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Topic: Live vector vaccine

	Live Vector Vaccines, NIAID Division of HIV Vaccine Site
		Live recombinant vector vaccines are constructed by inserting HIV or SIV genes into live, infectious, but non-disease-causing viruses or bacteria such as vaccinia virus or Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG).
		Recombinant viral vectors enter cells and allow the HIV or SIV proteins to be generated inside the cells; these proteins are then presented to the immune system in the same way that proteins from a virus-infected cell would be.
		In addition, some live vector vaccines may be capable of generating a mucosal immune response.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /daids/vaccine/live.htm (1465 words)

	Malaria Vaccine Initiative : Glossary
		Attenuated vaccine: A vaccine in which live bacteria or viruses are weakened through chemical or physical processes in order to produce an immune response without causing the severe effects of the disease.
		Vector: The organism, typically an insect, that transmits an infectious agent to its alternate host, typically a vertebrate; in human malaria, the vector of the parasite are mosquitoes, the "carriers" or "hosts" are humans.
		In vaccine research, a bacterium or virus that does not cause disease in humans and is used in genetically engineered vaccines to transport genes coding for antigens into the body to induce an immune response.
	www.malariavaccine.org /mal-glossary.htm (2964 words)

	HIV Vaccine Glossary
		In vaccine research, a dose-response effect means that as the dose of the vaccine increases, so does the level of the immune response (antibodies and CTL activity).
		Examples of organisms used as live vectors in HIV vaccines are canarypox and vaccinia.
		Vector -- in vaccine research, a bacterium or virus that does not cause disease in humans and is used in genetically engineered vaccines to transport genes coding for antigens into the body to induce an immune response.
	my.webmd.com /content/article/5/1680_50211.htm (5761 words)

	Vaccine Science Glossary L-N (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Live vaccine: A vaccine in which live virus is weakened through chemical or physical processes in order to produce an immune response without causing the severe effects of the disease.
		Live-vector vaccine: A vaccine that uses a non-disease-causing organism (virus or bacterium) to transport foreign genes into the body, thereby stimulating an effective immune response to the foreign products.
		This type of vaccine is important because it is particularly capable of inducing CTL activity.
	www.sabin.org /vaccine_science_glossaryL_N.htm (1288 words)

	The Body: Vaccine Approaches Currently In Development
		Subunit vaccines (gp120 vaccines), which are produced by genetic engineering, include a portion of HIV located on the outer surface of the virus (also known as the envelope or glycoprotein).
		Those opposed to the decision noted that the gp120 vaccines had protected a number of chimpanzees from HIV infection and that efficacy studies were the only definitive way to determine whether the vaccines were effective.
		Other vectors which are in the pre-clinical development stage include: polio virus, BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guerin, a strain of mycobacterium used as a tuberculosis vaccine), Salmonella, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, and adenovirus.
	www.thebody.com /bp/july98/vaccine.html (1761 words)

	West Nile Virus Vaccine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Vaccination of horses is the only feasible means of disease prevention and resolution of current regulatory controls on the international movement of horses.
		Live vaccines mimic a mild natural infection and stimulate all limbs of the immune system, with a cytokine milieu and T helper cell orientation similar to that induced by natural infection.
		The vaccine genome and attenuated phenotype were shown to be stable on passage both in vivo and in cell cultures [30].
	www.bentham.org /cdtid1-1/monath/monathmS.htm (6111 words)

	SIGA announces Successful Smallp (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Mass immunizations of the general population using the current live vaccine are not recommended, as there are known complications in certain individuals from vaccination (including encephalitis, myocarditis, and death), At present there is no vaccine for smallpox that can be safely administered to the general population without significant risk of adverse reactions.
		SIGA’s vaccine delivery technology is designed to activate the immune system at the body’s mucosal surfaces—the mouth, the nose, the lungs, the gastrointestinal, and the urogenital tracts-in order to prevent infection at the earliest possible stage.
		SIGA’s live vector system utilizes Streptococcus gordonii, a normal bacterial inhabitant of the human oral cavity, as a vehicle to deliver proteins from pathogens in order to induce immunity to infections in test animals without exposing them to the dangers of live, infectious agents.
	www.siga.com /press/032204.html (645 words)

