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Topic: Lithologies

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	Determination of Martian meteorite lithologies and mineralogies using vibrational spectroscopy
		Determination of Martian meteorite lithologies and mineralogies using vibrational spectroscopy
		The spectra of these meteorites are significantly different from each other, and we can distinguish the three lithologies easily on the basis of their spectral morphologies.
		Using a linear deconvolution model, the modal mineralogies of ALH7705, Nakhla, and Zagami were derived from their spectra to within 2–19% of the modes derived by optical methods.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1997/97JE01874.shtml (285 words)

	LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PETROLOGY
		The major lithologies in Unit II are silty clay/claystone with silt and nannofossil clay/claystone (Table 2).
		Major lithologies in Subunit IIB are olive-gray, yellowish brown, and moderate brown silty claystone or clayey siltstone, and light greenish, olive gray, and grayish-orange nannofossil or calcareous claystone.
		The dominant lithology is serpentinitized peridotite (>90% of all fragments).
	www-odp.tamu.edu /publications/149_IR/chap_06/c6_6.htm (0 words)

	PUM - Géographie physique et quaternaire : INFERENCES ON GLACIAL FLOW FROM TILL CLAST DISPERSAL, WATERFORD ... (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Lithologies include, granodiorite, quartzdiorite, diorite and coarse granites (Ruitenberg et al., 1979; Barr and White, 1988) that are intensely sheared in some outcrops (Barr, 1987).
		While several distinctive lithologies occur within the study area (see Munn, 1995), a simplification of the glacial dispersal process can be achieved by comparison of the gross differences between the dominant rock groups of the Central Plateau and those of the Anagance Ridges.
		The absence of anomalous mafic clasts may indicate that these lithologies are infrequent in conglomerate beds that experienced glacial erosion, or that erosive processes favored the preservation of felsic and intermediate lithologies.
	www.erudit.org /revue/gpq/1997/v51/n1/004773ar.html (5269 words)

	GEOLOGY OF THE JINFENG GOLD DEPOSIT - A CHINESE 'CARLIN' ANALOGY - Greg Jones
		Thick sequences of carbonate through to siliclastic lithologies were deposited, evolving from the south-east to the north-west and stratigraphically upwards from marine to continental dominant assemblages.
		Lithologies at the core of the dome are Carboniferous and Permian limestones (reef, bioclastic and massive), unconformably overlain by early to mid-Triassic turbidities, dominated by bedded, calcareous sandstones, siltstones, wackes, fossiliferous and carbonaceous shales and minor limestone units.
		The Triassic lithologies are interpreted to have formed within a continental slope margin, separating continental shelf sedimentation to the northwest from abyssal marine facies to the southeast.
	www.smedg.org.au /Tiger/Jinfeng.htm (2972 words)

	Sedimentological studies - PanTerra Geoconsultants
		Stratigraphically, these sedimentological core studies cover the Carboniferous, Rotliegend, Zechstein, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary reservoirs in depositional facies ranging from fluviatile (both meandering and braided systems), alluvial fans, aeolian, coastal-shallow marine to deep-marine turbidite fans.
		Lithologies described vary from siliciclastics to evaporites and carbonates.
		To integrate the geological and other well data, the sedimentological core descriptions are normally presented together with the downhole wireline logs and the routine core analysis data.
	www.panterra.nl /index.php/cms_categorie/10344/code/panter/content/categorie/id/15177/fm_parentid/10344 (0 words)

	Inca Pots
		The lithologies of the >15µm fraction were identified together with a qualitative assessment of their relative abundances, internal grain size of polycrystalline rocks (coarse-, medium- or fine-grained), roundness/angularity, degree of alteration/weathering and the nature of their bounding surfaces (smooth and planar or irregular and indented).
		Other lithologies are uncommon, S162A carries approximately 10% of limonitically-stained quartz-mica metapelites (metashales), 47-3 carries approximately 20% amphibole- and pyroxene-bearing andesites and F4, which is unlike all other Killke Wares, is very polylithic and carries glassy and amygdaloidal basic lava, serpentinized basic rocks and vein quartz in addition to altered syenite.
		The internal grain size of all the lithologies is uniformly medium-grained and the grain boundaries control the surfaces of the temper which are irregular and serrated and form good bonds with the clay.
	www.rosiehardman.com /incapots.htm (7790 words)

