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Topic: Litoptern

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	Great American Interchange - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Its most dramatic effect is on the zoogeography of mammals but it also gave an opportunity for non-flying arthropods, reptiles, amphibians and even freshwater fish to migrate.
		South America was characterised by a strange endemic fauna, consisting only of xenarthrans, notoungulates (the "alternative ungulates"), litopterns and marsupials, like armadillos, sloths (like the giant ground sloth, Megatherium) and anteaters.
		The notoungulates and the litopterns occupied ungulate ecological niches and had many strange forms, like Macrauchenia, a litoptern with a small proboscis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_American_Interchange (620 words)

	Litoptern - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		The Litoptern, also known as the pseudo-horse, is an order of fossil mammals from the Tertiary Period that displays toe reduction.
		This order, known only from South America, was common and varied in early faunas and persisted, in decreasing variety, into the Pleistocene.
		They seem to have originated in South America from the South American condylarths, and therefore to have the same source as the latter.
	www.indopedia.org /Litoptern.html (198 words)

	ABC - Science - Beasts - Macrauchenia Factfile
		This bizarre-looking animal was a member of a group of extinct animals called litopterns, only known from South America.
		No one knows how they were related to other mammals - until more fossils are found they are assumed to be distant relatives of our familiar hoofed animals.
		Macrauchenia was the last of its kind, its extinction saw the end of the litoptern lineage.
	abc.net.au /beasts/factfiles/factfiles/macrauchenia.htm (130 words)

	History of the Fauna of Latin America, by George Gaylord Simpson
		The striking similarity of some North American horses and some South American litopterns, evolving independently from a more or less remote condylarth ancestry, is a case in point.
		It can be interpreted either as straight parallelism from the common ancestral condylarth stage or as divergence, origin of the different orders Perissodactyla and Litopterna, followed by convergence between lineages in two families of these orders, Equidae in the first and Proterotheriidae in the second.
		Such forms as some litopterns and some horses may be considered ecological vicars in their respective areas, but others, like the glyptodonts, are ecological uniques.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/SIMP1950.htm (10381 words)

	Re: Sarcosuchus
		Being an amateur, much of my updated information (when I was kid, before I know paleontological magazines in university libraries) came from newspapers.
		And it was so boring the ridiculous mistakes so common in newspapers articles, like to call a litoptern as a "ancestor of the horse", or to call Brazilian Titanosaurus Tyrannosaurs.
		It's a problem of communications, because scientists usually dont know how to explain their discoveries easily, and jornalist usually dont know nothing about Paleontology.
	dml.cmnh.org /2001Oct/msg00721.html (575 words)

	BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Macrauchenia
		This bizarre-looking animal is a member of a group of extinct animals called litopterns, which are only known from South America.
		Macrauchenia was the last of its kind - when it went extinct it was the end of the litoptern lineage.
		None - it is a member of the now extinct group of South American hoofed animals.
	www.bbc.co.uk /nature/wildfacts/factfiles/455.shtml (288 words)

	The Friday Animal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Although its name means “long llama”, Macrauchenia was actually related to a group of animals that no longer exists, called litopterns.
		Macrauchenia was apparently the last of its kind and its extinction saw the end of the litoptern lineage.
		Macrauchenia had a long neck and may have had a long trunk.
	www.fridayanimal.com /87-091205.php (256 words)

	Re: Long, long last gasp.
		Most or all of the presumed victims died out a little earlier, 3.3 Ma ago, when a meteorite hit close to South America.
		Other presumed victims survived into the Pleistocene -- a few years ago a big phorusracid and a completely new litoptern with such ages have been discovered in Uruguay.
		When both Cimolestes magnus and Didelphodon vorax (both badger-sized, the former eu-, the latter metatherian) are present in the Hell Creek Fm and don't drive each other to extinction, yet are supposed to have died out due to the immigration of something else, then I must know what that something is supposed to be.
	dml.cmnh.org /2004Jan/msg00427.html (1218 words)

	Minoprio J - new and used books
		Simpson, G. and Minoprio, J. A New Adianthine Litoptern and Associated Mammals from a Deseadan Faunule in Mendoza, Argentina, 1949, American Museum of Natural History, Novitates, 1959 : 1-27, 10 figures.
		Visit paleopubs on the web to search their large selection of paleontology, geology, ornithology, entomology, aquatic biology and other natural sciences.
		Simpson, G. and Minoprio, J. - A New Adianthine Litoptern and Associated Mammals from a Deseadan Faunule in Mendoza, Argentina, 1949, American Museum of Natural History, Novitates, 1959 : 1-27, 10 figures.
	www.isbn.pl /A-Minoprio-J (186 words)

	bridges
		Simply put, the fossils indicate that nature experimented with many fanciful forms and styles before settling on the species and phyla that have emerged since then.
		Even relatively recently nature has experimented with strange forms, the titanothere (a giant rhino); the litoptern (a thing that looked like a camel with a snout, with horse's hooves) and giant anteaters and sloths.
		There were many strange-looking, seemingly impractical forms that emerged, only to meet quick extinction.
	www.forgotten-ny.com /LAMPS/honeywell/bridges.html (1205 words)

	EvC Forum: Dinos and Men (How do we assess the claims of sources?) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The last living litoptern Macrauchenia patachonica apparently went extinct ~20 kya.
		Finding a litoptern skeleton would be no less likely than finding any other fossil of a widely distributed organism.
		OTOH, getting from even a mostly-complete skeleton to an engraving of a living animal is a stretch, IMO.
	evcforum.net /cgi-bin/dm.cgi?action=msg&f=4&t=92&m=1 (4063 words)

	Definition of litoptern - Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
		Click here to search for another word in the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary.
		For More Information on "litoptern " go to Britannica.com
		Get the Top 10 Search Results for "litoptern "
	www.m-w.com /dictionary/litoptern (56 words)

	Braincasts of Two Typotheres & a Litoptern - SIMPSON,G.G. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Braincasts of Two Typotheres & a Litoptern - SIMPSON,G.G. Search Antiqbook
		SIMPSON,G.G. Braincasts of Two Typotheres & a Litoptern
		They offer full satisfaction and normal prices - no markups, no hidden costs, no overcharged shipping costs.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/mikesh/S1242-7983.shtml (64 words)

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