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Topic: Little Rock Integration Crisis

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Little Rock Nine

Central High School

Orval Faubus

Desegregation

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	Little Rock Nine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Little Rock Nine is the common term applied to the nine African-American students who were prevented from attending Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas during 1957.
		Little Rock Central High School still functions as part of the Little Rock School District and now houses a Civil Rights Museum to commemorate the events of 1957.
		The Little Rock Nine were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal of Honor in 1998.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Little_Rock_Crisis (451 words)

	Central High School (Little Rock) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Little Rock Central High School was the site of a major event during the civil rights movement in the United States.
		Nine fl students, known as the Little Rock Nine, were denied entrance to the school in defiance of the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court ruling ordering integration of public schools.
		The crisis at Little Rock’s Central High School was the first fundamental test of the national resolve to enforce fl civil rights in the face of massive southern defiance during the years following the Brown decision.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Little_Rock_Central_High_School (567 words)

	Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary
		In the summer of 1957, the city of Little Rock, Arkansas, made plans to desegregate its public schools.
		Little Rock felt it could break down the barriers of segregation in its schools with a carefully developed program.
		From a symposium on the historical perspective of the crisis at Central High to a birthday party for all the school's alumni to celebrate the 70th birthday of the magnificent building, the events of September 20-28, 1997, were exciting and memorable.
	www.centralhigh57.org (896 words)

	Desegregation - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Racial integration was handed a huge setback in 1896, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the case of Plessy v.
		Racial integration was also encouraged by the leaders of most Jewish groups and of some labor unions, although other unions vigorously opposed it, especially at first.
		Other opponents of integration are Black nationalists and religious movements such as the Black Muslims, who teach racial separation and fl supremacy, in stark contrast to mainstream Islam.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Desegregation (1015 words)

	Crisis Integration Little Rock NEWS, INFORMATION AND RESOURCES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		LITTLE ROCK Arkansas is moving closer to acquiring new voting systems for each of its 75 counties to prevent the balloting crisis that led to the unprecedented Florida recount in the 2000 presidential election.
		Crisis rocking Oyo State House of Assembly reached its peak yesterday as Speaker of the Assembly, Hon.
		Little Rock School Integration Crisis On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education that segregated schools are "inherently unequal." In September...
	www.thelittlerockweb.com /crisis-integration-little-rock.html (933 words)

	From Canterbury to Little Rock--Reading 2
		Built in 1927 at a cost of $1.5 million, Little Rock Senior High School, later to be renamed Little Rock Central High, was hailed as the most expensive, most beautiful, and largest high school in the nation.
		There was little open dissent among the city's white citizens in the three years of planning for the desegregation of Central High School.
		Just five days later the Little Rock School Board issued a policy statement that said it would comply with the Supreme Court decision when the Court outlined the method to be followed.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nR/twhp/wwwlps/lessons/crandall/CRfacts2.htm (2180 words)

	Little Rock Crisis NEWS, INFORMATION AND RESOURCES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		LITTLE ROCK - As the 12th week of the legislative session wound to a close Friday, embattled Arkansas lawmakers were still struggling to address one education crisis while another loomed.
		Bolstered by a robust June, collections of Little Rock's 2 percent tax on restaurants and hotels for the first half of 2005 were up 11.5 percent from the year-ago period.
		When the 50th anniversary of the Little Rock Central school crisis is observed in 2007, part of the commemoration will be a drama based on the events in 1957.
	www.thelittlerockweb.com /little-rock-crisis.html (707 words)

	CNN - Clinton to hold door for 'Little Rock Nine' - September 24, 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		LITTLE ROCK, Arkansas (CNN) -- President Clinton Thursday will hold open a Little Rock schoolhouse door so nine fl former students can enter, in a powerful symbolic repudiation of one of the ugliest incidents in U.S. civil rights history.
		Clinton is to speak at Central High School in Little Rock, which was desegregated September 25, 1957, under the presence of Army troops sent to enforce a court order in a historic test of the Constitution.
		The Little Rock crisis was the first time the federal government had enforced court-ordered integration.
	www1.cnn.com /US/9709/24/little.rock (587 words)

	Document Based Question (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Little Rock, Arkansas -- President Clinton is scheduled to visit Little Rock, the capital city of his home state of Arkansas on September 25 to mark the 40th anniversary of the struggle to integrate the public high schools.
		"Little Rock was a city of the New South, a middle-class, moderate town with an enlightened mayor, congressman and newspaper," writes New York Times reporter Anthony Lewis in his book, "Portrait of a Decade," which details events in the state capital as they unfolded in the years after the 1954 Supreme Court decision.
		Peaceful integration of Little Rock public schools continued in the 1959-60 school year, but was not fully completed in all schools until 1972.
	www.hannasd.org /sths/gaffey/bhist.htm (1856 words)

