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Topic: Lithographic process

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	Tamarind Institute Lithographic Process
		Lithographs differ from etchings, engravings, serigraphs, and woodcuts in materials and process.
		As opposed to many other print processes which depend upon incised or carved lines, lithography is a planographic process that depends upon the mutual repulsion of grease and water.
		However, since the basic principle of hand lithographic printing is the natural repulsion of grease and water, the crayons, pencils, and washes used in lithography have a high grease content.
	www.unm.edu /~tamarind/process.html (1127 words)

	Lithography - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Using lithographic turpentine, the printer then removes the greasy drawing material, leaving only the salt layer; it is this salt layer which holds the skeleton of the image's original form.
		Within a few years of its invention, the lithographic process was used to create multi-color printed images, a process known by the middle of the 19th century as Chromolithography.
		Goya's lithographs The Bulls of Bordeaux (1828) and Delacroix's illustrations to Goethe's Faust were the groundbreaking "artist's lithographs" that sparked a flood of (mostly French) artists who dabbled in lithography, including Prud'hon, Cezanne, Manet, Toulouse-Lautrec, and, of course, its greatest practitioner, Daumier, whose prints began to appear in the 1830s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lithography (1361 words)

	Offset printing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		When used in combination with the lithographic process, which is based on the repulsion of oil and water, the offset technique employs a flat (planographic) image carrier on which the image to be printed obtains ink from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts a film of water, keeping the nonprinting areas ink-free.
		The first lithographic offset printing press was created in England around 1875 and was designed for printing on metal.
		Today, the majority of printing, including newspapers, is done by the offset process, although digital printing has greatly increased in popularity due to demand and cost advantages for low quantity runs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Offset_printing (659 words)

	A pollution prevention manual for lithographic printers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The lithography process uses a blanket cylinder to transfer or "off- set" images from the plate to the substrate, relying on oil/water chemistry to maintain an image in one plane on the image transfer plate.
		A continuous stream of fixer from in-use process tanks is circulated through the unit, silver is removed and the fix is returned to the process tank for reuse.
		Process bath life can be extended by adding ammonium thiosulfate, which doubles the allowable concentration of silver buildup in the bath, using an acid stop bath prior to the fix bath and adding acetic acid to the fixing bath to keep the pH low.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/05/04209.htm (19978 words)

	Process for the preparation of ink jet process printing plate - Patent 6019045
		The process of claim 1, wherein a surface of the support to be adjacent to the image-receiving layer exhibits a Bekk smoothness of not less than 300 second/10 cc.
		The process of claim 1, wherein the ultrafinely particulate colloidal inorganic pigment is colloidal silica, alumina sol or ultrafinely particulate titanium oxide.
		The process of claim 7, wherein the ultrafinely particulate colloidal inorganic pigment is colloidal silica, alumina sol or ultrafinely particulate titanium oxide.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6019045.html (10954 words)

	Lithographic and Photoengraving Workers
		In this process, lithographers photograph or scan the material to be printed and make a printing plate from the film which, when inked, is pressed against a rubber blanket.
		Lithographic and photoengraving workers are responsible for a variety of tasks, from photoengraving text and pictures to making the final printing plates.
		Employment of lithographic workers is expected to grow faster than the average for all occupations through the year 2000, but employment of photoengraving workers is expected to decline.
	www.exchangenet.com /howto/career/R0414.html (1783 words)

	Dordt College News
		Offset prints are created by drawing on the grained surface of lithographic limestones, then processing and printing on paper with the aid of a special press.
		The lithographic process reached a commercial zenith at the turn of the Twentieth Century.
		Artists rejuvenated the lithographic process in the 1930s (Grant Wood was a noted lithographer).
	www.dordt.edu /cgi-bin/news/get_news.pl?id=1508 (446 words)

