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Topic: Literal translation

	Translation Philosophy
		The ESV is an “essentially literal” translation that seeks as far as possible to capture the precise wording of the original text and the personal style of each Bible writer.
		A “thought-for-thought” translation is of necessity more inclined to reflect the interpretive opinions of the translator and the influences of contemporary culture.
		Every translation is at many points a trade-off between literal precision and readability, between “formal equivalence” in expression and “functional equivalence” in communication, and the ESV is no exception.
	www.esv.org /translation/philosophy (380 words)

	Index to Poetry - the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam
		It appears that in many of his translations, he has combined a few of the Rubaiyat to compose one, and sometimes it is difficult to trace and correspond the original to the translated version.
		One is as a literal translation, with the aim of conveying the wording of the original poetry, leaving it to the reader to draw his/her own conclusions.
		This is the corresponding translation of the Rubaiyat by Edward J. Fitzgerald (1859).
	www.okonlife.com /poems/index.htm (417 words)

	Matthias Media
		Many modern Bible translators now do their work on the assumption (consciously held or otherwise) that a fairly plain rendering of the ancient text into English will not bridge the cultural and historical chasm that separates us from the world of the Bible.
		It may be sufficient to say that the drive within modern Bible translation is to conform the ancient text to the modern world, and this includes the attempt (which is at the heart of functional equivalence theory) to reproduce the same effect within the modern reader as the original reader experienced.
		Thus, if the intended readership of the translation is children under the age of seven, then there will be a great many features of the ancient text that their linguistic and intellectual abilities will not be equipped to handle.
	www.matthiasmedia.com.au /ESV/close_bible.html (4032 words)

	When Literal Translation of the Bible is Not Accurate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Such a translation favors the source language over the receptor language and—while it may claim to be a very accurate translation—it sometimes misses important nuances of meaning and is hard to read.
		In the Preface to the NIV, the Committee on Bible Translation states that sometimes it was necessary to modify sentence structure and to move away from a word-for-word translation in order to be faithful to the thought of the biblical writers and to produce a truly accurate translation.
		In a number of instances, the translation of a particular term is improved greatly by the addition of a word or phrase that, strictly speaking, is not found in the original language.
	www.gospelcom.net /ibs/niv/mct/12.php (4008 words)

	"Christian Bible" Page for the Bible's Most Literal Translation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Translators must make sure that their translations are plain where the text is plain, and ambiguous where the text is ambiguous.
		Occasionally, translators are driven into what appears to be a paraphrase, simply because an absolutely literal translation of the original Greek ends up being unintelligible.
		Translators must be thoroughly in touch with the lives and language of the people for whom they are translating.
	www.christianbiblesociety.org /bible.shtml (2482 words)

	Comparing Translations: Textual Criticism and Interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		For all the good that modern translators have accomplished in educating the readership, and bringing many passages alive with freshness, they need to be honest and divulge their use of the Alexandrian text-type, even if it does comprise only three to four percent of all Greek manuscripts and early Christian resources.
		Therefore, the literal translator should employ interpretation only when its necessity appears obvious, but herein is the central issue, for many wish to argue fervently over the meaning of obvious.
		However, literal translations must adhere to a different set of presumptions and the question is not where or how Jesus sat down, but when should translators remain literal and when should they engage in interpretation.
	www.cob-net.org /compare.htm (16617 words)

	BibleGateway.com - Version information: Young's Literal Translation
		The Bible text designated YLT is from the 1898 Young's Literal Translation by Robert Young who also compiled Young's Analytical Concordance.
		This is an extremely literal translation that attempts to preserve the tense and word usage as found in the original Greek and Hebrew writings.
		The text was scanned from a reprint of the 1898 edition as published by Baker Book House, Grand Rapids Michigan.
	www.biblegateway.com /versions/index.php?action=getVersionInfo&vid=15#books&version=15; (978 words)

	Literal Translation of the Bible
		In the process of translating the Holy Scriptures from their original language, a certain amount of exegetical and interpretive decision must be made on the part of the translator.
		From this unique translation, nuances and colors of meaning spring out of the text- you'll find treasures that have been buried under by paraphrase and less literal translations, insights that you've never seen before.
		With the Literal Translation of the Bible (LITV), the Word of God is given to you as it was written; a beautiful tapestry, interwoven throughout with rich truths.
	www.kconline.com /paul/litv/litv.htm (235 words)

	Young's Literal Translation
		Young's translation is designed to assist students in the close study of the Biblical text by reproducing in English the Hebrew and Greek idioms, in an exceedingly literal translation.
		If the original text be altered by a translator, (except he give his reasons for and against each emendation,) the reader is left in uncertainty whether the translation given is to be considered as that of the old or of the new reading.
		The Translator has often had occasion to regret the want of a marginal column to insert the various renderings of passages where he has been unable to satisfy his own mind—he has, however, cast the chief of these into an appendix, under the title, "Additions and Corrections." and still more elaborately in the supplementary volume.
	www.bible-researcher.com /young.html (3645 words)

	Part One: Bible Translation: Why, What and How? - Donald W. Burdick (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The translator must rely upon the archaeologist, the historian, the exegete, and the theologian in order to come to a thorough understanding of the text he is translating.
		The KJV translates the word as "schoolmaster." However, rather than being the teacher, he was the person who took the boy to the teacher.
		A translation based upon the closest equivalents in the two languages represents a middle ground between two extremes: (1) literal translation and (2) translation of ideas.
	www.dabar.org /SemReview/bibtrans.htm (4850 words)

	Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Published in 1898, Young's Literal Translation of the Holy Bible (YLT) is not a modern English translation.
		Translated by Robert Young, the YLT is a strictly literal and idiomatic rendering of the original Greek texts.
		In the translation, every effort was made to achieve a high degree of uniformity in rendering the original words and phrases.
	www.kenanderson.net /bible/young_s_literal.html (231 words)

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