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	Literary Encyclopedia: Naturalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Literary naturalism denotes a particular genre of fiction that developed in the USA in the 1890s, associated principally with writers such as Abraham Cahan, Ellen Glasgow, David Graham Phillips, Jack London, and most prominently Stephen Crane, Frank Norris, and Theodore Dreiser.
		It is important to clarify the relationship between American literary naturalism, with which this entry is primarily concerned, from the genre also known as naturalism that flourished in France from the 1850s to the 1880s.
		Naturalism is an androcentric genre, especially as practiced by Crane and Norris, and was almost universally centred in white racial consciousness.
	www.literaryencyclopedia.com /php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=764 (1761 words)

	Naturalism (literature) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Naturalism is a movement in theater, film, and literature that seeks to replicate a believable everyday reality, as opposed to such movements as Romanticism or Surrealism, in which subjects may receive highly symbolic, idealistic, or even supernatural treatment.
		Naturalism was criticized in the mid-20th century by Bertolt Brecht and others who argued instead for breaking the illusion of reality in order to encourage detached consideration of the issues the play raises.
		As in film, naturalism is the general style, although the flexibility and amorphous quality of prose, as opposed to the concrete visual imagery of film, has allowed for a great number of other forms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Naturalism_(literature) (456 words)

	French literature of the 19th century - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The "realist" tendency is not necessarily anti-romantic; romanticism in France often affirmed the common man and the natural setting (such as the peasant stories of the woman writer George Sand) and concerned itself with historical forces and periods (as in the work of historian Jules Michelet).
		Hippolyte Taine supplied much of the philosophy of naturalism: he believed that every human being was determined by the forces of heredity and environment and by the time in which he lived.
		Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of Emile Zola (such as his Les Rougon-Macquart novel cycle, which includes Germinal, L'Assommoir, Le Ventre de Paris and La Bête humaine) in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and hereditary laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_literature_of_the_19th_century (1968 words)

	Naturalism in American Literature
		The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings.
		It represented in a degree, to the correspondent, the serenity of nature amid the struggles of the individual--nature in the wind, and nature in the vision of men.
		When it occurs to a man that nature does not regard him as important, and that she feels she would not maim the universe by disposing of him, he at first wishes to throw bricks at the temple, and he hates deeply the fact that there are no bricks and no temples.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/natural.htm (1180 words)

	MSN Encarta - Naturalism (literature)
		Naturalism (literature), in literature, the theory that literary composition should be based on an objective, empirical presentation of human beings.
		Naturalism was first prominently exhibited in the writings of 19th-century French authors, especially Edmond Louis Antoine de Goncourt, his brother Jules Alfred Huot de Goncourt, and Émile Zola.
		One of the first American exponents of naturalism was Frank Norris, whose novel McTeague (1899) is a classic study of the interplay between instinctual drives and environmental conditions.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761568323 (255 words)

	Naturalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Naturalism in art refers to the depiction of realistic objects in a natural setting.
		The "realist" tendancy is not necessarily anti-romantic; romanticism in France often affirmed the common man and the natural setting (such as the peasant stories of the woman writer George Sand) and concerned itself with historical forces and periods (as in the work of historian Jules Michelet).
		Naturalism is most often associated with the novels of Emile Zola (such as his Les Rougon-Macquart novel cycle, which includes Germinal, L'Assommoir, Le Ventre de Paris and La Bête humaine) in which the social success or failure of two branches of a family is explained by physical, social and heriditary laws.
	www.jahsonic.com /Naturalism.html (1219 words)