	Arkansas News Bureau - 50 years later in Little Rock
		Little Rock plans big doings in 2007, though the 50th anniversary of the Little Rock Central integration crisis risks being an anticlimax to the 40th.
		We could always take honest stock of where we are on race in Little Rock, in Arkansas, across the United States and throughout the world.
		John Brummett is a columnist for the Arkansas News Bureau in Little Rock.
	www.arkansasnews.com /archive/2005/06/30/JohnBrummett/323733.html (635 words)

	Little Rock Central High 40th Anniversary - The 1957-58 School Year
		The Little Rock School Board files a request for permission to delay integration until the concept of "all deliberate speed" is defined and until effective legal means exists for integrating the schools without impairing the quality of the educational programs.
		Little Rock Chamber of Commerce votes 819 to 245 in favor of reopening the schools on a controlled minimum plan of integration acceptable to the federal courts.
		This time Little Rock police take the offensive, quickly arresting 21 and calling in fire hoses to be turned on the remaining crowd, which dispersed.
	www.centralhigh57.org /1957-58.htm (1604 words)

	Little Rock Central High School biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is located at the intersection of 14th and Park Streets in Little Rock, Arkansas.
		The crisis at Little Rock?s Central High School was the first fundamental test of the national resolve to enforce African-American civil rights in the face of massive southern defiance during the years following the Brown decision.
		Little Rock Central High School was designated a unit of the National Park Service on November 6, 1998.
	little-rock-central-high-school.biography.ms (348 words)

	At Any Rate: Irene Gaston Samuel and the Life of a Southern Liberal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although reared in Little Rock, which was as segregated as any other part of the South, race had never been an issue in her home.
		In addition, because of their class, they were able to use their access to the power structure of Little Rock, as well as their time, money, and organizational resources to mobilize support for the schools.
		With little time to prepare, and fighting against a ballot demanding either the immediate integration of all schools or the closing of the schools, the WEC lost the initial vote by a margin of almost three to one.
	www.uca.edu /divisions/academic/history/cahr/samuel.htm (5136 words)

	Crisis in Little Rock
		The president was still reluctant to endorse integration, but saw the crisis as a challenge to federal authority.
		Little Rock was but one extraordinary example of the steps Southern governors, lawmakers and citizens took to resist the Brown ruling.
		Thurgood Marshall was genuinely surprised by the virulent opposition to integration in the South.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/marshall/littlerock1.html (2053 words)

	Central High - 40 years later
		The crisis of 1957 was reported in powerful detail by the two statewide newspapers of that era -- the morning Arkansas Gazette and the afternoon Arkansas Democrat.
		Most students at Little Rock Central High School can't help but occasionally ponder their school's turbulent past, particularly with frequent visits from reporters and tourists.
		The heroism of nine fl teen-agers who were cursed and spat upon as they integrated Little Rock Central High School in 1957, would be recognized with Congress' most prestigious civilian award under a bill the House passed Friday (Oct. 9, 1998).
	www.ardemgaz.com /prev/central (1104 words)

	Arkansas News Bureau
		LITTLE ROCK - The NBA stat leaders of the future are not difficult to identify.
		LITTLE ROCK - Only blocks from the euphoria of Arkansas 17, Texas 14 and the depression of Texas 16, Arkansas 14, the 10-foot banner was mounted on hooks on the front porch of the home converted into the office of Riddick Engineering.
		LITTLE ROCK - China was the state's sixth-largest export partner with Arkansas businesses in fiscal 2003, according to the Arkansas Department of Economic Development figures.
	www.arkansasnews.com /archive/2005/07/04/columnist_index.html (1767 words)

	Arkansas News Bureau
		LITTLE ROCK - Listening to Rick Schaeffer and Randy Rainwater go on and on about voting for the top 25 Razorbacks of the past 25 years, there was a left-out feeling.
		LITTLE ROCK - Those high school all-star games for soccer, baseball, girls softball, and volleyball are the fallout from a North Little Rock hotel's decision to dig in and boot out high school coaches.
		LITTLE ROCK - At the bottom of the questionnaire for high school administrators was a sad comment on athletics and more.
	www.arkansasnews.com /archive/2005/07/09/columnist_index.html (1737 words)

	ON THIS DAY \| 25 \| 1957: Troops end Little Rock school crisis
		Little Rock became of symbol of southern resistance to government attempts to desegregate American society.
		A year later Little Rock's white residents voted to close the high schools rather than keep them open on a desegregated basis.
		Governor Faubus' resistance to integration was popular with locals and he remained governor for the next ten years.
	news.bbc.co.uk /onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/25/newsid_3078000/3078227.stm (465 words)

	CNN.com - Little Rock integration, 45 years later - Sep. 26, 2002
		It was as a peacemaker that she recently traveled to Belfast, Northern Ireland, where a mural in the war-ravaged town depicts members of the Little Rock Nine.
		She said children in Northern Ireland knew more about the history of the Little Rock desegregation crisis than many children she has spoken with in Arkansas.
		The city of Little Rock is hosting a weeklong summit on race as part of the 45th anniversary of the integration fight.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/EDUCATION/09/26/central.45years.ap (530 words)

