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	Littrow - 1/10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		The Littrow spectrograph in R=10000 uses an achromatic doublet lens of 300 mm focal-length and a grating of 1200 traits/mm (limiting magnitude of 6 with a telescope 200 mm in diameter).
		The optical configuration adopted for the spectrograph is of the Littrow type because it optimizes the size and the cost (the same lens objective is used as collimator and camber objective and this saves room...).
		Resolution test of a moderate resolution version of the Littrow spectrograph (dispersion of 0,515 A/pixel - R=5500) on a small portion of the spectrum of the star Zeta Cepheus (spectral type K1) in the region of the Sodium doublet (D1-D2).
	www.astrosurf.org /buil/us/spectro8/spaude_us.htm (1087 words)

	Encyclopedia: Littrow (crater) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Littrow is a lunar crater that is located in the northeast part of the Moon's near side, on the east edge of Mare Serenitatis.
		Some distance to the northeast is the prominent Römer crater, while to the south is Vitruvius crater.
		The interior has been flooded with lava in the past, leaving a relatively smooth, featureless surface with no central rise.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Littrow-(crater) (190 words)

	Patent 4717254: Stray-light suppressor for Littrow spectroscope
		Littrow spectroscope is an optical instrument for taking out an output of light of given wavelengths from the spectrum of a halogen lamp showing wide-band components.
		The construction of an ordinary Littrow spectroscope is schematically shown in FIG.
		This invention is aimed at the elimination of the stray light inherent to the Littrow spectroscope.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4717254.html (1047 words)

	Littrow - 5/10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		This chapter describes the various stages of the processing of spectra obtained with the Littrow " high-resolution " (dispersion of 0.38 angstroms/pixel, for a spectral FWHM resolution of 0.9A towards 6500A, and so, a resolution power of 7000 around this wavelength).
		The sequence is adapted to the study of the Be stars in the optics of the systematic program of monitoring and measurement over a long period of time.
		It should be stressed that the flat-field would be more correct if it is obtained at the zero-order (direct image of the sky on the CCD without spectral dispersion), but this were not possible on the tested prototype, but is corrected thereafter.
	www.astrosurf.org /buil/us/spectro8/spaude3_us.htm (1011 words)

	James Landrith - Taking The Gloves Off: Maximilian Hell
		Further derision was directed at Hell as a result of accusations of data tampering levied by Carl Littrow.
		Littrow, one of Hell's successors, claimed he found physical evidence proving Hell had falsified data.
		Newcomb determined that Littrow's evidence was in error, due to the astronomer's colorblindness distorting his perception of Hell's data gathering methods.
	www.jameslandrith.com /archives/001171.html (367 words)

	Literature Examples of GSOLVER Calculations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		The calculation is a function of the Littrow condition for the wavelength ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 (in units of the period).
		The Littrow angle for lambda = 1 micron is 30 degrees (for a period of 1 micron).
		If the wavelength is varied with the Littrow condition turned on, then theta is automatically varied so that the first order Littrow condition is satisfied, assuming the superstrate index is (1.0, 0.0).
	www.gsolver.com /example1/example1.html (999 words)

	Apollo 17 Orbital Views of the Landing Site
		Closely spaced domical hills, smaller in size than the massifs, compose the northeastern edge of the valley (Sculptured Hills, east of North Massif).
		Littrow Crater is the partly flooded crater north of the valley.
		A prominent topographic feature on the Taurus-Littrow valley floor is the Lincoln Scarp (which merges with the Lee Scarp near South Massif).
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo17/A17_LandingSite_viewsof.html (496 words)

	Littrow - 1/10
		Plusieurs prototypes de spectrographe Littrow ont été construit (Robert Delmas, Christian Buil, Thierry Maciaszek) les résolution spectrale vont de 500 à 10000 suivant le modèle.
		L'un de ces spectrographe est utilisé depuis 1999 sur le programme de surveillance des étoiles Be.
		Le spectrographe Littrow à R=10000 utilise quant à lui un doublet achromatique de 300 mm de distance focale et un réseau de 1200 traits/mm (magnitude limite de 6 avec un télescope de 200 mm de diamètre).
	www.astrosurf.com /buil/us/spectro8/spaude.htm (1025 words)