	SIGA Commences Trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
		SIGA's live vector system utilizes Streptococcus gordonii, a normal bacterial inhabitant of the human oral cavity, as a vehicle for the delivery of a number of vaccines designed for the prevention of infectious diseases.
		The trials were designed to test the safety of the vector, to monitor the extent and duration of colonization of the nasal and oral cavities of the volunteers, and to determine if the delivery system could be eradicated at will with a regimen of conventional antibiotics.
		The results of the two studies indicated the live vector system was well-tolerated without serious adverse events and that the delivery system organisms were eradicated spontaneously or were easily eradicated by conventional antibiotics.
	www.siga.com /press/013102.html (757 words)

	CDC - Efficacy of Killed Virus Vaccine, Live Attenuated Chimeric Virus Vaccine, and Passive Immunization for Prevention ...
		We report the results of studies evaluating the efficacy of the killed veterinary vaccine, a live attenuated chimeric virus candidate, and passive immunization with immune serum for preventing WNV encephalitis in a hamster model of the disease (5,6).
		The major advantage of killed vaccines is their safety; the disadvantages are that they often require multiple doses to elicit and sustain an effective immune response and that the immune response may be imbalanced, leading to subsequent potentiation of the disease (14,15).
		The major advantages of live attenuated virus vaccines are that they induce a more balanced immune response and that the resulting immunity is longer lasting than with killed vaccines or immune globulins (13–15).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol8no12/02-0229.htm (3153 words)

	HIV Vaccine Strategies, HIV Vaccine Types - HIV Vaccine Trials Network
		recombinant subunit protein vaccine: made of bigger pieces of proteins that are on the surface of the HIV virus.
		This type of vaccine most resembles the HIV virus but is not harmful.
		DNA vaccine: uses copies of a small number of HIV genes which are inserted into pieces of DNA called plasmids.
	www.hvtn.org /science/strategies.html (229 words)

	Prospects
		Anne De Groot, a Brown University researcher believes that if a vaccine were developed for subtype class B commonly found in the US and Europe, that it would be ineffective to the HIV-1 strains found in Africa and other parts of the world.
		Vaccines based on this approach have the potential to elicit immunity, but only for the duration of the infection.
		Each of these vaccine prospects has their strong points, but their downfalls are sometimes what limits their use and makes them useless.
	www.uwrf.edu /~bp62/prospects.html (610 words)

	AEGiS-PRn: Virax's HIV Treatment Vaccine Enters Human Trials:
		Virax's HIV vaccine trial will be a multi-centre, double blind, controlled, randomised, parallel group study in 36 patients to evaluate Virax's Co-X-GeneTM with fowlpox virus (FPV) technology in humans.
		The vaccine to be tested, VIR201, is a live viral vector vaccine based on the Company's platform technology, Co-X-GeneTM with FPV, a method for delivering vaccines.
		Vaccines to be tested in both prevention and treatment trials use Virax's Co-X-GeneTM with FPV platform technology.
	www.aegis.com /news/PR/2000/PR001129.html (816 words)

	Clinical Research on HIV Vaccines, NIAID Fact Sheet
		HIV vaccine research has since progressed from its early focus on HIV envelope proteins and the role of antibodies to increased attention on the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
		Vaccine combination: for example, use of a recombinant vector vaccine to induce cellular immune responses followed by booster shots of a component vaccine to stimulate antibody production, referred to as a prime-boost strategy
		The vaccine may be tested against a placebo or another licensed vaccine known to be of potential benefit to the study population, such as hepatitis B vaccine.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /factsheets/clinrsch.htm (1719 words)

	FOCUS - September 1, 2000
		Each approach has advantages and disadvantages: the vaccines that do not contain a live virus have no chance of causing disease, but they may not be as effective as a live vector at inciting the immune system.
		In the team's initial study of the vaccine in nonhuman primates, two of seven of the animals were completely protected from the virus, and one was able to clear the virus almost completely.
		The initial vaccine encoded only for SIV envelope proteins, but the next generation of the vaccine will include an additional protein thought to be a target for the killer T cells that seem to be especially important for immunity to HIV.
	focus.hms.harvard.edu /2000/Sep1_2000/herpesvirus.html (1001 words)

