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Topic: Littoral drift

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Littoral

	Littoral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The littoral zone of a freshwater biome refers to the region of well-lit water close to shore.
		The natural movement of the littoral along the coast is called the littoral drift.
		In human culture, the littoral is very important; a large percentage of the world's population lives close to lakes or the sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Littoral (308 words)

	HARBOUR - LoveToKnow Article on HARBOUR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Even this low obstruction, however, to the littoral drift of sand caused an advance of the low water line as the jetties were carried out, so that further extensions of the jetties had eventually to be abandoned, as occurred at Dunkirk (see DocK).
		If there is little littoral drift from - the most exposed quarter, the amount ~- ~~ ~ of sand brought in during storms, - -- which is smaller in proportion to the depth into which the entrance is carried, can be readily removed by - - ~,,.
		The great drift, however, of sand along the coast from south to north soon produced an advance of the shore against the outside of the south breakwater, and erosion beyond the north breakwater; and the progression of the foreshore has extended so far seawards as to produce shoaling at the entrance.
	27.1911encyclopedia.org /H/HA/HARBOUR.htm (2446 words)

	Encyclopedia: Littoral zone
		The littoral province of Cameroon is the richest province.
		Littoral, or seashore, habitats are subdivided on the basis of substratum type into two broad sections: littoral rock (hard substrata colonised mainly by epibiota) and littoral sediment (unconsolidated material colonised mainly by infauna).
		Littoral rock includes rocky habitats of the littoral, or intertidal zone that extends from the upper limit of the supralittoral, or spray zone, to the MLWS tide mark.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Littoral-zone (616 words)

	Littoral drift: Just the facts... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		As the water moves along the shore, it creates what is called the littoral drift (additional info and facts about littoral drift).
		Littoral drift is the movement of sand in the direction of the prevailing longshore current.
		Groin (The crease at the junction of the inner part of the thigh with the trunk together with the adjacent region and often including the external genitals) s trap sand in littoral drift and halt its longshore movement along beaches.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/li/littoral_drift.htm (116 words)

	RECLAMATION OF LAND - LoveToKnow Article on RECLAMATION OF LAND (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Along most coasts there is a littoral drift of sand or shingle; by means of groynes, projecting from the coast-line down the beach, this drift may be intercepted so as to produce accretion to the foreshore, where previously there has been constant erosion.
		Littoral drift is the product of erosion, and the fate of a large portion of this drift is to be deposited in deep water.
		Drift generally travels in both directions along a coast, veering with the wind; thus the prevailing wind determines the preponderating travel of the drift.
	16.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RE/RECLAMATION_OF_LAND.htm (2874 words)

	Littoral drift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Littoral drift (also called shore drift) is the constant flow of sand, gravel, and other sediments as they are dragged across the shoreline in a river-like path by the prevailing longshore current.
		Littoral drift drags these particles in a zig zag pattern along the shoreline as waves flow in and out at a diagonal angle.
		Groynes trap sand in littoral drift and halt its longshore movement along beaches.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Littoral_drift (173 words)

	Longshore drift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In geography, longshore drift (LSD) (or littoral drift) refers to a process by which sediments move along a beach shoreline.
		Longshore drift is one of the principal processes in the construction of spits, bars and tombolos, and the overall sustainability of beach deposits.
		As such, coastal towns in longshore drift areas employ coastal defences such as groynes, which interrupt the downshore movement of sediment.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Longshore_drift (404 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Problems and Opportunities in the Design of Entrances to Ports and Harbors Proceedings of a ...
		Undoubtedly, the drift occurs in one direction along the various coastlines at certain times of the year, and in the opposite direction during the remainder of the year; however, a net drift occurs in the direction and at the rate indicated.
		The effect of a structure that extends seaward from the shore and across the littoral zone is to act as a dam and trap the littoral drift.
		The impounding capacity is dependent on the height of the structure, the bottom slope, and the equilibrium alinement of the shore in that region.
	www.nap.edu /books/POD094/html/101.html (4374 words)

	Encyclopedia: Littoral drift
		For example, many structures block littoral drift, which is a movement of sand parallel to the coast, both on the beach and offshore, caused by waves.
		Impeding sand is then dredged from the entrance channel and deposited in the inter-tidal zone where the existing littoral drift carries it down-coast, nourishing those beaches east of the Santa Cruz Harbor entrance.
		Because of sand incursion at the mouth of the harbor, it is essential that an annual dredging effort be maintained to assure sufficient depth at the harbour entrance to permit the safe passage of vessels transiting the entrance.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Littoral-drift (550 words)

	Tait and Revenaugh
		Model results indicate that beach sediments are primarily derived from the open coast north of the bay, that a littoral cell boundary exists in the center of the bay at Moss Landing, and that beach deposits produced by paleo- littoral drift during a sea level low-stand lie along the 100-m isobath.
		Another high-source track of the littoral drift signal is found at the outer edge of the continental shelf along the 100-m isobath.
		The signatures of local sources are largely masked, i.e., overwhelmed by littoral drift from outside the bay, or are at least masked by the end of summer when the samples were collected.
	www.es.ucsc.edu /~jsr/Publications/Papers/P4/paper.html (5015 words)