	Littrow Prisms
		Littrow prisms are retro-reflecting dispersing prisms which have been arranged so that a beam entering at the Brewster angle undergoes minimum deviation and hence maximum dispersion.
		We offer Littrow prisms uncoated but special coatings can be applied on request.
		We can supply Littrow prisms in the following standard sizes: 12.7, 19.1, 25.4 mm.
	www.optarius.co.uk /littrow_prisms.htm (135 words)

	Patent 5026131: High channel density, broad bandwidth wavelength division multiplexer with highly non-uniform ...
		Specifically, a wavelength division multiplexer employing optimally grouped input and output fiber optics, a Fourier transform (imaging) lens, and a holographic dispersion grating mounted at Littrow configuration in paraxial alignment is presented.
		The dispersion grating 18 is in a Littrow configuration with respect to the lens 16.
		As seen in the above treatment of the fundamental wavelength division mutliplexer and analysis of the relationships and equations applicable thereto, the losses minimized by the f--f relationship and the Littrow configuration are the losses due to dispersion broadening, l.sub.d, in the loss equation.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5026131.html (6095 words)

	Littrow, Atlas, 1839 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Littrow's Atlas of the Starry Heavens was compiled for the use of other astronomers, rather than for the viewing public.
		The constellation figures have been reduced to a faint outline, although the star symbols are very dark and prominent.
		Being German, von Littrow did tend to follow the Bode rather than the Flamsteed tradition, and all of Bode's constellations, both the ones he invented and the ones he adopted, are included here.
	www.lhl.lib.mo.us /events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/stars/lit.htm (112 words)

	The Carlsten-Repasky Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Below are descriptions ecdl's that have come from our lab; the Littman, the Littrow, the Littrow chirped, and the waveguide chirped ecdl's.
		We have found that the Littrow configuration had much better frequency locking characteristics at lower frequencies than the Littman due to the lack of the large leverarm.
		The second Littrow ecdl was designed by Kevin Repasky as a LIDAR source.
	www.physics.montana.edu /optics/jlc/development.html (735 words)

	1999 Summary of Engineering Research - Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering
		A diffraction grating was used in the Littrow and off-Littrow configurations to select the lines in a cw HF stable resonator.
		Two-line (one Littrow line, one off-Littrow line) and three-line (one Littrow line, two off-Littrow lines) Littrow/off-Littrow line combinations were demonstrated.
		The grating reflectivity was a strong function of the polarization of the laser beam.
	www.engr.uiuc.edu /publications/engineering_research/1999/pg000024.htm (543 words)

	UV Dispersing Prisms
		Brewster and Littrow prisms are designed for minimum deviation at the Brewster angle, thereby minimizing losses in the transmitted p-polarized component.
		The Littrow version is a retro-reflecting Brewster prism and is often used in laser cavities.
		A Pellin Broca prism is a constant deviation (90°) dispersing prism and is useful for single wavelength selection.
	www.lambda.cc /PAGE38.htm (110 words)

	Tunable Littrow External Cavity Diode Laser
		The output power can be optimized by increasing the gain of the diode laser, increasing the reflectivity of the rear mirror, and decresing the reflectivity of the front mirror R2.
		Sacher Lasertechnik has realized the high power Littrow laser by choosing a high gain diode laser, by applying a perfect anti-reflection coating to one of the laser facets and by choosing a low efficiency grating for optimizing the output power of the laser system.
		The modular design of our Littrow laser system enables a fast and easy exchange of the operation wavelength.
	www.laser2000.co.uk /lasers/systems/lynx.htm (486 words)