	1.0 Introduction
		A "lithology" in the model is defined on the basis of its resistance to stream erosion (and weathering, if applicable) and its position relative to other lithologies.
		With the exception of the layer that is initially exposed at the surface, all of these lithologies must be of uniform thickness (that is, for example, layer B must start out at 500m thickness wherever it is buried beneath layer A, but it does not need to be the same thickness as layer C).
		It is possible, for instance, to begin a simulation with lithology A exposed at the surface at one cell, and lithology C exposed at another.
	www.colorado.edu /geolsci/gtucker/Software/Golem/Golem_2.html (1066 words)

	Maps and Major Discoveries in Mining
		The decision as to which lithologies to show is a matter of mappers opinion.
		At each point, sometimes called a station, two essential pieces of information need to be recorded, including the lithology and the geometry (or structure), which are defined using color, shading, patterning, and symbology Generally the key to the graphics are shown in an explanation near one edge of the map.
		The methodology of determining lithology and structure for map units is the same for reconnaissance, trench or underground mapping.
	www.dmtcalaska.org /course_dev/intromining/02mapping/notes02.html (2487 words)

	Nadine Schuurman
		Moreover, the lithology field was, until 2001, limited to 30 characters.
		In semi-automatic mode, the parsed lithological description is compared to rules for classification in one of the three systems, based on colour, description, texture, and the classification of contiguous layers.
		If the lithology matches more than one classification or none, the operator is prompted to choose between possible classifications.
	www.sfu.ca /gis/schuurman/research/standardization.html (1368 words)

	Cambridge Mineral Resources plc - Lozen Details
		The lithologies represent continental massflow, alluvial to eluvial re-sedimented boulders.
		Mineralizations in Palaeogene basal lithologies are concentrated primarily within the south-western block, specifically the extreme south-western areas where the chargeability anomalies present are interpreted as effects of shallowly dipping sulphide mineralizations that have not been sampled for precious metals.
		Palaeogene basal lithologies lie in all probability beneath the overburden effusive lithologies to the east of a N-S-oriented structure around Vissokoto Bardo and these rocks are bounded by a tectonic structure marked by a 50 gamma isoline.
	www.cambmin.co.uk /?page=lozen_details (2183 words)

	Geometry, Structure, and Concealed Lithology of the San Rafael Basin, Southeastern Arizona (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A magnetic lithology with a rough texture lies under the profile from 6 to 9.5 kilometers, this is thought to be JTRvs due to the JTRvs outcrops to the north and south.
		Lithologies (map units) are extended out from the basin margin until there is some indication of change, generally a fault and/or a change in magnetic texture in the near-ground closely spaced Earth’s magnetic field data.
		Plate 9 are used to identify lithology and structure in the deeper portions of the basin.
	geopubs.wr.usgs.gov /open-file/of99-399 (12666 words)

	PhD project (Bert De Waele) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		It is bounded to the northwest by largely undeformed Palaeoproterozoic basement lithologies of the Bangweulu block and is truncated to the northeast by Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic transcurrent shear zones within reactivated parts of the Palaeoproterozoic Ubendian belt.
		To the southeast and south, Irumide lithologies were reworked within the Neoproterozoic Lufilian and Zambezi belts, and to the east by the East African Orogen.
		Lithologies in the Irumide belt comprise a Palaeo- to Mesoproterozoic complex of gneisses and granitoids and a supracrustal succession of quartzites and pelites.
	www.bdewaele.be /phd.htm (1003 words)

	Data Collection Methods
		Piedmont lithologies were described from thin sections taken from the rock cores.
		LITHOLOGY is defined and named by modal mineralogical composition and mesoscopic structure visible in the cores according to the scheme outlined by Blucher and Frey (1994).
		Megascopically there are two varieties of biotite gneiss, (1) a coarse- grained variety with flaser texture in which the biotite defines a strong foliation, and (2) a fine-grained variety, a granofels, with small shredded grains of biotite in random arrangement.
	www.udel.edu /dgs/Publications/pubsonline/report38/3.html (898 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Unit 1 also may have been emplaced by this mechanism, although the distinct break in lithology between the melt-rich and melt-poor breccias and the poorly-sorted nature of the melt-rich breccias suggest that unit 1 may have been emplaced by a different mechanism than unit 3.
		The lithologies of the crystalline clast breccias are similar to those encountered at the West Clearwater Impact Structure, which had a similar size, but had less of a sedimentary veneer before impact.
		This may be related to the dispersal of the melt material by explosive expansion of volatiles derived from sediments in the target area as suggested by Kieffer and Simonds (1980).
	www.igsb.uiowa.edu /pubs/abstract/sp_bel.htm (496 words)