	Print Industry: Lithographic Printing Process
		Lithographic printing is well suited for printing both text and illustrations in short to medium length runs of up to 1,000,000 impressions.
		Lithographic plates undergo chemical treatment that render the image area of the plate oleophilic (oil-loving) and therefore ink-receptive and the non-image area hydrophilic (water-loving).
		The processing solutions contain silver which must be recovered with the proper equipment before being discharged to the sewer.
	www.castleink.com /_a-litho.html (1781 words)

	About Lithography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The inventor of lithography, Aloys Senefelder, called his new process "Chemical Printing." The term did not gain acceptance, but was actually more accurate than "lithography," the term that did, in that the principle upon which the process rests is that grease and water will not mix.
		Lithographic printing shops employed large staffs of master craftsmen, printers and artists, and could be found in every major city in Europe and the United States by 1900.
		As the lithographic process was automated, the use of hand-pulled prints from stone became rapidly obsolete.
	www.wingedseed.com /FineArts/about_lithography.htm (335 words)

	NYSDEC Regulations Part 234 [1/1] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Any offset lithographic printing process which was constructed on or before September 1, 1988 regardless of annual potential to emit must have demonstrated compliance with this Part by May 15, 1991.
		Process specific RACT demonstrations shall be submitted with the application for a permit to construct, a certificate to operate, or renewal of a certificate to operate for an existing source under the provisions of Part 201 of this Title.
		(2) Facilities with printing processes subject to this Part with annual potential to emit of less than 5 tons of volatile organic compounds will only be required to comply with (1)(i) and (1)(iv) of this subdivision in order to demonstrate that a lesser degree of control is RACT for these processes.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/regs/part234.html (3696 words)

	Glossary
		Lithographs during the nineteenth century were colored in a similar fashion.
		A lithograph is a print made from the lithographic process.
		The process was later enhanced and improved by the French who used it in a widespread manner during the 1800s.
	www.rareprintsgallery.com /glossary.htm (1219 words)

	The Development of Lithographic Cartography and the Conservation Treatment of a Large Varnished Map
		In the planographic process, the image is drawn or traced on the stone with a crayon or pen and ink.
		This planographic process of lithography was not used exclusively in the early years of the new art.
		To transfer the image from the paper to the lithographic stone, the paper is dampened with dilute nitric acid, and run through a press with the image in contact with stone surface.
	aic.stanford.edu /sg/bpg/annual/v03/bp03-08.html (2725 words)

	Printing Glossary
		The process of lithography involves several steps: First, the drawing is executed onto a lithographic stone.
		The draft is drawn directly to the polished, or grained, flat surface of a lithographic stone, (in the beginning on Bavarian limestone) with a greasy crayon or sharp feather and ink.
		A transfer lithograph (French: “autographie”) uses the same technique, but the design is drawn on specially prepared transfer paper with a lithographic crayon and is later mechanically transferred to the stone.
	www.daumier.org /index.php?id=20 (4708 words)

	Christopher Pratt - Drawing From Memory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		A lithograph is a type of print that is drawn on and printed from a stone (usually limestone) or metal plate.
		If the lithograph is only going to have one colour (a monochromatic lithograph), and assuming that Pratt is happy with the way the image looks, this is the finished print.
		Many of the lithographs Pratt has made are colour (or polychromatic) lithographs, such as Fall Sun Setting - Holloway School (1992) and in the mixed media work Above Gander Lake (1997) comprising three lithograph plates printed over a silkscreen 'flat'.
	collections.ic.gc.ca /pratt/art/lithopro.htm (538 words)

	Small Times: News about MEMS, Nanotechnology and Microsystems
		A method of fabricating a microstructured optical fiber is described in which a plurality of solid silica wafers are generated corresponding to longitudinally consecutive portions of the optical fiber, separately etched with void patterns in a lithographic process, and bonded together into a preform.
		The lithographic process used to form the void patterns in the wafers may be any of several processes currently or prospectively used in VLSI fabrication.
		Such lithographic process may be used because the wafers comprise silica glass or other material common in VLSI devices and, in accordance with a preferred embodiment, are generated with thicknesses highly amenable to such fabrication methods.
	www.smalltimes.com /document_display.cfm?section_id=90&patent_id=1025 (175 words)