	NATURALISM, Term Papers 2000, Term papers, 060223
		The author points out that nature has its share in the life of the soul and, in its numerous manifestations, deeply influences human life; but this natural life of the soul is peripheral, merely an appendix to the material phenomena of nature.
		It is not coincidental that the rise of Naturalism should follow the rise of photography as an artform (and as a technological possibility), for both photography and naturalism (whether in literature or in the visual arts) attempted to give to the audience or reader a sense of looking at unmediated, uncreated life.
		What is key to literary naturalism, as opposed to the mere depiction of nature in literature, is the way that naturalism encompasses and creates a sense of realistic motivations and desires of human beings in a realistic or natural setting.
	www.termpapers2000.com /lib/essay?A=type1&KEYW=Naturalism (3090 words)

	naturalism
		Specifically, naturalism refers to a movement in literature and drama that developed as a reaction to the mannered, conventional and heavily stylized approach to all the arts favoured in the 18th century.
		Painters such as Constable and the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood worked outdoors, directly from their subject matter, but also demonstrate the extremes to which naturalism could be taken.
		In France in the late 19th century the writings of Emile Zola and the brothers Goncourt, and in England, Charles Dickens, naturalistic writing often held that people's fates were determined by heredity, environment, and social forces beyond their control, leading to campaigns for reform.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0040425.html (360 words)

	Anti Essays : : Realism and Naturalism in 20th Century American Fiction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Literary naturalism invited writers to examine human beings objectively, as a “scientist studies nature” (“Am.
		Even though these two literary movements may have only been separated by about twenty years, in these twenty years, focus shifted from the interior of American society to how American society was affected by a conflict created as a result of opposing cultures.
		The literary goals, techniques, and principles of the modernists and realists/naturalists were the same.
	www.antiessays.com /print.php?eid=468 (2065 words)

	Financial Review - Of novel means and unnatural ends (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Another reason for his unhappiness was that he believed that a true literary naturalism was both possible and desirable.
		On the other, we have the novel: a small object of, say, 300 or 400 pages, severely circumscribed by the author's ability and experience, and by the attention span of readers, with their wearisome desire to be entertained.
		Here he seems to be going beyond his already paralysing sense that naturalism in literature is impossible, and into a kind of existential despair about the futility of all literary activity - of the very activity to which he had devoted his entire life.
	afr.com /review/2003/02/21/FFXRGIDKDCD.html (2781 words)

	Naturalism in American literature -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		A revolt against literary romanticism, naturalism developed in France in the 1880s and began to appear in American literature just before the turn of the 20th century.
		The definitive work of American naturalism was Theodore Dresier's ‘Sister Carrie', a novel published in 1900 but suppressed until 1912 because of its frankness and supposed immorality.
		Adherents of the literary movement known as naturalism aimed to examine human beings objectively and represent life as it really is. An extension of realism, naturalism aimed for an even more realistic portrayal of the world without adding intervening moral judgments.
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9312654?&query=american (782 words)

	Rethinking French and American Naturalism
		Well documented among the annals of modern literary history is the view that Naturalism represents less a discrete class of fiction in its own right, than but a derivative continuance of the Realist tradition, for if the advent of Realism in literature, during the second third of the 19
		Obviously, I do not mean to suggest that this figure somehow succeeds in depicting an exact pictorial correlation between the four indicated groupings of generically distinctive characteristics on the one hand, and the proportional sizes of their corresponding segments, on the other.
		Distinguishing between “moderate” and “radical” Naturalism allows us to account for those many instances where Naturalism is commonly judged to have “gone too far” to remain genuinely subsumable under the label of Realism.
	www.unc.edu /~fralin (549 words)

	Naturalism, ethical naturalism, to build a fire naturalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Naturalism (from novel) France also was the source of naturalism.
		Naturalism is also the understanding that we are part of the chain of causation that...
		Literary naturalism denotes a particular genre of fiction that developed in the USA in the 1890s...
	www.electricpiano.net /naturalism.html (979 words)

	GELFANT
		Desire is a natural force in the novel, but the objects of desire are socially constructed artifacts imbued with impossible dreams of happiness.
		Contributing to the rise of literary naturalism, Mitchell says, was the growth of industrialism, urbanization, and "a new consumer society" (527).
		Literary naturalism has also appealed to "scientific observation" as a basis for its representation of human behavior.
	www.english.upenn.edu /~perelman/classes/english100/GELFANT.html (12950 words)