	Geology MPhil
		Therefore there will be a tendency to replace those lithologies with a higher proportion of calcite in preference to those with increasing amounts of argillaceous (clay) or arenaceous (sand) material (Hatch et al 1971).
		Often lithologies at these locations have become softened, and absorb water easily, sometimes producing glutinous sticky masses of clay that flow from the bedding planes.
		Such fracture zones provide some of the best areas for copper ores to have been deposited, which is demonstrated by the wider worked veins centred around and to the north of Vivians shaft (plate 3).
	www.greatorme.freeserve.co.uk /geology_mphil.htm (10294 words)

	Stratigraphic columns
		Lithology is the study of bedrock: the rocks which occur in a specific location.
		While this obviously includes igneous and metamorphic rocks, sedimentary rocks are very important for several reasons: many of the classical laws of geology relate to the accumulation of sediments, and the formation of sedimentary rocks; and they may contain fossils which aid in determining how old they are.
		After geologists study the lithologies in a particular area and group them into formations, the next step is to work out the stratigraphy.
	jersey.uoregon.edu /~mstrick/AskGeoMan/geoQuerry38.html (615 words)

	Meteorites martiennes : EETA 79001
		La lithologie B est quant à elle constituée d'un basalte homogène formé de cristaux lamellaires d'augite noyé dans une matrice de pyroxènes (augite, pigeonite) et de plagioclases choqués en maskelynite.
		La lithologie A pourrait aussi représenter une roche fondue lors d'un impact ayant incorporé la lithologie B et les agrégats d'olivine en tant que clastes.
		La lithologie C est constituée de veines sombres qui zèbrent la roche (la plupart du temps au niveau de la lithologie A), et qui s'interconnectent par endroits en donnant naissance à des vésicules noires qui peuvent être particulièrement volumineuses (jusqu'à 1 centimètre de diamètre).
	www.nirgal.net /snc/eeta79001.html (723 words)

	1994 Annual Symposium Paper BBB
		The matrix of the coefficients in these equations is inverted to allow calculation of the lithologies in terms of log response.
		Due to the variability in log responses for each lithology, these equations do not yield results of positive lithologic fractions greater than or equal to zero and less than or equal to one.
		This method is applicable to stratigraphic sections where the lithologies can be petrophysically discriminated and where sufficient logs are available for a determined linear solution.
	www.spwla.org /library_info/abstract/sympo/1990/1994PaperBBB.html (329 words)

	- The Geologic Column: Does It Exist? -
		So, although there are places where lithologies referable to all ten of the Phanerozoic systems can actually be seen superposed, creationists remain more than justified in highlighting the essential non-existence of the standard geologic column.
		To rescue the situation, anti-creationists have argued that the 1% of the earth’s surface where the lithologies of all ten geologic periods can be found simultaneously is somehow more significant than the remaining 99% where they are not superposed.
		Since lithologies are not consistent with presumed units of geologic time, their shingling relationships cannot count as an evidence for time-based stratigraphic successions.
	www.trueorigin.org /geocolumn.asp (4565 words)

	Application of remote sensing techniques in alluvial sampling design for exploration of placer deposits in the ...
		As the alluvial deposits are composed of different assemblages of minerals, it is possible to map the alluvial deposits based on their source lithologies by using multispectral satellite images.
		In this study Both ASTER and ETM+ data are used to show that the source lithologies and the spatial distribution of their alluvial deposits can be clearly mapped by different image processing techniques.
		Cretaceous sediments are mainly flysch that are the oldest lithology in the area.
	www.mapindia.org /2005/papers/Geology/40.htm (1943 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation - Projects (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As part of the geological mapping, field investigations are made to establish the distribution and interrelationships of the various lithologies present locally, at a scale finer than is typically apparent in published geological maps.
		At the apex of the pyramid, the data derived from the previous three levels are combined to determine whether any of the lithologies represented by the geological samples is the potential source of the prehistoric lithic material in question.
		The ultramafic and mafic lithologies of Steinmann's Trinity are characterized by the presence of plentiful oxides enriched in variable quantities of Cr, Fe and Mn (Stowe 1994).
	www.deldot.net /static/projects/archaeology/lums_pond_vol_2/jaspar.shtml (10886 words)