	Concerns about the little rock nine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Little Rock Nine from Central High in 1957 discussed in the Arkansas Encyclopedia of famous Arkansans, landmarks, state events, and historic happenings.
		The The Little Rock Nine is the common term applied to the nine African-American students who were...
		School in Little Rock, Arkansas during the Little Rock Integration Crisis of...
	lifestyle-gd.com /articles/201/the-little-rock-nine.html (515 words)

	Tiger Articles Little Rock 9
		This is the opportunity for you as citizens of Arkansas and students of Little Rock Central High to show the world that Arkansas is a progressive thriving state of wide-awake alert people.
		Just for the sake of the record, let us remind our readers that less than 1% of the population of Little Rock was in the crowd of people gathered in front of CHS when school opened Monday morning, September 23.
		The Little Rock School Board presented its plan of gradual integration to the federal district court, which gave the solution its approval.
	shs.westport.k12.ct.us /jwb/Collab/CivRts/Tiger.htm (2700 words)

	Crisis in Little Rock
		It provided that a start toward integration would be made at the present term in the high school, and that the plan would be in full operation by 1963.
		Now this Little Rock plan was challenged in the courts by some who believed that the period of time as proposed in the plan was too long.
		The United States Court at Little Rock, which has supervisory responsibility under the law for the plan of desegregation in the public schools, dismissed the challenge, thus approving a gradual rather than an abrupt change from the existing system.
	americanradioworks.publicradio.org /features/marshall/ike.html (1532 words)

	NLE Bibliographies Little Rock Crisis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Warriors Don't Cry: A Searing Memoir of the Battle to Integrate Little Rock's Central High.
		Christians in Racial Crisis: A Study of Little Rock's Ministry.
		The Little Rock Central Desegregation Crisis of 1957.
	www.eisenhower.utexas.edu /lrock.htm (160 words)

	Little Rock School Integration, 1957
		In Series 3, materials pertaining to the integration of Little Rock's Central High School include a chronology of events; texts of statements by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Governor Orval Faubus, Attorney- General's office personnel, and Warren Olney, III; Caldwell's correspondence with L. Brooks Hays, Archie F. House, and William H. Hadley; and magazine articles.
		Pertinent materials may be found in Series 14 "Records Pertaining to Little Rock Integration Crisis" and Series 15 "Records Pertaining to Race Relations in Arkansas." as well as in other series, especially those for photographs, sound recordings and motion picture films, clippings, subject files, and general correspondence.
		Materials pertaining to integration in Little Rock may be found in several series of these papers, especially series 3 and 4.
	libinfo.uark.edu /specialcollections/manuscripts/integration1957.asp (802 words)

	Daisy Bates Biography
		Bates and her husband L.C. Bates were important figures in the Little Rock Integration Crisis in 1957.
		President Dwight D. Eisenhower intervened by federalizing the Arkansas National Guard and dispatching the 101st Airborne Division to Little Rock to ensure that the court orders were enforced.
		Their involvement in the Little Rock Crisis resulted in the loss of much advertising revenue to their newspaper and it was forced to close in 1959.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Bates_Daisy.html (405 words)

	Desegregation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Desegregation (sometimes called integration, but not to be confused with mathematical integration) is a term used to describe the process of ending racial segregation, most usually used in reference to the United States.
		In 1957, U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower enforced the Supreme Court's 1954 school desegregation order by sending troops to Little Rock, Arkansas when the Governor of the state resisted allowing fl students (known as the Little Rock Nine) to attend the previously all-white Little Rock Central High School.
		In 1971 the Supreme Court of the United States rules unanimously that busing of students may be ordered to achieve racial desegregation.
	usapedia.com /d/desegregation.html (137 words)

	little rock arkansas central high school integration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Little Rock Central High School Crisis Time Line and Source Material at the Arkansas History Commission Page 1 of 2 ARKANSAS...
		Little Rock Central High Built in 1927 at a cost of $1.5 million, Little Rock Senior High School, later to be renamed Little Rock Central High...
		Little Rock School Integration Crisis On May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme...
	school-rock5.schoolsedu.com /little-rock-arkansas-central-high-school-integration.html (325 words)

	Arkansas Resources for African American Studies
		Gillam was a Little Rock alderman, county coroner, and state legislator.
		Data on Eisenhower's role in the Little Rock Integration Crisis of 1957-1959.
		Wagy, Thomas R. "Governor LeRoy Collins of Florida and the Little Rock Crisis of 1957." Arkansas Historical Quarterly, XXXVIII (Summer 1979), 99-115.
	arkedu.state.ar.us /africanamerican/arkres.htm (5271 words)

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