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Topic: Literary Arabic

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Arabic language

Varieties of Arabic

Modern Standard Arabic

Semitic languages

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Cushitic languages

Egyptian Arabic

Arabic alphabet

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Farsi language

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	Arabic Translation Services - Translators English/Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Arabic is an Aramaic language spoken throughout the Arab world and has been an important literary language for over 1500 years.
		The expression "Arabic" itself can be used to refer to either literary Arabic or to one of the many spoken varieties found around the Muslim world.
		Arabic is also a Semitic language and a close relative of Hebrew.
	www.greentranslations.com /arabic-translation.html (263 words)

	Arabic Literature - MSN Encarta
		Its literary style, regarded as inimitable by Muslims, is derived from that of the pre-Islamic Arab soothsayers whose utterances were in the form of brief phrases having rhyme and rhythm but no metre.
		Some of the greatest medieval philosophers wrote in Arabic; their work was studied in the West and greatly influenced the development of Scholasticism.
		It is generally accepted among scholars of Arabic literature that the expedition of Napoleon to Egypt in 1798 marked the beginnings of the renaissance in the Arab world.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561792/Arabic_Literature.html (2081 words)

	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arabic (العربية al-'arabiyyah, or less formally 'arabi) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs substantially from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship and among non-Arab scholars of Arabic to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speeches as Modern Standard Arabic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (2025 words)

	Arabic Literature - MSN Encarta
		Arabic poets eventually cut loose from their classical moorings and looked to more modern forms, such as free verse—poetry with no fixed rhyme or meter.
		Egypt’s Naguib Mahfouz, one of the best-known Arabic novelists of the 20th century, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1988.
		The vitality of the Arabic literary tradition becomes visible as one walks the streets of Middle Eastern and North African capitals and gazes in bookshop windows.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561792_2/Arabic_Literature.html (2182 words)

	Drexel: COAS: C&C: Modern Languages: ARABIC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Arabic language, or simply Arabic, is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Literary Arabic ("the most eloquent Arabic language"), refers both to the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East and to the more articulate language of the Qur'an.
	www.drexel.edu /coas/culturecomm/lang/arabic/default.asp (211 words)

	Department of Arabic Language and Literature (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		ARA31217 Arabic Rhetoric II This course is a continuation of topics covered in Arabic Rhetoric I. In this course, focus is on the study of semantics coupled with an attempt to link ancient subjects, such as methods of composition, brevity, verbosity, putting forward and putting back, methods of abbreviation, with criticisms and modern rhetorical studies.
		Arabic rhetoric is studied in the light of modern and old Arabic criticism theories, in an attempt to link the old with the new and see how Arabic rhetoric is keeping abreast of modern studies in terms of theory and application.
		Literary prose in Andalus is illumined through different periods, with emphasis on the influence of Andalusian literary scene on its surrounding and vice versa.
	www.najah.edu /english/Faculties/arts/Arabic.asp (2373 words)

	American Association of Teachers of Arabic Homepage \| AATA
		Arabic is the language of a rich culture and civilization dating back many centuries; it was the language of Muhammad, the Messenger of God and Prophet of Islam, and the Qur'an.
		Arabic is spoken by over 160 million people, in an area extending from the Arabian Gulf in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west.
		It is a potent symbol of Arab cultural and (in the sense that it is the language of the Qur'an) religious unity.
	www.wm.edu /aata/arabic.php (2051 words)

	Arabic language Summary
		The Arabic language (Arabic: اللغة العربية‎ transliterated: al-lughah al-‘Arabīyyah), or simply Arabic (Arabic: عربي‎ transliterated: ‘Arabī), is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Literary Arabic (Arabic: اللغة العربية الفصحى‎ translit: al-lughatu’l-‘arabīyyatu’l-fuṣḥā "the most eloquent Arabic language"), refers both to the language of present-day media across North Africa and the Middle East and to the language of the Qur'an.
		Arabic is a major source of vocabulary for languages as diverse as Berber, Farsi, Swahili, Urdu, Hindi, Turkish, Malay, Indonesian, as well as other languages in countries where these languages are spoken.
	www.bookrags.com /Arabic_language (3935 words)

	[No title]
		Literary criticism is also broadly used to cover the whole field of literary appreciation, analysis, judgment, and comparison on the practical as well as the theoretical side.
		The two Arabic rhetorical conceptions of /asahah and baldghhah received at his hands satisfactory definitions, the first being connected with elegance and purity of style, and the second with communicating and conveying the desired meaning in a convincing and effective manner.
		They survey the field of Arabic literary criticism in the author's time, point out the lack of true scientific thinking, and the preoccupation of authors with the non-essentials in literary art, and try to lay the foundations for a new science which would satisfy both the objective and the subjective aspects of literary appreciation.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /hmp/chp52.doc (4868 words)