	IDF 2004 Russia: 65nm Process Technology – Nearest Future of Intel Semiconductor Technologies
		Before we proceed to the brief overview of these problems and their solutions, let's dwell on the lithographic process in general.
		As a rule, the current chip generation is composed of a silicon substrate with over 20 layers of various materials on its surface, which form structural units – transistors and feature connectors ("wires"), which combination specifies necessary configuration of the final product – be it a microprocessor, chipset, memory, or any other chip type.
		However, since the last IDF 2003 Russia, Intel has been planning the future lithographic techniques only as an introduction of the Extreme Ultra-Violet (EUV) technology with a huge wavelength leap of the light source far beyond the visible spectrum (which is within the 400-800nm wavelengths) into the far or hard ultra-violet radiation – to 13.5nm.
	www.digit-life.com /articles2/intel-65nm/litho.html (874 words)

	Lithography Primer, 3rd Ed.
		offers a short, illustrated, non-technical introduction to the lithographic printing process, providing explanations and definitions that can be understood by non-printers — it provides a straightforward reference to the current technology, processes, and terminology associated with lithographic printing.
		This primer begins with a history and explanation of the lithographic process, launching into discussions of platemaking, presses, digital imaging and the use of computers, papers, inks, and finishes specific to lithography.
		A primary reason for lithography's edge over other processes is that it reproduces the highest-quality, crispest, sharpest images on a wide variety of substrates...Another reason for the success of lithography is the speed at which large volumes of printed work can be produced.
	www.polysurfacesbookstore.com /pages/3329.html (220 words)

	COLOR PRINTING: LITHOGRAPHY
		It is a mechanical planographic process in which the printing and non-printing areas of the plate are all at the same level, as opposed to intaglio and relief processes in which the design is cut into the printing block.
		Once tinted lithographs were well established, it was only a small step to extend the range of color by the use of multiple tint blocks printed in succession.
		He refined the lithographic process, developing a method for producing gradations in tones and creating the effect of a soft wash of color.
	www.lib.udel.edu /ud/spec/exhibits/color/lithogr.htm (2682 words)

	Materials for Lithography/Nanopatterning
		Lithography, based on traditional ink-printing techniques, is a process for patterning various layers, such as conductors, semiconductors, or dielectrics, on a surface.
		When the resist image is transferred into the substrate by etching and related processes, the resist film that remains after the development functions as a protective mask.
		This self-assembly process is driven by an unfavorable mixing enthalpy and a small mixing entropy, while the covalent bond between the two blocks prevents macrophase separation.
	www.sigmaaldrich.com /Area_of_Interest/Chemistry/Materials_Science/Micro_and_Nanoelectronics/Lithography_Nanopatterning/Tutorial.html (3070 words)

	Mentor Graphics Next Generation OPC Technology Ensures Yield Across Manufacturing Process Window
		This is especially true in the lithographic process where variability puts image fidelity at risk even when the operating conditions of the lithographic system (lithographic process window) are acceptable.
		To reduce the risk of silicon failure, avoid costly respins and ensure acceptable yield, Calibre OPCverify detects lithographic errors or marginalities caused by process variability before the design goes to the mask or wafer manufacturer.
		The major contributors to declining yields are: a smaller lithographic process window, increased sensitivity to layout topology in the lithographic process, and complex mask rule constraints that impact the application of RET.
	www.mentor.com /company/news/opcverify.cfm (738 words)

	Lithographic printing forms - Patent 6461794
		Undesired staining of the lithographic printing form during development is avoided by using the precursor in the lithographic printing process.
		This invention is also directed to a lithographic printing form precursor prepared by the above-described method, a method of making a lithographic printing form which comprises imaging and developing such a precursor, and a lithographic printing form obtained by imaging and developing such a precursor.
		When it is stated that a coating is developer insoluble it is meant that the coating is not soluble in a developer, to an extent useful in a lithographic printing form development process.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6461794.html (3766 words)

