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Topic: Literature (disambiguation)

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	Literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Literature is literally "acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary (from the Latin littera meaning "an individual written character (letter)").
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
		Deep thematic content is not required in literature; however, some readers would say that all stories inherently project some kind of outlook on life that can be taken as a theme, regardless of whether or not this is the intent of the author.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Literature (2756 words)

	Apocalyptic literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The object of this literature in general was to solve the difficulties connected with the righteousness of God and the suffering condition of His righteous servants on earth.
		The formulas of apocalyptic literature are the marks of a literary form; for we cannot suppose that the writers experienced the voluminous and detailed visions we find in their books.
		Other apocalyptic literature did not make the cut: The Book of Enoch, some of which is older than Daniel (though it has received some Christian interpolations and editing in the versions that have survived) was never considered canonical by Jews or Christians, though it is quoted or paralleled dozens of times in the New Testament.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apocalyptic_literature (7440 words)

	Kenning - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In literature, a kenning is a compound poetic phrase, a figure of speech, substituted for the usual name of a person or thing.
		The word is derived from the Old Norse phrase kenna eitt við, "to express a thing in terms of another", and is prevalent throughout Norse, Anglo-Saxon literature and Celtic literature.
		Kennings are especially associated with the practice of alliterative verse, where they tend to become traditional fixed formulas.The skalds made such extensive use of kennings that these have come to be regarded as an essential nature of 'skaldic verse'.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Kenning (786 words)

	Bakhtin, Genre Theory and Theoretical Comparative Literature: Chron
		Literature, according to the Bakhtinians, could only be understood by stressing the interaction between literary utterances, on the one hand, and the social and mental activities of writers and readers, on the other.
		Even the bipolarity is similar: "The system of literature seems to be the only place where the construction of world-models as such becomes thematic, and where this thematizing can bear upon all positions from ortho-models to remote fantasy worlds" (265).
		This does not only contribute to the disambiguation of references and of figurative expressions, but also to the readers' ability to infer what they do not witness directly, or what is not explicitly mentioned in a text" (Semino 172).
	clcwebjournal.lib.purdue.edu /clcweb00-2/keunen00.html (8335 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Several works in the literature have remarked that for many practical purposes the fine-grained sense distinctions provided by WordNet are not necessary (see for example [Wilks and Stevenson, 98], [Gonzalo et al., 1998], [Kilgarriff and Yallop, 2000] and the SENSEVAL initiative) and make it hard word sense disambiguation.
		As far as disambiguation is concerned it seems a reasonable hypothesis that the synset intersection could bring constraints on the sense selection for a word (i.e.
		As for WSD we obtained.66 of correct disambiguation with a sense frequency algorithm on polysemous noun words and.80 on all nouns (this last is also reported in the literature, for example in [Mihalcea and Moldovan, 1999]).
	nlp.fi.muni.cz /projekty/wnportal/ps/txt/392915.txt (3515 words)

	Enhancing a biomedical information extraction system with dictionary mining and context disambiguation
		To disambiguate the admissible possibilities, the standard approach is to rely on the context in which the entity appears to provide additional clues to the intended meaning [16].
		In [14] the one-sense-per-discourse [20] hypothesis was applied to disambiguation, exploiting the fact that the sense of a term is highly consistent within a given document.
		The performance of the disambiguator based on learning only is rather poor on this set compared with its performance on the earlier locally disambiguated set.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/485/mukherjea.html (4268 words)

	Yeshu - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The question has historically been a delicate one because Yeshu is portrayed in a negative light; negative portrayals of Jesus in Jewish literature might incite, or be used as an excuse for, anti-semitism among some Christians.
		Furthermore, the stories of Yeshu have been used both as proof of a historical Jesus and to discredit Christianity by claiming that Jesus is a myth based on confused memories of various individuals.
		In the 13th century Jehiel ben Joseph of Paris wrote that the Yeshu in rabbinic literature was a disciple of Joshua ben Perachiah, and not to be confused with Jesus the Nazarene (Vikkuah Rabbenu Yehiel mi-Paris).
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Yeshu (4770 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This is a slight variant of the standard disambiguation problem1 which has shown itself to be nearly intractable for most NLP applications, but which needed to be successfully handled if DR-LINK was to produce correct semantic SFC vectors.
		We based our computational approach to successful disambiguation on a study of current psycholinguistic research literature from which we concluded that there is no single theory that can account for all the experimental results on human lexical disambiguation.
		We implement the computational disambiguation process by moving in stages from the more local level to the most global type of disambiguation, using these sources of information to guide the disambiguation process.
	www.itl.nist.gov /iad/894.02/projects/irlib/pubs/sp500207/sp500207_orig/papers/09_117.txt (450 words)

