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	MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Lithuania
		Under Lithuanian ruler Gediminas, the empire was expanded in the south to include most of present-day Belarus, and Vilnius was established as the capital.
		Lithuanians joined with Poles in large-scale rebellions against Russian rule in 1812, from 1830 to 1831, and in 1863, but all were harshly suppressed and resulted in increased repression of Lithuanian culture.
		In Kaunas, meanwhile, a Lithuanian constituent assembly was elected in April 1920, and in 1922 it approved a new constitution that officially established Lithuania as an independent republic.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761555831___23/Lithuania.html (2657 words)

	Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Litewskie, Belarusian: Вялі́кае Кня́ства Літо́ўскае) was an Eastern European state in 13th - 16th centuriescenturies.
		After Lublin Union in 1569, Grand Duchy of Lithuania was an integral part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (having separate laws, an army and treasury) till the final partition of this state in 1795.
		Due to of Lithuanian power the Mongols could not exert military dominance over northwestern Russia, and partially for this reason Smolensk, Pskov, Novgorod, and Polotsk were some of the few major cities never to be ravaged by the Mongols.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/grand_duchy_of_lithuania (1277 words)

	Lithuania - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The Republic of Lithuania (in Lithuanian, Lietuva) is a republic in Northeastern Europe.
		The Lithuanian head of state is the president, elected directly for a five-year term, who also functions as commander in chief overseeing foreign and security policy.
		The Lithuanian landscape is glacially flat, except for morainic hills in the western uplands and eastern highlands no higher than 300 m, with the highest point being the Juozapinės at 292 m.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /lithuania.htm (1192 words)

	Grand Duke biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The title Magnus Dux or Grand Duke (Didysis kunigaik?tis in Lithuanian) was used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after Jagiello also became kings of Poland and was later found among the titles used by kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Further, Grand Duke is the translated form of the title Megas Doux, used in the Byzantine Empire during the Palaeologian dynasty (1259-1453).
		From 1328 the Velikii Kniaz of Muscovy appeared as the Grand Duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as Tsar.
	grand-duke.biography.ms (491 words)

	HISTORY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Lithuanians are a branch of the Balts whose settlement dates back to around 200 B.C. Lithuanian is one of the oldest languages in Europe.
		The Grand Duke Gediminas, who reigned from 1316 to 1341, is credited with founding Vilnius at the confluence of Neris and Vilnia rivers - and a dynasty that united Lithuania and Poland from 1386 until 1795.
		An uprising by the Lithuanian patriot Col. Jacob Jasinskis in 1794 was defeated, and most of Lithuania was annexed by Russia in 1795.
	neris.mii.lt /history/history.html (632 words)

	The Lithuanians
		A Lithuanian does not fear solitude, which for him is often a kind of refuge from which perhaps emanates the atomic character of Lithuanian national life, the want of harmony which one may even observe today, although the suffering of recent decades has wrought marvels in this direction.
		Although the language lends itself admirably to eloquence, the Lithuanian, until you know him well, is laconic, and rarely disposed to mingle in conversation unless this touches upon a subject interesting to him as a Lithuanian, while a momentary outburst is often succeeded by relapse into contemplative calm.
		Among the Lithuanians, there still survive numerous superstitions which are generally regarded as heritages of their former Paganism (Lithuania was the last nation in Europe to be converted to Christianity, in the 14th century-ed.
	www.balticsww.com /the_lithuanians.htm (1201 words)

	Sir Robert Baden-Powell, Order of Gediminas (Lithuania)
		1341), grand duke of Lithuania, the strongest contemporary ruler of eastern Europe.
		In October 1323 various ecclesiastical representatives and the grand master of the Teutonic Order assembled at Vilnius, which Gediminas had recently made his capital, and a compact was signed confirming peaceful relations.
		The Teutonic Knights thereupon resumed the war against Gediminas, and for the remainder of his reign he was primarily concerned with defending his realm against the Knights, whose strength was reinforced by Western crusaders when it became evident that Gediminas would not honour his promise of conversion.
	www.pinetreeweb.com /bp-honours-lithuania.htm (430 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Commonwealth comprised primarily four nations: Lithuanians, Poles, Ukrainians and Belarusians (the latter two refered usually as the Ruthenians).
		Together with the third province, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, those were the only three regions that could be properly referred to as provinces.
		Silesia (Polish: Śląsk) was not part of the Commonwealth, but small parts belonged to various Commonwealth kings; in particular, the Vasa kings were dukes of Opole from 1645 to 1666.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth (4571 words)

	History - Lithuania - Europe
		King Jagiello and his cousin Vytautas, who became grand duke of Lithuania in 1392, led joint armed forces to decisively defeat the Teutonic Knights in 1410.
		In Kaunas, meanwhile, a Lithuanian constituent assembly was elected in April 1920, and in August 1922 it approved a new constitution that officially established Lithuania as an independent republic.
		After a runoff general election in November 1996, the center-left DLP was replaced by a conservative coalition comprising the Homeland Union and the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/lithuania/history.htm (2201 words)