	Journal of Modern Literature: Psychoanalyzing the narrative logics of naturalism: the Call of the Wild.@ HighBeam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Psychoanalyzing the narrative logics of naturalism: the Call of the Wild.
		Literary naturalism and romance have recently undergone a change in their relative standing.
		Once considered a subfield in the domain of American literary studies, literary naturalism has been increasingly invoked to explain pervasive regulative technologies undergirding the literary and the political domains.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:110229922&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (232 words)

	[No title]
		Notions associated with literary naturalism, such as that man has little free will and is bound by heredity and environment, that values such as morality, choice, heroism, and cowardice, do not explain Crane.
		Naturalism was a vital force in late nineteenth-century America.
		The reader infers the isolation of the men, their unity in the ordeal, the indifference or colorless of nature, the menÕs limited viewpoint, and the monotony and boredom of their lot.
	www2.una.edu /wphillip/copyedit.txt (2028 words)

	naturalism - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		NATURALISM AND THE HUMAN CONDITION Naturalism and the Human Condition: Against Scientism is a clear and compelling exploration of why naturalism, or what is otherwise known as the "scientific world-view...
		Kansas educators deny naturalism claims by Larry Witham...complaint that the guidelines teach "naturalism," which is a kind of atheism...stop the teaching or preaching of naturalism to our children in the area of origins...
		NATURALISM, in art in art, a tendency toward strict adherence to the physical appearance of nature and rejection of ideal forms...
	www.questia.com /search/naturalism (1483 words)

	Selected Short Bibliography of American Literary Naturalism
		The Beginnings of Naturalism in American Fiction: A Study of the Works of Hamlin Garland, Stephen Crane, and Frank Norris with Special Reference to Some European Influences 1891-1903.
		Campbell, Donna M. "The 'Bitter Taste' of Naturalism: Edith Wharton's the House of Mirth and David Graham Phillips's Susan Lenox." Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism.
		"The Silent Partnership: Naturalism and Sentimentalism in the Novels of Rebecca Harding Davis and Elizabeth Stuart Phelps." Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism.
	www.wsu.edu /~campbelld/amlit/natbib.htm (1129 words)

	naturalism on Encyclopedia.com
		NATURALISM [naturalism] in literature, an approach that proceeds from an analysis of reality in terms of natural forces, e.g., heredity, environment, physical drives.
		The chief literary theorist on naturalism was Émile Zola, who said in his essay Le Roman expérimental (1880) that the novelist should be like the scientist, examining dispassionately various phenomena in life and drawing indisputable conclusions.
		In the drama, naturalism developed in the late 19th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/n1/natrlsm2.asp (417 words)

	B.S. Johnson Article: Jonathan Coe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A cultural organisation recently asked me to take part in a debate on the question: "Is a true literary naturalism possible or even desirable?" The debate took place in France, where they like abstract ideas as much as the British dislike them.
		On the other, we have the novel: a small object of, say, three or four hundred pages, severely circumscribed by the author's ability and experience, and by the attention span of readers, with their wearisome desire to be entertained.
		Here he seems to be going beyond his already paralysing sense that naturalism in literature is impossible, and into a kind of existential despair about the futility of all literary activity-of the very activity to which he had devoted his entire life.
	www.bsjohnson.info /articles/art_coe5.htm (2791 words)

	University of Tennessee: Dept. of English - Recent Faculty Publications
		American literary naturalism both seduces and repulses the reader, disrupting stable notions of individual and moral coherence.
		Usually associated with works such as Frank Norris's McTeague and Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat," naturalism draws on nineteenth-century theories of hereditary and environmental determinism, emphasizing the role of chance in characters' struggles for survival in an increasingly industrial, capitalistic, urban jungle.
		The volume thus tests the generic boundaries of American literary naturalism and shows its ongoing relevance in understanding a broad set of themes, ranging from Victorian sentimentalism and the overdetermination of violence in true-crime novels to the ethical implications of recent scientific research and the social forces shaping selfhood in the twenty-first century.
	web.utk.edu /~english/gf_pubs/02.php (145 words)