	MSc Dissertation Projects 2004-2005 (RJG/MRH/MS/YW) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		This project will review the literature on computerised techniques for establishing disputed authorship, pick one of these techniques to implement, implement it and evaluate it against a standard set of disputed texts, such as the Federalist papers.
		This project will review the literature on computerised techniques for detecting plagiarism, pick one of these techniques to implement, implement it and evaluate it against a range of texts known to be related in various ways.
		Most QA systems, including those developed at Sheffield, involve the use of a conventional search engine to retrieve a set of texts deemed likely to contain an answer to a question and then use a second component, an answer extraction component, to identify which segments of the returned texts actually are the answer.
	www.dcs.shef.ac.uk /~robertg/teach/msc_proj/nlpproj_msc_0405.html (4340 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.719: Word Senses
		The Kelly and Stone is pioneer work on computational disambiguation, although it focuses on part-of-speech disambiguation rather than determining the sense given that the word has more than one meaning with the same part of speech.
		Re Mark Sanderson's query on word sense disambiguation using a small number of words of context's there's a paper on this by Choueka and Lusignan, "Disambiguation by Short Contexts", Computers and the Humanities, 19, pp.
		This isn't from the psych literature however, as your mentioning of "focus" seemed to suggest.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-719.html (287 words)

	[No title]
		Word-sense disambiguation has frequently been criticized as a task in search of a reason.
		Since a considerable portion of a sense inventory has only a single sense, the question has been raised whether the amount of effort required by disambiguation is worthwhile.
		Heretofore, the focus of disambiguation has been on the sense inventory and has not examined the major reason why we would have lexical knowledge bases: how the meanings would be represented and thus, available for use in natural language processing applications.
	www.clres.com /SensSemRoles.html (1358 words)

	ORIEL - Software, tools, services - solving the problem of homonym gene symbols
		Concepts found in the context are compared to those concepts that are known to appear frequently in the context of a particular meaning of the ambiguous word.
		Our disambiguation tool is available as a web service and can be accessed through a SOAP interface.
		Prior to using the disambiguation tool, the text should be indexed to map terms in the text to concepts in a thesaurus.
	www.oriel.org /homonym.htm (393 words)

	FL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		FL may stand for:Liechtenstein (country code for vehicles)Florida (US postal abbreviations)This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name.
		This is a disambiguation page; that is, one that just points to other pages that might otherwise have the same name.
		de Berny gave Balzac money as she would literature.
	www.explainthat.info /fl/fl.html (411 words)

	Original - LISWiki
		In literature, written by the author, or in his (or her) own words.
		In documentary reproduction, the document which is reproduced.
		This is a disambiguation page — an entry which lists definitions that share the same title.
	liswiki.org /wiki/Original (69 words)

	CPI : search word
		conception of its influence and power in the very affairs from which it relation of literature to ordinary life, but its eminent position in or value.
		We may arrive at the meaning books; not all that is written and published, but only a small part of of medicine, and not necessarily books of travel, or adventure, or The term belles-lettres does not fully express it, for it is too narrow.
		adventure, biography, philosophy, and fiction there may be passages that within our meaning of literature.
	www.searchword.org /cp/cpi.html (182 words)

	Enhancing a biomedical information extraction system with dictionary mining and context disambiguation IBM Journal of ...
		Often, however, the use of similar (or the same) labels for different entities and the use of different labels for the same entity makes entity extraction difficult in biomedical literature.
		We explain how the system uses a biomedical dictionary to learn extraction patterns for the rule engine and how it disambiguates biological terms that belong to multiple semantic classes.
		Biomedical information is growing explosively, and new and useful results are appearing daily in research publications.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3751/is_200409/ai_n9416010 (452 words)

	Smith - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Smith was a 1960s American rock band based out of St.
		This is a disambiguation page — a navigational aid which lists other pages that might otherwise share the same title.
		If an article link referred you here, you might want to go back and fix it to point directly to the intended page.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Smith (492 words)

	Ken White Resources & Information - ken white coin flipper
		In literature, a kenning is a compound poetic phrase substituted for the usual name of a person or thing.
		The word is derived from the Old Norse phrase kenna eitt við, "to express a thing in terms of another", and is prevalent ken white homepage throughout Norse, Anglo-Saxon literature and Celtic literature.
		Kennings are especially associated with the practice of alliterative verse, where they tend to become traditional fixed formulas.
	www.bizhisto.com /Biz-Retail-Companies-I---Ke/Ken-White.html (668 words)

	Abstracts for Literature and Linguisitics Computing 11/4
		As a result, computer assisted literary translation studies appear as a field of research worth exploring further.
		However, this approach encounters the notorious sparse-data problem that produces poor results on disambiguation.
		It explores a wide-variety of information, including co-occurrence frequencies from annotated corpora, conceptual relationships and conceptual features from a machine-readable dictionary, and syntactic clues from our linguistic observations.
	coursesa.matrix.msu.edu /~clc/etext/114abstracts.html (910 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Arts : Literature : Authors : L : Loti, Pierre
		The contents has been generating using technology developed by scientec.
		For other meanings of "Loti", see Loti (disambiguation).
		Here you find the list of authors of this article.
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Arts-Literature/Authors-L-Loti_Pierre.shtml (1154 words)