	LITHUANIA HISTORY Travel Tour Information
		Grand Duke Gediminas (Gedimin), who ruled the country from 1316 to 1341, started the long-term expansion of Lithuania into the lands of the eastern Slavs.
		Grand Duke Vytautas (Witold), who ruled from 1392 to 1430, brought the greatest military and political prosperity to the country.
		Lithuanian representatives were also elected to the newly-formed Russian Parliament, the Duma, where they defended their rights with ever-increasing boldness.
	www.scantours.com /lithuania_history.htm (3152 words)

	Grand Duke - Enpsychlopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Grand Duke is the usual and established translation of Grand Prince in languages which do not have separate words meaning prince for (1) children of a monarch, and (2) monarch (sovereign or like) princes.
		The title Grand Prince (which in many of those lands already was in later medieval centuries awarded simultaneously to several rulers in the more expanded dynasty) continued, in modern times, as a courtesy title for all or several members of the dynasty, such as the Grand Duke of Russia (veliki knjaz) in Russia's imperial era.
		The title Magnus Dux or Grand Duke (Didysis kunigaikštis in Lithuanian) is said to have been used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after Jagiello also became kings of Poland and was later found among the titles used by kings of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Grand_Duke (1282 words)

	Global Lithuanian Net. Lithuanian History Resources
		Lithuanian Metrika is a 556 volume archive of documents of the State Chancellery of the Great Duche of Lithuania (GDL) which was under the personal control of the Chanceller of the GDL.
		The Statut of the Grand Duche of Lithuania is considered to be one of the main treasures (besides Lithuanian Metrics) of Belarusian, Lithuanian and Polish cultural past.
		Antanas Smetona, Lithuanian President, was born in the village of Uzulenis of the present Ukmerge District on August 10, 1874.
	www.lithuanian.net /resource/history.htm (4428 words)

	Department of Slavic and Baltic Languages and Literature at UIC
		Lithuanian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Baltic group of languages comprising Lithuanian, Latvian, and the extinct Prussian languages.
		Grand Duke Gediminas, who ruled the country from 1316 to 1341, founded the modern capital city of Vilnius and the Gediminaiciai dynasty, whose representatives became members of many European monarchies.
		Grand Duke Vytautas, who ruled from 1392 to 1430, brought the greatest military and political prosperity to the country.
	www.uic.edu /depts/slav/lithuanian_program.html (511 words)

	Global Lithuanian Net. Lithuanian Mythology and Religion Resources
		Conclusion is drawn that 4-5 thousand years ago the ancestors of the modern Baltic nations (Lithuanians and Latvians) had developed views on the relations between man and natural forces, on the origin of the world and its construction, based on religious and mythological notions.
		The Lithuanian pagan faith and mythology, as well as the ritual connected with them, are among the oldest phenomena of human spiritual creation.
		The Grand Duke Mindaugas established the first Lithuanian State in 1230, in response to the growing threat that was presented by the presence of ever increasingly proselytising Germanic Teutonic and Livonian Christian military orders.
	www.lithuanian.net /resource/myths.htm (2071 words)

	Jogaila (1350-1434)
		It has been 553 years since the death of Jogaila,1 the Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland, yet this figure of the remote past is still largely disliked by most Lithuanians today.
		The perception of Jogaila became especially negative during the period of the Lithuanian "national awakening" in the second half of the 19th century.
		Jogaila, son of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Algirdas,3 was born ca.
	www.lituanus.org /1987/87_4_04.htm (3434 words)

	Travel: History, heritage linger in Lithuania
		VILNIUS, Lithuania - According to Lithuanian legend, Grand Duke Gediminas went hunting early in the 14th century and killed a wild ox.
		Tired, he fell asleep at the foot of a hill, and he dreamed of an iron wolf that howled with the ferociousness of 100 wolves.
		A priest interpreted the dream, telling Gediminas that the duke had been chosen to build a castle on that hill and to establish an unconquerable city, a city with the vigor of an iron wolf.
	www.sptimes.com /2003/11/16/news_pf/Travel/History__heritage_lin.shtml (742 words)

	Lithuania
		Disagreements among the dukes, the development of new relations with Poland and financial difficulties led the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to join with Poland in what was called the Union of Lublin in 1569.
		An outstanding Lithuanian architect, Laurynas Stuoka-Gucevičius, designed the Cathedral on the idea that the beauty of a building should not be determined by its ornamentation, but by the harmony between its parts and the whole.
		In 1923, the Lithuanian government seized control of the Klaipėda region from the French, the region was soon recognized a part of Lithuania by the international community.
	www.tourism.lt /lietuva/lietuva.htm (3908 words)

	INTRODUCTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		It was also the Lithuanian sword that stemmed the drive of the Teutons to the East and that of Mongols to the West.
		In 1363, during the reign of Grand Duke Algirdas, the Lithuanian army defeated the Tatars and Mongols in the battle of the Blue Waters.
		One of the major factors which enabled the Lithuanians to find each other in exile and emigration and to survive nation was the traditional culture of their forefathers which they away lovingly in their hearts when they were forced to leave their homeland land.
	www.lfcc.lt /publ/thelt/node3.html (2030 words)

	grand duke -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		The first grand duchy of western Europe was that of Tuscany, the title of grand duke being accorded by Pope Pius V to Cosimo de' Medici in 1569 and recognized, for Cosimo's son Francesco, by the Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II in 1575.
		The son of Henry I of France and Anne, daughter of a Russian grand duke, Philip was named for Philip of Macedon, from whom his mother claimed descent.
		As grand duke of Lithuania from 1440 to 1492 and king of Poland from 1447 to 1492, Casimir IV was neither a man of great ambition nor a great warrior.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9037668?tocId=9037668 (796 words)

	before war - THE BATTLE OF GRUNWALD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In 1401 Jahaila left the title of Grand Duke of Lithuania to his cousin Vitaut the Great, so that he (Jahaila), could be free to concentrate on Polish affairs.
		King Jahaila(Yagailla) and Lithuanian Grand Duke Vitaut the Great (Witold) had difficulty in reconciling with the occupation of their lands, the massacres of innocent citizens in villages near the Polish-Lithuanian-Teutonic borders.
		The Poles and Lithuanians realised they were not strong enough to oppose the terror which the knights visited on the far fringes of their land, and had to bear the invasions and insults in silence.
	grunwald.iatp.by /bw-e.htm (260 words)

	Lithuanian History
		Lithuanians already have a reputation as fierce warriors.
		In 1410, Lithuanians and allies crush the Teutonic Knights, ending the Teutonic Knight's military might in the region for good.
		Lithuanian Communists vote to break with the Soviet Party, a daring, even dangerous move at the time.
	www.balticsworldwide.com /tourist/lithuania/history.htm (476 words)

	Algirdas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Prince of Krevo and Vitsebsk (1341–5) and grand duke of Lithuania (1345–77), son of
		Algirdas unified the Lithuanian territories and waged war to enlarge his realm, making it one of the largest European states of his day.
		Algirdas succeeded in unifying all of the Belarusian and most of the Ukrainian territories under the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	www.encyclopediaofukraine.com /pages/A/L/Algirdas.htm (206 words)

	MSN Encarta - Lithuania
		The Lithuanian president is elected by direct popular vote for a term of five years and may serve a maximum of two consecutive terms.
		The president formally appoints a prime minister, the head of government, who must be approved by parliament.
		Like the other Baltic states, Lithuania has declined membership in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), a loose alliance of most of the former Soviet republics.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555831_4/Lithuania.html (1497 words)

	Lithuania: History
		In 1386, Lithuania and Poland were drawn together by a common enemy Ö the Teutonic Knights Ö and formed a union under the Lithuanian Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned king of Poland.
		It focused on the history of the Lithuanian state and Lithuanian language and culture, and began formulating demands for cultural and political rights.
		These rallies were the only way Lithuanians could express their nationalism and cultural pride during the Sovient occupation.
	www.javlb.org /folklife/lithuania.htm (328 words)

	Home Lith. Opera Chicago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		A soloist with the Lithuanian National Opera and Ballet Theatre (LNOBT) since 1977, he is the recipient of the “Kristoforas” award, bestowed by the Lithuanian Theatre Association.
		In 1988, maestro Alvydas Vasaitis was invited to be guest conductor of the Lithuanian National Philharmonic Orchestra in Vilnius, Lithuania, where he presented a concert of symphonic works by Jakubėnas and Brahms.
		The Lithuanian Opera of Chicago was established in 1956.
	lithoperachicago.org (2477 words)

	Embassy of the Republic of the Lithuania to the United States of America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Lithuanian ambassador to the USA Vygaudas Usackas on September 10 opened a new academic year in the Bernardas Brazdzionis Lithuanian Saturday School of San Diego, California.
		Bernardas Brazdzionis Lithuanian Saturday School was established in 2001 with the goal of helping Lithuanian families to hold on to their heritage.
		Lithuanian ambassador to the US Vygaudas Usackas with his son Raimundas and a group of Lithuanian tourists spend his summer vacation in a Russian province of Kamchiatka, which is famous for its breathtaking and untouched nature and wildlife.
	www.ltembassyus.org (1686 words)

	Lithuania - Military Flags
		I think the relationship of the width of the flag to the length should be 1:1.2, i.e.
		It would appear to be based on the lithuanian infrantry design but with a fl background and the battalion badge (a 3 headed dragon holding a sword) replacing the national emblem.
		The flag of Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas Staff Battalion (Lietuvos didžiojo kunigaikšcio Gedimino štabo batalionas), can be seen at .
	www.fotw.net /Flags/lt^.html (425 words)

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