	Arabic Courses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The main objective of this course is to approach literary Arabic (fusha) as a living language used in various cultural activities in the Arab world, not only as a written language but also as a significant means of oral communication.
		Out of the metrically restricted and conditioned language of classical Arabic poetry and the religiously charged language of the Qur’an, and through a process of linguistic evolution that is still a mystery, emerged the Arabic literary language of the eighth to eleventh centuries, the basis of today's Modern Standard Arabic.
		This course examines the historical and aesthetic development of Arabic prose fiction, with particular emphasis on the themes and techniques of the late 20th century, when the novel and short story reached a period of maturity and were firmly established as dominant Arabic literary genres.
	www.nelc.ohio-state.edu /courses/Arabic.htm (5643 words)

	Al Jadid Magazine - Features & Essays
		In the midst of this rivalry, those using literary Arabic became overzealous in adhering to the strict rules of the language, for example, employing case endings even in an oral discourse on the radio.
		Similarly, the same broadcaster may use the passive form of the literary Arabic in a dialectal speech as well as case endings to impress his listener or to produce a certain impact.
		The literary Arabic is a source of fascination because of its relation to the written and to the sacred.
	www.aljadid.com /features/0840ayoub.html (2425 words)

	Translation Services in Arabic English Urdu Languages
		Arabic is one of the primary language of Arabian nations including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Qatar, Morocco, Tunisia, Jordan, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Syria.
		Arabic translation is done by native Arabic translators, living in-country and are an experienced Arabic translator in there own area of expertise.
		Arabic Translation in itself is not always the answer to your language requirements, in particular where marketing material is concerned.
	www.pharosmedia.com /arabic.htm (1140 words)

	Arabic Literature - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The Qur'an is considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God, and as such is deemed perfect both from a literary and a religious point of view.
		The Arabic language and the art of using it effectively became codified during the medieval period.
		Arab grammarians and literary scholars devoted themselves to analysis of the language and writing of the Qur'an, which was considered inimitable (matchless), as well as the language of Arabic poetry.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761561792___4/Arabic_Literature.html (1561 words)

	Edge Translation
		Arabic is the largest member of the Semitic group of languages which also includes Hebrew and Amharic, the main language of Ethiopia.
		The term "Arabic" may refer either to literary/classical Arabic or Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or to the many localized varieties of Arabic commonly called "colloquial Arabic." Arabs consider literary Arabic as the standard language and tend to view everything else as mere dialects.
		Literary Arabic or classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools at all stages.
	www.edgetranslation.net /arabic1.htm (521 words)

	Department of Arabic & Near Eastern Studies, FACULTY OF ARTS
		ARB 1003 Intermediate Arabic II This is the second in a series of two study units in intermediate Arabic.
		ARB 1012 Arabic Readings II This is the second of two courses in elementary Arabic readings offering selections from classical and modern Arabic literature, particularly excerpts from the Quríân, Biblical texts in translation, classical prose, Mahjar literature and contemporary prose.
		The study unit is conducted in Arabic and the material is presented from the perspective of the native Arab grammatical tradition.
	home.um.edu.mt /arnes/arabic/arb02_03.html (4117 words)

	Near Eastern Languages and Cultures (NELC)
		Out of the metrically restricted and conditioned language of classical Arabic poetry and the religiously charged language of the Qurâan, and through a process of linguistic evolution that is still a mystery, emerged the Arabic literary language of the eighth to eleventh centuries, the basis of today's Modern Standard Arabic.
		This course examines the historical and aesthetic development of Arabic prose fiction, with particular emphasis on the themes and techniques of the late 20th century, when the novel and short story reached a period of maturity and were firmly established as dominant Arabic literary genres.
		Adab is a uniquely Arabic form of belletristic prose tending to combine elements of instruction, entertainment, edification, exhortation, and stylistic virtuosity in elucidation or elaboration of a particular theme or set of themes, often from diverse sources (including poetical citations).
	nelc.osu.edu /courses/Arabic.cfm (5533 words)

	Cambridge Languages : The Language School - Speak a new language in 2 months
		In the Arab world, Modern Literary Arabic is the language of the news media, intellectual life, and literature - from the historian Ibn Khaldun, to the Nobel Prize winning author Nagib Mahfuz.
		In addition, Modern Literary Arabic is the lingua franca used and respected by educated Muslims throughout the entire world.
		Modern Literary Arabic is essentially a streamlined, modernized form of Classical Arabic – the latter being the language of the Qur’an and classical literature.
	www.cambridge.com.sg /languages/arabicsv1.htm (912 words)

	Arabic schools
		The Arabic language, is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		The Qur'an is expressed in Arabic and traditionally Muslims deem it impossible to translate in a way that would adequately reflect its exact meaning—indeed, until recently, some schools of thought maintained that it should not be translated at all.
	www.aboutlanguageschools.com /language/arabic (630 words)