	Elf - Gurupedia
		The fl-elves were skilled smiths and have been confused with the dwarves of
		In general elves and dwarfs are distinguished in surviving Norse literature.
		The most known elven smiths are the Nibelungs who were said to be the descendants of Ivalde, the father of Idun och Völund.
	www.gurupedia.com /e/el/elf.htm (1340 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The dominant approach to word sense disambiguation is said to be
		degree to which disambiguation as performed by various methods is
		tagged to it, to detect if the disambiguation was accurate.
	www.d.umn.edu /~moha0149/proposal-WEB.html (1213 words)

	directopedia : Directory : Arts : Literature
		The Electronic Labyrinth is a study of the implications of hypertext for creative writers looking to move beyond traditional notions of linearity.
		The term has generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		Poetry perhaps pre-dates other forms of literature: early known examples include the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh (dated from around 3000 B.C.), parts of the Bible, and the surviving works of Homer (the Iliad and the Odyssey).
	www.directopedia.org /directory/Arts-Literature.shtml (3163 words)

	A Probabilistic Model of Lexical and Syntactic Access and Disambiguation - Daniel (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Abstract: The problems of access -- retrieving linguistic structure from some mental grammar -- and disambiguation -- choosing among these structures to correctly parse ambiguous linguistic input -- are fundamental to language understanding.
		The literature abounds with psychological results on lexical access, the access of idioms, syntactic rule access, parsing preferences, syntactic disambiguation, and the processing of garden-path sentences.
		A probabilistic model of lexical and syntactic access and disambiguation.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /505043.html (343 words)

	For other meanings see Chess disambiguation Chess disambiguation ...
		: "For other meanings, see Chess (disambiguation) Chess (disambiguation)." "Chess" is a board game board game for two players played on a square square board divided into eight rows (or "ranks") and eight columns (or "files") of 64 individual squares which alternate in color orthogonally (traditionally as white and fl).
		Each player has 16 pieces, made up of eight pawn pawns, two knight knights, two bishop bishops, two rook rooks, one queen queen and a king king, each kind of piece moving differently.
		Early arabic chess literature Early arabic chess literature
	www.biodatabase.de /Chess (1551 words)

	[No title]
		In general, a hub is a central node network An airline hub is an airport A hub is also a computer networking device Ethernet broadcast domain and the same.
		Hubble Space Telescope during the second servicing mission of the telescope, STS-82 Organization NASA, ESA Wavelength regime optical Orbit height 600 km Orbit period 100 min Launch date 24 April 1990 Deorbit date circa 2010 Mass 11,000 kg Webpage http://hubble.nasa.gov Physical Characteristics Telescope Style reflector Diameter 2.4 m Collecting Area approx.
		Hudson may refer to: Hudson Bay, a body of water in northern Canada Hudson River, a river U.S., a 1940 film Hudson Soft, a Japanese video game developer Hudson Motor Car, an automobile manufacturing company Lockheed Hudson, a World War II maritime patrol aircraft A railroad type.
	www.en-cyclopedia.com /index1/hu (2007 words)

	Molly Robinson Kelly
		She received her candidature and licence from the Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, and her Ph.D. in Romance Languages and Literatures from Princeton University in 2000, with a concentration in French literature of the Middle Ages.
		She has taught courses in French language, literature, and civilization, as well as seminars in French medieval and Renaissance literature.
		Her publications include articles on the medieval legend of Tristan and Yseut, Old French lexico-grammatical disambiguation, and the twentieth-century authors Albert Cohen and Jean-Claude Pirotte.
	www.lclark.edu /faculty/mcrkelly (149 words)

	Disambiguation Blog: CSAA and Postgrads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		For example, I once read that a PhD is both one's first scholarly work and one's last student essay.
		Indeed the lack of a clear definition is evident in the literature on the DEST website.
		University staff are most often defined in terms of academic staff and non-academic staff.
	glenfuller.blogspot.com /2006/03/csaa-and-postgrads.html (710 words)

	List of romantic novelists - Qwika
		In the Twentieth Century two Norwegian novelists won Nobel prizes in literature in recognition...
		See also: Norway, Literature, List of Norwegians References The Literary Masters of...
		acronym or abbreviation is a disambiguation page—a list of articles associated with the same title...
	www.qwika.com /find/List_of_romantic_novelists?int=70 (506 words)

	Enhancing a biomedical information extraction system with dictionary mining and context disambiguation - References
		Subramaniam, S. Mukherjea, P. Kankar, B. Srivastava, V. Batra, P. Kamesam, and R. Kothari, “Information Extraction from Biomedical Literature: Methodology, Evaluation and an Application,” Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, New Orleans, 2003, pp.
		Yarowsky, “Unsupervised Word Sense Disambiguation Rivaling Supervised Methods,” Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Cambridge, MA, 1995, pp.
		Resnik and D. Yarowsky, “A Perspective on Word Sense Disambiguation Methods and Their Evaluation,” Proceedings of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL/SIGLEX) Workshop, Washington, DC, 1997, pp.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/485/mukheref.html (484 words)

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