	Bacterial infectious disease control by vaccine development -- Curtiss 110 (8): 1061 -- Journal of Clinical ...
		Attenuated Salmonella strains as live vectors for the expression of foreign antigens.
		Expression of fragment C of tetanus toxin fused to a carboxyl-terminal fragment of diphtheria toxin in Salmonella typhi CVD 908 vaccine strain.
		Two Listeria monocytogenes vaccine vectors that express different molecular forms for human papilloma virus-16 (HPV-16) E7 induce qualitatively different T cell immunity that correlates with their ability to induce regression of established tumors immortalized by HPV-16.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/110/8/1061 (4195 words)

	University of Maryland School of Medicine - Center for Vaccine Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		He is one of the most vocal advocates of mucosal immunization, i.e., the administration of vaccines by oral and intranasal routes to avoid the unpleasantness and occasional dangers of parenteral injections.
		The MIRG conducts clinical trials of vaccines, vaccine adjuvants, and hyperimmune immunoglobulin in the elderly and in immunosuppressed patients with cancer, organ transplant, renal failure, and acute trauma.
		Her interests also include the identification and study of immunological mechanisms involved in the priming of immune responses by live vector vaccines delivered through mucosal routes and the characterization of effector T cell responses that could be applied to develop more effective vaccines.
	medschool.umaryland.edu /CVD/faculty.asp (2785 words)

	Research Interests
		In vivo characterization of the murine intranasal model for assessing the immunogenicity of attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains as live mucosal vaccines and as live vectors.
		Expression and immunogenicity of a mutant diphtheria toxin molecule, CRM(197), and its fragments in Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 908-htrA.
		Attenuated deltaguaBA Salmonella typhi vaccine strain CVD 915 as a live vector utilizing prokaryotic or eukaryotic expression systems to deliver foreign antigens and elicit immune responses.
	medschool.umaryland.edu /Microbiology/Fac_Res_Interest.asp?id=145 (629 words)

	B. anthracis
		With an average yield of 172 mg of PA per plant using an experimental transgenic cultivar grown in a greenhouse, 400 million doses of vaccine (free of contaminants) could be produced per acre, a yield that could be further enhanced 18-fold using a commercial cultivar in the field.
		However, the precise composition of the vaccine is unknown and there are concerns that the observed side effects of vaccination may be caused by residual enzymatically active toxin components.
		Vaccines and therapeutics that are efficacious for natural routes of infection may not be effective against the pulmonary route.
	www.bionewsonline.com /o/1/bacillus_anthracis_a.htm (16722 words)

	Vaccine Science Glossary O-P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Parasites: Any organism that lives in or on another organism without benefiting the host organism; commonly refers to pathogens, most commonly in reference to protozoans and helminthes.
		Polysaccharide vaccines- Vaccines that are composed of long chains of sugar molecules that resemble the surface of certain types of bacteria.
		Precaution: A condition in a recipient, which may result in a life-threatening problem if the vaccine is given, or a condition, which could compromise the ability of the vaccine to produce immunity.
	www.sabin.org /vaccine_science_GlossaryO_P.htm (1014 words)

	Viral vector vaccine candidates \| IAVI - International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Due to the robust immune responses elicited by the vaccine in the absence of pre-existing high-titered Ad5 antibodies, the Merck candidate is an excellent candidate for a proof of concept efficacy trial.
		Preliminary data from Phase II trials have demonstrated MVA vectors to be well tolerated and immunogenic, but the percentage of volunteers responding to the vector and the durability of CD8+ cell-mediated responses have not matched the responses thus far observed with the rAd5 vector.
		The first alphavirus vector candidate to reach the clinic, AlphaVax’s Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE), is designed as a replicon particle, which has the advantages of high-level expression of the inserted HIV gene, driven off of the VEE replicon.
	www.iavi.org /viewpage.cfm?aid=89 (728 words)

	FOCUS - April 7, 2000
		There were two approaches to making a preventive vaccine: either use a virus that has been killed but will still elicit an immune response or use a live attenuated virus that has been altered so that it does not cause disease.
		Naked DNA vaccines are a recent innovation, brought about by the discovery that a DNA plasmid encoding a viral gene, when injected into muscle cells, will churn out the protein it encodes.
		In vaccine development, economy and ease of delivery are critical factors, because the ultimate test will be how widely and efficiently the vaccine can be administered in undeveloped or remote areas of the world.
	focus.hms.harvard.edu /2000/Apr21_2000/medicine.html (1025 words)

