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Topic: Liternum

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	Liternum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Liternum was an ancient town of Campania, Italy, on the low sandy coast between Cumae and the mouth of the Volturnus.
		In 194 BC it became a Roman colony.
		Augustus Caesar is said to have conducted a colony of veterans to Liternum.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liternum (181 words)

	Licola - Wikipedia
		Negli anni '70 e '80, il territorio divenne sede di numerose cave per l'estrazione della sabbia, ora tutte chiuse con bonifica dei siti per effetto dei vincoli ambientali ed archeologici varati dalla Soprintendenza per i beni culturali e ambientali e da quella per i beni archeologici.
		La prima testimonianza relativa a Liternum è di epoca romana ed è stata tramandata dallo storico Tito Livio, il quale racconta che nel 194 AC trenta famiglie romane istituirono qui una colonia.
		Liternum fu inoltre, una delle quattro più antiche città della Campania in cui si diffuse per primo ed in maniera molto estesa il Cristianesimo, nel I e II secolo DC.
	it.wikipedia.org /wiki/Licola (711 words)

	Welcome to the Hunterian Museum and Art Gallery
		In 194BC Liternum was developed as a colony along with Volturnum at the mouth of the river Volturnus to the north, and Puteoli, Salernum and Buxentum to the south.
		Liternum was a town of some three hundred colonists.
		Excavations in the forum of Liternum began in 1923 under the Soprintendenze alle Antichita and continued intermitently until 1937.
	www.hunterian.gla.ac.uk /contact/staff/jdevine/Liternum/Liternum.shtml (1385 words)

	183 B.C. - events and references
		L.Scipio Asiaticus adopts a Greek style of dress, as is shown by a statue of him.
		Scipio plants an olive tree at Liternum, which survives for at least 250 years.
		The magistrates of the Achaean League refuse to hold an assembly for Flamininus.
	www.attalus.org /bc2/year183.html (315 words)

	Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (236-184/3 B.C.)
		On the trials the ancient evidence is confusing: in 187 an attack on Lucius for refusing to account for 500 talents received from Antiochus (as war indemnity or personal booty?) was parried, and Africanus himself may have been accused but not condemned in 184.
		In any case, his influence was shaken, and he withdrew from Rome to Liternum in Campania, where he lived simply, cultivating the fields with his own hands and living on a villa (country farm) of modest size: Seneca later contrasted its small and cold bathroom with the luxurious baths of his own day.
		He is said to have ordered his burial at Liternum and not in the ungrateful city of Rome, where his family tomb lay outside, on the Appian Way.
	www.thelatinlibrary.com /imperialism/notes/scipio.html (1690 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Scipio Africanus Major (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The people crowded round him and followed him to the Capitol, where they offered thanks to the gods and begged them to give Rome more citizens like Africanus.
		He then retired to his native country seat at Liternum[?] on the coast of Campania where he died.
		By his wife Aemilia, daughter of the consul Lucius Aemilius Paullus who fell at Cannae, he had a daughter Cornelia, who became the mother of the two famous Gracchi.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/sc/Scipio_Africanus_Major (1040 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If he was not personally engaged in the prosecution of the Scipios (Africanus and Asiaticus) for corruption, it was his spirit that animated the attack upon them.
		Even Africanus, who refused to reply to the charge, saying only, " Romans, this is the day on which I conquered Hannibal," and was absolved by acclamation, found it necessary to retire self-banished to his villa at Liternum.
		Cato's enmity dated from the African campaign when he quarrelled with Scipio for his lavish distribution of the spoil amongst the troops, and his general luxury and extravagance.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=14078 (1232 words)