	WHYY Franklin Facts
		The two most powerful influences on this drift along the Delaware and Jersey coasts are nor'easters and the sea breeze, and each has its own season.
		On average, the sea-breeze effect wins out along the Delaware Coast, so the overall drift of sand is to the north.
		Interestingly, south of Fenwick, the influence of nor'easters beats out the sea-breeze effect, so the overall drift there is south, helping to ever-so-slowly build the beaches of Ocean City, Maryland.
	www.whyy.org /tv12/franklinfacts/sep2500ff.html (221 words)

	man and coastal system (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Today some residents are buffeted by sand drifts as the offshore winds are still blowing the sand that remains, while others suffer a surfeit of beach because not enough sand is left for replenishment.
		littoral barrier between the seaward end of the structure and the limit of wave uprush on the beach.
		river mouths includes the collection of material that would be part of the littoral drift sand and results in severe erosion such as that seen near the mouths of many rivers.
	www.uprm.edu /geol/Morelock/GEOLOCN_/mancst.htm (3080 words)

	Littoral Drift
		A shoal forms and elongates at interruptions and terminations in littoral drift, such as at inlets and at islands in estuaries and bays.
		These features grow in the direction of the net littoral drift and are often manifested as subaerial spits.
		Where the littoral drift reaches a break in the shoreline, sand is deposited, forming a submerged shoal or spit.
	www.taylorengineering.com /dmshome/DMSManual/littoral.htm (688 words)

	Net Shore-Drift in Washington State (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Littoral drift, or shore drift, is the process by which beach sediment is moved along the shoreline.
		Drift cells were digitized as a single point, the point being the end of the drift cell with the largest measure on the underlying shoreline route.
		Placement: For consistency, the drift cell points were located as close as possible to the beginning and end of the drift cell arrows on the paper maps.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /services/gis/data/shore/driftcells.htm (1804 words)

	Implications of Harbor Dredging for the Santa Barbara Littoral Cell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The consequences of interrupting the ”river of sand”, or littoral drift, traveling along the coast are often adverse and detrimental to the adjacent shoreline.
		Although sand inputs to littoral cells from coastal streams and from cliff erosion are difficult to quantify accurately due to both spatial and temporal variations in the key quantities that need to be measured, long-term average annual dredging volumes can provide useful data on littoral drift rates at specific locations within littoral cells.
		Using harbor dredging records as a proxy, littoral drift rates for the Santa Barbara littoral cell at Santa Barbara, Ventura, and Channel Islands harbors are as follows: 300,000 yd³/yr, 600,000 yd³/yr, and a minimum of 1,000,000 yd³/yr respectively.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?0414083 (331 words)

	Case Study Series: Conneaut Harbor
		This long-term blockage of littoral drift material effectively starves the beaches to the east of the harbor, leading to rapid erosion of the shoreline at a rate of approximately 2 feet per year for a distance of nearly 3.5 miles, with diminishing effects beyond that point.
		Those arriving from Conneaut Creek were found to be appropriate for open lake disposal, while those accumulated through littoral drift and storm processes were considered appropriate for restoration of the nearshore littoral budget.
		Littoral disposal was accomplished within the Corps' contract, at no cost to Ohio or Pennsylvania.
	www.glc.org /dredging/case/conneaut.html (877 words)

	Large-Scale Coastal Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The longshore current causes a sediment transport, the littoral drift, which in many cases plays a very important part in the sediment budget for a stretch of coastline.
		Sediment accumulates along the coast and the littoral drift decreases gradually to become zero at the tip of the spit.
		The variation in the littoral drift is due to the variation in the orientation of the coastline relative to the incoming waves.
	www.dtu.dk /Inst/MEK/English/Research/Feature_Articles/Large_Scale_Coastal_Morphology.aspx (514 words)

	Beaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		It is this littoral transport mechanism that causes humans problems by removing material from where we would like to have it—on our beach—and placing it where we do not want it— such as in the harbor channel entrance.
		The movement of littoral drift in the littoral zone by waves and currents including movement parallel (longshore transport) and perpendicular (on/offshore transport) to the shore.
		The sedimentary material that is being moved in the littoral zone as a result of waves breaking at an angle on the shore.
	www.dnr.state.oh.us /coastal/science/beaches.htm (719 words)

	Dock & marine facilities engineering - HELP NEEDED ON HARBOUR DESIGN
		Littoral drift is the transport of sand and sediments due to the action of waves on beaches...in the general alongshore direction.
		Littoral drift is the transport of sand and sediments due to the.
		Actually Littoral Drift is the material moved and Littoral Transport is the mechanisim of moving Littoral Drift.
	www.eng-tips.com /viewthread.cfm?qid=7956 (971 words)