	Dreiser's Critical Reputation
		The decade of the 1910s was the most prolific of Dreiser's career, with the publication of four major novels and the appearance of a number of other works in various genres.
		Naturalism, which had its origin in the theories and fiction of the late nineteenth-century French novelist Emile Zola, was a Darwinian-based pessimistic determinism in theme and a crude massiveness in technique, and Dreiser was a prime example of both.
		Often drawing on the critical strategies of contemporary movements in literary theory and cultural studies and also often focused on Sister Carrie, this criticism seeks to identify the significant centers of cultural density in Dreiser's fiction that constitute the underlying relationship of his fiction to its historical moment.
	www.library.upenn.edu /collections/rbm/dreiser/tdcr.html (2339 words)

	Buell Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The question, to my mind, is not the plausibility of this sketch of historians' reactions but whether literary scholars committed to what they like to think of as historicist study ought to cue about such a reception.
		All three studies are much interested in the mediating status of literary institutions, but they trace this primarily at the level of textual nuance rather than at the level of the literary marketplace itself notwithstanding their common commitment at the notional level to the importance of literary commodification as a phenomenon in literary history.
		They are most obviously unified and most specifically historical in their reaction against the innocence of previous scholarship that rests more or less unselfconsciously on a formalist examination of a field of vision presumed to consist of great works of imaginative literature, the canon of which was more or less accepted without examination.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~drbr/buell.html (1288 words)

	Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth: A Selected Bibliography
		Kaye, Richard A. "Literary Naturalism and the Passive Male: Edith Wharton's Revisions of The House of Mirth." Princeton University Library Chronicle 56.1 (1994): 46-72.
		Kaye, Richard A. "Textual Hermeneutics and Belated Male Heroism: Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth and the Resistance to American Literary Naturalism." Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 51.3 (1995): 87-116.
		"The Naturalism of Edith Wharton's The House of Mirth." Twentieth Century Literature: A Scholarly and Critical Journal 41.2 (1995): 241-48.
	guweb2.gonzaga.edu /faculty/campbell/enl413/hmbib.htm (2886 words)

	UW Press - : Realism and Naturalism: The Novel in an Age of Transition, Richard Lehan
		In this illuminating, comprehensive intellectual and literary history of the major American, British, and Continental novels of realism and naturalism from 1850 to 1950, Richard Lehan offers readers a new way of reading these works—moving outward from the text to forms of historical representation.
		He argues that literary naturalism is a narrative mode that creates its own reality separate from that of other narrative modes.
		For literary historians like Lehan, works of the mind in the Western tradition—be they historical, scientific, philosophical, or literary—exist in a great conversation with each other as well as with their audiences.
	www.wisc.edu /wisconsinpress/books/2802.htm (642 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Literary Criticism of "Young America": A Study of Relationship of Politics and Literature, 1837-1850.
		Tragic Drama and Modern Society: Studies in the Social and Literary Theory of Drama from 1870 to the Present.
		African Fundamentalism: A Literary and Cultural Anthology of Garvey's Harlem Renaissance.
	www.english.vt.edu /llc/resources.htm (3797 words)

	Christophe Den Tandt / The Urban Sublime in American Literary Naturalism
		In this dynamic reappraisal of American literary naturalism, Christophe Den Tandt connects late nineteenth-century fiction to its romantic, urban gothic roots and to recent discussions of the sublime in postmodern theory.
		Den Tandt focuses on aspects of naturalist novels--their use of hyperbole and hysteria, of the grotesque and the abject, of uncanniness and mesmerism--that have often been left in the periphery of naturalist discourse.
		He argues that realistic strategies of literary representation can never succeed in depicting the urban environment since the logic of the city rests on a network of hidden relations.
	www.press.uillinois.edu /f98/dentandt.html (241 words)

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