	Capua - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		After a long siege it was taken by the Romans in 211 BC and severely punished; its magistrates and communal organization were abolished, the inhabitants losing their civic rights, and its territory became Roman state domain.
		Parts of it were sold in 205 and 199 BC, another part was divided among the citizens of the new colonies of Volturnum and Liternum established near the coast in 194 BC, but the greater portion of it was reserved to be let by the state.
		Considerable difficulties occurred in preventing illegal encroachments by private persons, and it became necessary to buy a number of them out in 162 BC.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Capua (2289 words)

	Translation of text from Flavio Biondo, ITALIA ILLUSTRATA
		For at the already mentioned Clanius River, a little above its mouth into the sea, there is a tower built on top of the ruins of ancient buildings, which, as I said, they call "The Tower of the Country." This is where we hold that that monument was.
		For both at Liternum there was a monument and a statue placed on top of it.
		Between both places where the shore curves between a lake and the sea was the villa of Sevilius Vatia, which Seneca describes in Epistle 55.
	www.nsula.edu /campaniafelix/text.asp?id=10 (2608 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In January 49 he tried to put off declaring war against Caesar till an army could be got ready, but his advice was not taken.
		When Pompey left Italy, Marcus and his brother Gaius followed, while his cousin withdrew to Liternum.
		After Pharsalus M. Marcellus retired to Mytilene, where he practised rhetoric and studied philosophy.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?locale=en&content_id=43143 (640 words)

	The Baldwin Project: The Crown of Pine by Alfred J. Church
		This was no slight exercise of courage, for their home was several hundred yards distant, it was late at night, and the elder of the two was but eight years old.
		It was an easier road, he said, and with their invalid to think of, they would not really be losing any time by taking it.
		Between the tenth and eleventh milestone—the whole distance between Sinuessa and Liternum was fourteen miles—the sound of a horse urged at full gallop could be plainly heard.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=church&book=pine&story=wood (2355 words)

	Scipio Africanus" The Defeat of Hannibal (1939)
		But he reminded the people that it was the anniversary of his victory at Zama and the public went wild with enthusiasm over him.
		Scipio then retired to his country seat at Liternum on the coast of Campania.
		183 BC -- death of Scipio Africanus at Liternum.
	www.vernonjohns.org /snuffy1186/scipioafricanus.html (561 words)

	le notizie in diretta 3: Un nuovo raggio di sole per Liternum, grazie all’Associazione Ulisse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In occasione di questa ricorrenza folcloristica, i soci dell’associazione hanno allestito nei pressi degli scavi di Liternum diversi stand, per accogliere tutti coloro che erano intenzionati sia a prendere parte alla festa, che a visitare la mostra fotografica sugli stessi scavi.
		Nonostante le condizioni metereologiche non promettessero nulla di positivo, i ragazzi non hanno mai perso il loro ottimismo, ed è per questo che sono stati ricompensati, quando nel primo pomeriggio, una grande affluenza di visitatori si è avvicinata agli stand, allestiti anche con prodotti alimentari tipici del giuglianese.
		Ed è per tale ragione, che dopo aver ringraziato la figura del sindaco di Giugliano per la sua presenza sul sito di Liternum, che rivolgiamo i nostri complimenti all’Associazione Ulisse, sperando che le sue iniziative di recupero e valorizzazione del nostro territorio, siano col tempo più frequenti, e sempre di così grande successo.
	www.quicampiflegrei.it /public/archives/000276.html (401 words)

	The Battle of Zama
		His famous title of "Africanus" was awarded to him for defeating Hannibal in Africa, and he has been known ever since as Scipio Africanus.
		He died of natural causes at his villa in Liternum about the age of 54.
		His line carried on honorably, with his grandsons Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus making names for themselves with their land reforms, and Scipio Aemilianus defeating Carthage for the final time in the Third Punic War.
	home.alltel.net /scottposs/zama.htm (779 words)