	Apollo 17 Summary
		Holdover experiments from prior missions included a heat flow experiment (a last opportunity to confirm the Apollo 15 measurement), a cosmic ray detector similar to the one first flown on Apollo 16, and a deep core like the ones drilled on both Apollos 15 and 16.
		As it turned out, the dark color - and the orange as well - was, due to the presence of tiny spheres of volcanic glass, with the color differences having been produced by variations in rates at which the two types of glass cooled.
		Later, examination of soil samples and cores collected at other stops showed that both types of glass are widely distributed on the floor of Taurus Littrow and are the distinguishing component of the so-called dark mantle.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/apo17.htm (12590 words)

	Apollo Flight Journal - Apollo 15 Flight Image Library
		Visible: Sea of Serenity, Le Monnier, Clerke, and Littrow craters.
		Apollo 17 landing site at Taurus Littrow with the Sea of Serenity to the west and the Sea of Tranquillity to the south.
		Further west over the Sea of Serenity: Apollo 17 landing site at Taurus Littrow with the Sea of Tranquillity to the south.
	history.nasa.gov /ap15fj/a15images.htm (2486 words)

	Resolving Powers of Immersed Transmission Gratings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		In Littrow configuration, with both prism angles equal to
		The usefulness of Littrow configuration is three fold: (i) VPH unslanted fringes can be used (slanted fringes may curve during DCG processing); (ii) the beam size remains about the same, which keeps the camera optics smaller and simpler; and (iii) the angular size of the slit remains nearly the same.
		Figure 2 shows resolving powers at Littrow versus total beam deviation with the Bragg angle annotated.
	mrhanky.pha.jhu.edu /~baldry/grating-res/grating-res.html (430 words)

	Joseph Johann Littrow
		He was the father of Karl L. Littrow and the advisor of the mathematician Nikolai Brashman.
		This page was last modified 01:36, 23 Jan 2005.
		The article about Joseph Johann Littrow contains information related to Joseph Johann Littrow.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Johann_Josef_von_Littrow (85 words)

	optics.org - New Products
		Sacher Lasertechnik Group has modified their Littrow cavity design in order to improve the performance data of the tunable external cavity diode laser.
		Commercially available diode lasers with external cavity in Littrow design show severe disadvantages since light is usually coupled out via the zero order of the diffraction grating.
		The developers at Sacher Lasertechnik Group redesigned the Littrow cavity resulting in major improvements compared with conventionally available Littrow systems, e.g.
	optics.org /press/6020 (252 words)

	Littrow - 10/10
		Composite of 18 spectra exposed 120 seconds (FSQ-106 + Littrow R=500) under the beautiful sky of Pic du Midi Observatory (french Pyrénées).
		Refractor Takahashi FSQ-106 (4.2 inch aperture) and Littrow spectrograph at dispersion of 8 Angstroms per pixel.
		The observation if made at Pic du Midi Observatory.
	www.astrosurf.com /buil/us/spectro8/spaude5_us.htm (334 words)

	Setting Up the Littrow Spectrograph for Calcium K Line Scans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Part of the daily observing program is the recording of calcium K line spectral data.
		This is done on every clear day that the Littrow spectrograph is not scheduled for any other observing run.
		Then plug in the cable from the North-South guider into the box on the Littrow bench.
	www.nso.edu /sunspot/esfwww/esf/instruments/lsg/cak.doc.html (2288 words)

	Taurus Intro
		Taurus Littrow was formed in 1993 in response to the growing demand for Solar Shading as a way of addressing the increasing need for improved energy management in the working environment.
		We provide Bespoke solutions responding to the constraints of each project by establishing close links with Architects at an early stage allowing us to advise on the most appropriate products.
		Taurus Littrow have worked on numerous prestigious projects with many of the UK's leading Architects, offering a friendly, personal service, with in-house design and a range of proven high quality products sourced from all over Europe.
	homepages.enterprise.net /taurus/html/intro.html (148 words)