	Market Expansion: Process Innovation
		The conventional lithographic process involves trapping ink between a mixture of water and the VOC isopropanol (IPA).
		This combines both the waterless process and an entire suite of management activities, such as waste reduction, using safer chemicals, switching to vegetable inks, and recycling silver from photographic plates.
		Ironically, the actually water consumption of the conventional process is minimal compared with water needed for hygiene, catering, and cleaning at the plant.
	www.environmental-expert.com /articles/article570/article570.htm (1099 words)

	Mentor Graphics Calibre Tools Strengthen DFM Flow for IBM/Chartered/Samsung 65 nm Common Platform Technology
		These production-proven tools further empower designers targeting the cross-foundry process to identify and address possible yield detractors early in the design flow, thereby improving the likelihood of successful yield in leading-edge nanometer technologies.
		An LFD kit is provided to the designer by the Common Platform manufacturing partners and is useable to target the common 65-nm process from any of the three manufacturing facilities, much in the same manner as a design rule checking (DRC) kit.
		The DFM capabilities are delivered through a series of rules- and model-based design kits that contain critical information required by designers to better predict the impact their decisions will have on a manufactured designs implemented in a variety of operating ranges, modes, and conditions.
	www.mentor.com /company/news/calibre_tools_ibm_chartered_samsung.cfm (859 words)

	Print Version (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		Mentor Graphics Corp. announced the availability of the Calibre OPCverify tool, which aims to address the challenge of managing the impact of "process variability" on yield.
		Process variability can have a dramatic effect on yield, said Mentor.
		To reduce the risk of silicon failure, avoid costly respins and ensure acceptable yield, the tool detects lithographic errors or marginalities caused by process variability before the design goes to the mask or wafer manufacturer.
	www.eetasia.com /ARTP_8800403200_480100.HTM (427 words)

	Virginia DEQ: Virginia Small Business Assistance Program - Regulatory Fact Sheet Lithographic Printing Process
		There will be monitoring requirements for the printing process either through a device such as a temperature recorder, keeping a log of temperatures, or monitoring the concentration of VOCs in the fountain solution.
		If the Board determines that technological or economic limitations on the application of measurement methodology to a particular emissions unit would make the imposition of an emissions standard infeasible, a design, equipment, work practice, operational standard, or combination thereof, may be prescribed instead to satisfy the requirement for the application of best available control technology.
		"Lithographic printing" means a planographic printing process in which the image and non-image areas are chemically differentiated with the image area being oil-receptive and the non-image area being water-receptive.
	www.deq.virginia.gov /osba/factsheets/printlth.html (2407 words)

	Lithography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		A good report of an assessment on California lithographic operation and the pollution prevention suggestions to be examined for further consideration and implementation.
		During the electrolytic process an electrical current is applied to two electrodes which are immersed in the fixer.
		The process, known as Lithographic Ink-Waste Recovery Technology (LIRT), recovers 100 percent of the waste sludge, composed of oil, oxide pigments, solvents and acid wash waters.
	www.p2pays.org /ref/03/02453/lithography.htm (8214 words)

	Practical Process Design
		The microlithography process is critical to the successful manufacture of integrated circuits.
		Ways to monitor this critical relationship and ways of using it for process tuning will be emphasized for typical g and I-line novolak photoresists, and for the newer deep UV chemically amplified photoresists.
		Fine tune the process through the use of pre-targeting experiments and judicious use of designed experiments that use bulk resist and resist imaging responses.
	www.advlitho.com /content/course1.html (295 words)

	Warp Artefacts - Technical Process (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-20)
		The Giclée process (from the french meaning "little squirt") is a state-of-the-art printing technology which faithfully reproduces subtle details and vivid, vibrant colours.
		The lithographic process is the classic printing technology that uses metal plates to transfer ink directly onto the paper.
		Unless otherwise stated our lithographic prints are produced on high quality 310gsm silk art paper, and are supplied mounted using pH neutral, preservation quality materials.
	www.warpartefacts.com /acatalog/tech.html (260 words)

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