	Livy: the Periochae of Books 36-40
		Although the ten deputies according to whose advise he had concluded a treaty with [king] Antiochus [III the Great] were against it, Gnaeus Manlius, after explaining his behavior in the Senate, celebrated a triumph over the Gallograecians.
		After this, he went into voluntary exile to Liternum, to be sure that he would not suffer from the unjust attacks of the tribunes.
		As if Fortune wanted to unite two remarkable men with their funerals, Scipio died in Liternum, and Hannibal poisoned himself at the same time.
	www.livius.org /li-ln/livy/periochae/periochae036.html (1721 words)

	Quarto Canale Web - CALCIO PROMOZIONE: QUARTO-LITERNUM 3-0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Il tecnico flegreo deve rinunciare a Vignis, squalificato,e a Vorzillo, influenzato e attua un moderato turn-over con Moriello e Testone che partono dalla panchina.
		Il Liternum si affida al tandem d’attacco Quartulli — Ginestra mentre ritorna a Quarto da ex Vincenzo Longobardi che alla fine risulterà il migliore tra i suoi.
		Partono bene gli ospiti che dopo appena un minuto si rendono pericolosi con Ginestra il cui diagonale termina di poco a lato.
	www.quartocanaleweb.it /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=137 (666 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 287 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The time was one of great disasters for Rome ; but Gracchus did not lose his courage, and inspired the senate with confidence, directing their attention to the point where it was most needed.
		He undertook the command of the volones and allies, marched across the river Vulturnus, and pitched his camp in the neighbourhood of Liternum.
		He there trained and disciplined his troops, and prepared them to meet the enemy.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1395.html (950 words)

	Pianura: Cenni storico-geografici
		Anyway, in Pianura the main line of communication, and also the most ancient, is the present Via Montagna Spaccata, which is still today the most important one and crosses longitudinally the lower section of the hollow, lapping the northern slopes of the hills of Pigna St. Nicola and of the Astroni.
		Probably, there was also a more direct linking Neapolis-Liternum which, passing always through Pianura, went on for Quarto and Liternum.
		In pre-Roman age, Pianura was certainly connected to Dicearchia, both through this street which joined in the east to what became the ancient Via Campana, and thanks to a way "per colles" which through the slopes of the Astroni and of the Cigliano went down as far as via Campana along via Cigliana.
	digilander.libero.it /biasol/english/e_Pianura_1.html (750 words)

	Livy 4: Sources
		This story is more fit to be displayed on the stage, that delights in wonders, than to be believed, and is worth while neither to affirm nor to refute.
		Modern scholars complain about Livy's many topographical errors, but he is known to have traveled to Liternum (near Naples) to visit a monument that was dedicated to Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus (38.56.3).
		The problem is not Livy's lack of critical attitude, but the quality of his sources.
	www.livius.org /li-ln/livy/livy4.html (984 words)

	livy 45.37-40 week 10
		Quite enough wrong was done by your ancestors to Camillus - but that outrage was committed before his recovery of the city from the Gauls; enough wrong was done by yourselves, just recently, to Publius Africanus.
		Let us blush for shame that the home and abode of the vanquisher of Africa was at Liternum, and that it is at Liternum that his tomb is now displayed.
		Let Lucius Paulus match these men in glory; but let him not be put on a par with them in the injustice he suffers at your hands.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~afutrell/republic/livy45week10.html (2238 words)

	Book 2 Chapter 1
		When the day came, having prevailed so far as to get the trial put off, Publius withdrew into exile: Lucius, the younger brother, who had been the highest in command, though but nominally, pretending sickness, did not appear.
		Scipio (Africanus) withdrew to Liternum, and nothing more was said about him.
		There he spent his life without any wish to return to the city; and when dying gave orders that he should be buried in that very place, that he should not have his funeral in his ungrateful country.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~hyper2/Chivalry/Part2/Book2/b2ch01.htm (1690 words)

