities.html (1995 words)

	Jeremy Bentham [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Bentham is largely associated with his moral philosophy, especially his principle of Utilitarianism which evaluates actions based upon the greatest happiness for all.
		A leading theorist in Anglo-American philosophy of law and one of the 'founders' of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham was born in Houndsditch, London on February 15, 1748.
		Bentham's understanding of human nature reveals, in short, a psychological, ontological, and also moral individualism where, to extend the critique of utilitarianism made by Graeme Duncan and John Gray ("The Left Against Mill," in New Essays on John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism, Eds.
	www.utm.edu /research/iep/b/bentham.htm (3773 words)

	The Bulldog Newspaper ISSN: 1525-8432 - BulldogNews.net - Conservative Voice On Campus!
		Unlike that of most Anglo-American philosophers of his time, who emphasized the analysis of language, logic, and concepts, Rawls's work was systematic and driven by a comprehensive vision.
		Quite contrarily, most students and citizens have a long list of complaints about the direction America is headed.
		If two users wanted gasoline and one use of gasoline is for trucks to haul raw materials to factories, well, the Government always gives the available gasoline to the Army then the truckers cannot deliver supplies to the factories and they shut down and eventually other factories dependent upon them also shut down.
	www.bulldognews.net (13066 words)

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