	Delaware Department of Transportation - Projects (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As part of the geological mapping, field investigations are made to establish the distribution and interrelationships of the various lithologies present locally, at a scale finer than is typically apparent in published geological maps.
		At the apex of the pyramid, the data derived from the previous three levels are combined to determine whether any of the lithologies represented by the geological samples is the potential source of the prehistoric lithic material in question.
		The ultramafic and mafic lithologies of Steinmann's Trinity are characterized by the presence of plentiful oxides enriched in variable quantities of Cr, Fe and Mn (Stowe 1994).
	www.deldot.gov /static/projects/archaeology/lums_pond_vol_2/jaspar.shtml (10886 words)

	Geology of the Eastern Blue Ridge (Site not responding. Last check: )
		At first glance, the lithologies might resemble Chunky Gal's, however upon closer examination, there are differences to be noted.
		Many of the garnets are pink, indicating a sedimentary parent that went through a high temperature facies.
		There are several different lithologies in the Winding Stair outcrop including a biotite-garnet-granulite (see figure to right) and a sillmanite schist in granulite facies (see figure below).
	www.uwm.edu /Dept/Geosciences/558/Group3/groupthree.html (743 words)

	Meteorite.fr - Classification - Stony Meteorites - Other Chondrites
		Most R chondrites belong to petrologic type 3 or are heavily brecciated members that show different lithologies from petrologic type 3 to 6.
		All of this indicates that the K chondrites must have had their origin in a small, primitive parent body that has yet to be identified.
		This strange grouplet is known solely from certain lithologies that have been found in two achondrites, both members of the aubrite group: ALH 78113 from Antarctica, and Cumberland Falls, a meteorite that fell in Kentucky, USA, in 1919.
	www.meteorite.ch /en/classification/otherchon.htm (1205 words)

	Synthetic Generation of Lithologies and Logs
		The first (lowermost) lithology in the sequence is selected at random from the set of possible lithologies.
		Then the lithology for the next half-foot interval up is selected according to a set of "transition probabilities" describing the likelihood that any given lithology will occur immediately above the first lithology generated.
		Each lithology consists of a specified mix of component minerals and the log responses for each half-foot interval are computed as a combination of the log values associated with the component minerals (with a little random deviation from the ideal "recipe" thrown in at each step).
	people.ku.edu /~gbohling/OzMachine/MarkovSim.html (370 words)

	KGS--Bulletin 169--Pearn
		Because equivalent lithologies in the transgressive and regressive hemicycles are considered indistinguishable, it is logical to characterize the observed sequence by the choice of initial transgression or regression which minimizes G. In this way, the ideal sequence being considered is given the "benefit of the doubt."
		exactly one lithology is repeated among the first six, then the sequence is a potential ideal generator subject to satisfaction of the restriction of (4).
		First, because the input lithologies were visualized as representing a continuous sequence, freedom of choice as to the starting point (transgressive or regressive) could not be allowed for each subsequence.
	www.kgs.ku.edu /Publications/Bulletins/169/Pearn (6315 words)

	Percent Cuttings
		Percent cuttings data are collected normally during mud-logging and are used to denote the relative percentage of different lithologies at a depth.
		The lithologies that can be entered for the percent cuttings are specified in the percent cuttings column of the template.
		The total percentage of all lithologies must be less than or equal to 100%.
	www.gaea.ca /OnlineHelp/winlog/713.htm (157 words)

	Andreas Plesch MS thesis abstract
		Preserved bedding and unusual lithology (abundant and thick greywackes) in the HGZ and its northern equivalent contrast distinctively with the surroundings.
		The structure of the southern HGZ is a large syncline, of which the eastern limb and hinge is cut by a thrust juxtaposing a complexly deformed terrane.
		The assemblage of non-flysch lithologies (mainly fl chert, sideritic mudstone and pale green shale) was deposited on the slope/rise of a former passive margin.
	www.albany.edu /geosciences/pleschab.html (824 words)

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