	The Baldwin Project: Soldiers and Sailors by Charles Horne
		Africanus himself was now summoned before the people by the tribune M. Nævius; but instead of answering the charges he reminded the people that it was the anniversary of his victory at Zama, and bade them rather thank the gods for such citizens as he.
		After these troubles he withdrew to his villa near Liternum, and it was owing to the interposition of Tib.
		Gracchus that he was not compelled to obey another summons.
	www.mainlesson.com /display.php?author=horne&book=soldiers&story=scipio (3007 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		lxxxvi.) compares the baths of Scipio Africanus, at his villa of Liternum, with the magnificence (which was continually increasing) of the public baths of Rome, long before the stately Thermae of Antoninus and Diocletian were erected.
		The quadrans paid for admission was the quarter of the as, about one-eighth of an English penny.
		The History Of The Decline and Fall Of The Roman Empire— Chapter 31
	www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume1/nt31/059.htm (66 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.11.26
		Ekphrasis was just becoming an interesting topic to classicists in 1991, but now, with the book of Putnam, it has advanced considerably for Vergil's epic.
		In the third paper, from 1996, Fowler again studied ekphrasis, this time using a series of scenes in a temple at Liternum that Silius Italicus showed Hannibal studying in Punica 6.657 ff., shortly after the great victory at Trasimene.
		The scenes supposedly depict in successive panels the complete triumph of the Romans over the Carthaginians in the First Punic War.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-11-26.html (1342 words)

	History of garden design in Ancient Rome
		But the villa of the man who first adopted the pure Attic style, and through whom its light spread into his own land—the country house of Scipio—was always kept in the fashion of his fathers, showing no trace of the Hellenistic manner of life.
		Seneca paid a visit to Liternum near Cumæ, where the great man spent his last years, and found his house built of freestone; it must have given the effect of a knightly castle of the Middle Ages, with its ramparts and towers.
		The park was enclosed by a high wall, and beyond the buildings and the court there was a very large pond, big enough to serve a whole army; but the bath was narrow and dark in the old style, “for our forefathers thought that if a place was to be warm, it must be dark.”
	www.gardenvisit.com /got/4/roman_gardens.htm (644 words)

	Index of names: Li
		194/1_ ists to Puteoli, Volturnum, Liternum, Salernum, Buxentum, Sipontum,
		183/11 ns of the death of his brother L.Scipio, while staying at Liternum
		183/12 ipio plants an olive tree at Liternum, which survives for at least
	www.attalus.org /names/li.html (1133 words)

	Slashdoc - SCIPIO Africanous
		As fate would have it, Scipio and his family later fell into some disfavor and he
		retired to his home in Liternum outside of Rome.
		In 205, Scipio ran for consul on the platform that he could defeat Carthage and bring
	www.slashdoc.com /documents/73445 (324 words)

	Ancient Rome From the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D By Robert F. Pennel (1890)- Chapter 18 from Nalanda Digital ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This remark changed the tide of feeling, and no more charges were made.
		Two years later (183), Africanus died in voluntary exile at Liternum, on the coast of Campania.
		He had lived little more than fifty years.
	www.nalanda.nitc.ac.in /resources/english/etext-project/history/ancrome/chapter18.html (1027 words)

	Caesar's agents purchase...
		He wishes to purchase 1 unit of central Italian land near Bovillae and Alba Longa, the ancestral Caesar lands, at 1000D.
		A half unit in southern Italia near Liternum north of Cumae at 400D, yielding 200D a year.
		Finally, one estate at the mouth of the Rhodanus River in Gallia Narbonnensis costing 600D, and yielding 300D a year.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Post/388866&authorid=14682 (148 words)

	The Project Gutenberg eBook of Roman Mosaics, by Hugh Macmillan.
		A strange mystery hung over the manner of his death and the place of his burial even in Livy's time.
		Some said that he died at Rome, and others at Liternum.
		A fragment of an inscription was found near the little lake at the latter place, beside which he resided during the dignified exile of his later years, which contained only the words—"...
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/6/1/8/16180/16180-h/16180-h.htm (16502 words)

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