	Littrow - 4/10
		C'est souvent une lampe à incandescence qui est utilisée pour cela, mais ce type de solution c'est avéré problématique à mettre en oeuvre avec le Littrow basse résolution et à fente large.
		Le version basse résolution du spectrographe Littrow testée révèle des caractéristiques proches du niveau théorique espéré.
		A partir d'un calcul théorique utilisant les résultats précédent, il apparaît que le spectrographe Littrow basse résolution exploité dans un ciel bien noir et en posant autour de 20 minutes devrait permettre d'atteindre avec un S/B de 6 la magnitude 15 sur un C11 et la magnitude 16.7 sur un télescope de 600 mm.
	astrosurf.com /buil/us/spectro8/spaude02.htm (2238 words)

	Lunar Archeology Organization: Apollo 17 - Taurus Littrow Valley - Station 9 - Van Serg (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Lunar Archeology Organization: Apollo 17 - Taurus Littrow Valley - Station 9 - Van Serg
		Apollo 17 - Taurus Littrow Valley - Station 9 -
		Above - additional partials (contrasted and darkened) of indicated frame numbers showing Artifact 3.
	www.lunararcheology.org /station9_vanserg.html (414 words)

	The Mathematics Genealogy Project - Joseph von Littrow
		Click here to see the students listed in chronological order.
		According to our current on-line database, Joseph von Littrow has 2 students and 3498 descendants.
		If you have additional information or corrections regarding this mathematician, please use the update form.
	genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu /html/id.phtml?id=12540 (108 words)

	Apollo 17 Landing Site Overview
		This valley is located in the mountainous highlands at the eastern rim of the Serenitatis basin, about 750 kilometers east of the the Apollo 15 landing site and about the same distance north of the Apollo 11 site.
		The Apollo 17 site is in a dark deposit between massifs of the southwestern Taurus Mountains and south of the crater Littrow.
		The valley floor is essentially flat with only a gentle incline.
	www.lpi.usra.edu /expmoon/Apollo17/A17_lsite.html (265 words)

	::: GratingWorks ::: Tech Support
		Groove density can be designed from 600 lines/mm to 1200 lines/mm.
		Their diffraction efficiencies meet the requirements of various applications in wavelength band S, C and L. For low loss gratings, where only high efficiency at TM mode is required, their diffraction efficiencies are 90% and up at Littrow or near Littrow configuration over S, C and L bands.
		When the incident angle reaches 75 to 85 degrees, our gratings reach their theoretical limits.
	www.gratingworks.com /products/telecom_grating.htm (163 words)

	Littrow Prism Beam Expansion for Laser Cooling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-15)
		Laser cooling experiments often use telescopes with cylindrical lenses for beam expansion.
		We can replace these telescopes with Littrow prisms (30-60-90 right triangles).
		A prism beam expander preserves optical table space, provides flexibility in magnification, and requires less alignment precision than one made from a telescope.
	laser.physics.sunysb.edu /~melissa/abstract.html (219 words)

	An improvement in the littrow spectrograph prism table
		An improvement in the littrow spectrograph prism table
		A prism table for a three-prism Littrow spectrograph is dealt with in this paper.
		A device is described by which the central ray, for various settings of the prisms, always travels through the prisms in a direction parallel to the optic axis.
	stacks.iop.org /0950-7671/7/389 (180 words)

	The Valley of Taurus-Littrow
		San Luis Rey (crater) - "Named in honor of the novel, The Bridge of San Luis Rey, by Thornton Wilder, which was a milestone in the growth of modern literature."
		Sculptured Hills - "Domical hills surrounding the Littrow area that are so named because of their sculptured appearance."
		Sherlock (crater) - "Sherlock Holmes, whose adventures were preserved for us by Dr. Watson, was not only the world's most famous and most brilliant detective, but was also one of the leading geological thinkers of his time.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /alsj/a17/a17.site.html (4559 words)

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