	Littoral Drift and Erosion at Belle Pass, Louisiana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Permission for construction, required by the Corps of Engineers, was granted after map and aerial photo studies, field observations, and hydraulic model experiments showed that beach erosion, and especially littoral bypassing, would be insignificantly affected by extension to the existing single jetty and construction of a new twin jetty.
		The average annual recession rate of the coastline in the Belle Pass area between 1885 and 1932 was 79 ft/yr (24m/yr).
		Most littoral material bypasses the jetties due to inefficient orientation to the present shore line.
	www.pubs.asce.org /WWWdisplay.cgi?5014184 (216 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science» Geology Resources Division (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Littoral currents flow either parallel to the shoreline (e.g., longshore currents) or perpendicular to the shoreline (rip currents or undertow).
		Littoral transport is the movement of littoral drift in the littoral zone by waves and currents.
		When greater energy is expended by waves in the littoral zone, erosive forces increase the transport of littoral drift.
	www2.nature.nps.gov /geology/parks/fiis (2201 words)

	Littoral Zone
		littoral (littoral), zone littorale, zone intertidale, zone intercotidale.
		litorale (coast, coastal, littoral, shoreline), linea di costa, zona enlittorale (intertidal zone).
		litoral (coast, coastal, coastland, coastline, littoral, seaboard, seacoast, seashore, seaside, shore), zona litoral (coastal area, coastal zone), zona de águas baixas (intertidal zone).
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/li/littoral+zone.html (360 words)

	DrBeach.Org
		LITTORAL BUDGET Sediment budget of the beach consisting of sources and sinks.
		LITTORAL DRIFT Sand and coarser material moved in the breaker and swash zones by waves and longshore currents along the shoreline.
		LITTORAL SYSTEM Area from the landward edge of the coastal upland (usually the dune) to the seaward edge of the nearshore zone.
	www.drbeach.org /drbeach/beach_terminology04.htm (375 words)

	CHALLENGES TO UNDERSTANDING LITTORAL SAND BUDGETS ALONG ACTIVE MARGIN, HIGH ENERGY COASTLINES
		Methods for quantifying source inputs, littoral drift rates, losses to individual sinks, and long-term changes in beach volumes are primitive by the standards of other disciplines.
		Research is underway to determine sand budgets for all of California’s littoral cells using harbor dredging as a proxy for littoral drift at specific points within littoral cells.
		Improving our ability to quantify littoral sand delivery or production from different sources, littoral transport rates and long-term changes in beach volumes is necessary if we are to understand how human activity has altered the beaches of individual littoral cells.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_60609.htm (501 words)

	Resume
		Research was carried out for one year on Padre Island, Texas studying the origin of the shell beaches and their relationship to the littoral drift system of the Texas coast.
		Quantitative computations of the littoral drift system from long term daily wave records were used to analyze changes in the beaches adjacent to the jetties and to estimate the volume of sediment bypassing the channel mouth.
		The relationship between littoral drift rate and the longshore component of wave energy flux, Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 106p.
	www.packery.com /rwatson/packery/resume.htm (2159 words)

	ABSTRACT: Littoral currents along an irregular shoreline. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A numerical approach is used to determine the littoral current velocity for each point between the breaker line and the shoreline on a grid, based on the wave characteristics determined from a nearshore wave model and the coastal bathymetry.
		By considering the irregular shoreline and beach slope in the lake it has been shown that the littoral current velocity is relatively small, even for waves corresponding to a 6 month wind event.
		Small bays and headlands in the lake cause bending of wave rays such that a continuous littoral drift does not form.
	cgrg.geog.uvic.ca /abstracts/MulliganLittoralA.html (208 words)

	CCSWW Projects - Benson Beach Littoral Cell Restoration
		The term littoral drift refers to the process of waves and currents carrying sand along the shore.
		The Littoral Drift Restoration (LDR) Project is a long-term strategy for disposal of dredged sediment at the MCR.
		The purpose of the project is to restore significant quantities of sediment directly to the littoral drift on the Washington Coast to the north of MCR.
	www.washington-coastal.com /benson_beach.htm (1877 words)

	Glossary of terms
		Groin: Barrier-type structures that extend from the backshore into the littoral zone used to retard longshore transport of sediment in the littoral zone and generally constructed parallel to the shoreline.
		Littoral: Of or pertaining to the shore, especially of the sea.
		Littoral Drift: The movement of sand by littoral (longshore) currents in a direction generally parallel to the beach along the shore.
	www.floodplain.org /glossary_of_terms.htm (6296 words)

	Puget Sound Beaches (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bauer's (1974) mapping and description of littoral cells, or drift sectors, in Whatcom County is a local landmark study.
		The Atlas estimated drift directions using hindcasting methods where historical wind data was used to estimate wave conditions and to model sediment transport directions.
		They applied a protocol (Jacobsen and Schwartz 1981) for delineating long-term patterns in littoral drift based on a suite of geomorphological criteria, including the effect of local obstructions to drift, systematic changes in sediment size and bluff morphology, beach morphology, and the shape of coastal landforms (spit orientation or stream mouth offsets, for example).
	students.washington.edu /dfinlays/beaches (3098 words)

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