	Research in African Literatures--The Arabic Literary Tradition of Nigeria
		Jurisprudence (fiqh), theology (tawhid), and Arabic language were the principal fields of both study and composition, though there was considerable literary activity in the poetry of eulogy, elegy, satire, and pietism.
		Arabic scholarly and literary writing in Nigeria falls into a number of broad categories: research and teaching, polemical, devotional, and "secular." What may be called "research and teaching," or "academic" prose, consists mainly of works of commentary and explication, treatments (often in verse) of disciplines or subdisciplines, and works that span several disciplines.
		They encounter Arabic as a living language rather than as the language of the schoolroom, as was the case with the majority of Nigerians of earlier generations.
	iupjournals.org /ral/ral28-3.html (6127 words)

	Learning Resources - Learn Arabic Online Resource Center
		This is the Arabic of the Qur’an, and is used in literature, the news media, diplomacy, and of course, religious dialogue.
		Arabic is the official language of more than 20 countries throughout the Middle East and North Africa.
		Arabic is a very difficult language for Westerners to learn to speak, with the variety of glottals and pharyngeals, which are produced from deep within the throat.
	www.learn-arabic-now.com /resources/arabic.asp (595 words)

	Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The period between the fall of Baghdad to the Mongols in 1258 and the nineteenth century is generally held to be a period of literary as well as political decline for the Arabs.
		A revival of Arabic literature began in the nineteenth century, and coincided with the first efforts of Arabic speaking nations to assert their independence of Ottoman rule.
		One of the first leaders of the Arabic literary renaissance was the Lebanese writer and scholar Butrus al-Bustani, whose dictionary and encyclopedia awakened great interest in the problems of expressing modern Western ideas in the Arabic language.
	www.islamicity.com /mosque/ihame/Ref5.htm (2634 words)

	Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures - Arabic Courses
		Arabic is taught from the beginning through the most advanced levels.
		The UVa-Yarmouk University Summer Arabic Program, started in 1984, is available for students who wish to study in an Arabic-speaking country, and further their firsthand cultural experiences by living in a university setting in the Middle East.
		Special attention will be given to the Arabic language, family, gender relations, the Arab experience in the U.S., Arab American relations, the role of the past and of social change, and Arab art and music.
	www.virginia.edu /amelc/arabic.html (891 words)

	Arabic Printed Books
		Arabic texts published in Europe and the United States are well represented and copyright legislation has ensured strong coverage of works published in Britain.
		Modern literary writing from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was not collected extensively, and early Egyptian fiction, for example, is mainly available in the form of reprints.
		Contemporary literary writing is not collected extensively: the Library aims to acquire the works of the most prominent authors only, supplemented by an extensive range of literary criticism and cultural studies works.
	www.bl.uk /collections/arabpb.html (605 words)

	Arabic Language
		I think that this applies more to people who have learnt Arabic as a second language, in one particular dialect, rather than native Arabic speakers from any part of the arab world, who, apart from certain idioms, would probably understand most of what another native arabic speaker was saying.
		Arabic is a beautiful language to both look at and listen to.
		I said that the word 'mausam' is derived from the Arabic word for 'weather', and the ultimate root of 'monsoon'; he had never heard of it, or anything like it before.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?ArabicLanguage (1116 words)

	University of Virginia - Arabic Program
		Arabic of the Quran and Hadith II Continues the study of the language of the Quran and its exegesis, and the Hadith.
		Examination of Arabic writing in the 19th century, a period of renaissance in the Arabic language.
		Introduction to the Arabic Novel with emphasis on a medium for expounding political issues of the Arab world.
	www.virginia.edu /arabic/Courses.html (385 words)

	Perspectives on Diglossia
		Literary Arabic stagnated during the Ottoman and colonial period.
		He describes a situation of intrasentential diglossic switching between MSA and Tunisian Arabic where because of lexiacal overlap and morphophonolgical reductions, it is often hard to seperate the MSA from the TA.
		The only variety of Arabic so far to break off and form its own language is Maltese, and most scholars agree that this happened because the Maltese are Christians and don't consider the Arabic language sacred in the same way that Muslims do.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~andyf/digl_96.htm (3092 words)

	Spring 2001 - Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Roger Allen is Professor of Arabic Language and Literature at the University of Pennsylvania, with specializations in Arabic narrative and drama and in Arabic-language pedagogy.
		One of the more necessary, and perhaps unfortunate, duties of literary historians is continually to remind themselves of a corollary to the rules of the process of change: namely, that literary histories also have their own history.
		Thus, a history of the Arabic novel, viewed from the perspective of today (2001) looks very different from that of, say, the pre-1967 period, in terms of the nature and direction of the novel itself, and of the volume and variety of examples of it written in Arabic.
	www.ou.edu /worldlit/wlt/2001spring/article.html (4055 words)

	Arabic translation you can trust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Arabic ranks sixth in the world's league table of languages, with an estimated 186 million native speakers.
		Classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools.
		Modern Standard Arabic is the language used by the media across North Africa and the Middle East.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/arabic_translation.shtml (732 words)

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