	Herpes Virus Shows Promise In HIV Vaccine Research
		One of the drawbacks of otherwise promising SIV vaccines so far is that despite inciting an impressive immune response, they are not able to maintain immunity over prolonged periods of time.
		In the team's initial study of the vaccine in non-human primates, two of seven of the animals were completely protected from the virus, and one was able to clear the virus almost completely.
		The idea of using a herpesvirus as a vaccine raises serious safety concerns that the team must also address, although there is a precedent for it in the live attenuated chickenpox vaccine Varivax, which is also a herpesvirus.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/09/000904093112.htm (1004 words)

	Protective efficacy of a multicomponent vector vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys after intrarectal simian immunodeficiency ...
		Protective efficacy of a multicomponent vector vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys after intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge -- Negri et al.
		Protective efficacy of a multicomponent vector vaccine in cynomolgus monkeys after intrarectal simian immunodeficiency virus challenge
		Vaccine protection from CD4+ T-cell loss caused by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) mac251 is afforded by sequential immunization with three unrelated vaccine vectors encoding multiple SIV antigens
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/85/5/1191 (377 words)

	Class: Fowlpox Vector Vaccines
		FPV vaccines have been administered to poultry, mice, rabbits, ferrets and monkeys with no local or systemic adverse effects.(9,10,5,11) Because fowlpox cannot replicate in non-avian species, concern over potential systemic infection is much lower than for replication-competent vaccine vectors.
		Jones L, Tenorio E, Gorham J, Yilma T. Protective vaccination of ferrets against canine distemper with recombinant pox virus vaccines expressing the H or F genes of rinderpest virus.
		Intratumoral vaccination and diversified subcutaneous/ intratumoral vaccination with recombinant poxviruses encoding a tumor antigen and multiple costimulatory molecules.
	chi.ucsf.edu /vaccine/vaccines?page=vc-01-03 (874 words)

	Optimization of Plasmid Maintenance in the Attenuated Live Vector Vaccine Strain Salmonella typhi CVD 908-htrA -- Galen ...
		live vector vaccine is to optimize viability by using stabilized
		Cloning and characterization of the asd gene of Salmonella typhimurium: use in stable maintenance of recombinant plasmids in Salmonella vaccine strains.
		A murine model of intranasal immunization to assess the immunogenicity of attenuated Salmonella typhi live vector vaccines in stimulating serum antibody responses to expressed foreign antigens.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/12/6424 (6613 words)

	Virax - Clinical Trials (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Virax’s Co-X-Gene™ with FPV platform vaccine technology attempts to direct the immune system to develop the right range of immune responses, in the right place, at the right time, for a particular disease agent.
		The fowlpox virus (FPV) vector technology was licensed from CSIRO Livestock Industries in October 1999.
		Genes that code for these proteins are identified and the vaccine is made by inserting the genes into a carrier virus – in this case fowlpox virus, harmless to humans.
	www.virax.com.au /trials/cxg/trial04.shtml (490 words)

	Live Vector/Cloned Subunit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The non-pathogenic virus serves as a vector and contains the DNA sequences encoding a viral antigen of another virus (the pathogenic virus).
		The virus vector expresses its xenoantigen in large amounts.
		Expression of the exogenous viral antigen inside infected cells allows the viral antigen to be presented on the infected cell's surface.
	www.molbio.princeton.edu /courses/mb427/1999/projects/9901/newpage9.htm (155 words)

	Class: Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) Vector Vaccines
		In animal models, MVA vaccines have been found to be immunogenic and protective against various infectious agents including immunodeficiency viruses, influenza, parainfluenza, measles virus, flaviviruses, Plasmodium parasites and smallpox.
		While vaccination did not prevent infection in these studies, it did result in lower viral load setpoints, increased CD4 counts, and reduced morbidity and mortality in vaccinated animals, compared to controls.(9,14,15,13)
		Mayr A., Stickl, H., Müller, H.K., Danner, K., and Singer, H. The smallpox vaccination strain MVA: marker, genetic structure, experience gained with the parenteral vaccination and behaviour in organisms with a debilitated defence mechanism.
	chi.ucsf.edu /vaccine/vaccines?page=vc-01-04 (915 words)

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