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Topic: Liverwort

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Hornwort

Bryophyta

Bryophytes

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Hepatica

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Moss

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Embryophyte

	Liverwort
		The liverwort gametophyte is either a leafy stem or a thallus, ie, a flat, leafless expanse of cells (resembling the lobes of the liver, hence the name).
		Most leafy liverworts have stems with 2 lateral rows of leaves; many species have a third row of reduced leaves on the underside of the stem.
		Liverwort sporophytes have a foot, embedded into the gametophyte tissues, and a spore capsule, normally raised above the gametophyte by a fragile stalk and persisting for only a day or so.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004724 (0 words)

	Sporing
		Early studies had suggested that mosses were sister to vascular plants, thus the conducting tissue in the centre of the stem in some moss gametophytes could be thought of "homologous" to the vascular tissue in the sporophytes of vascular plants (e.g.
		In a few earlier studies the liverworts appeared not to be monophyletic (Bopp and Capesius 1998 and references).
		Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) are monophyletic, despite earlier suggestions that they might not be (Quandt and Stech 2003 for references).
	www.mobot.org /MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/Sporing.html (0 words)

	Postemergence liverwort control
		Liverwort spread sexually by spores and asexually by splashing gemmae.
		Liverwort control with quinoclamine is more effective when the level of infestation is still small.
		As evident by the results of Experiment 2 and 3, smaller liverwort populations are controlled more effectively and for a longer period of time with lower rates.
	oregonstate.edu /dept/nursery-weeds/research/mogeton/main_page.htm (0 words)

	Liverwort on The Isle of Wight - Wightlink
		Liverwort on The Isle of Wight - Wightlink
		Sometimes condemned as a nuisance weed, the Liverwort is a fascinating plant in the right environment – at its best seen in profusion in a wild setting.
		One of the most primitive of all plants, it belongs to the Bryophyta family which also includes the mosses and can trace its family tree back 400 million years to the earliest - and simplest - plants that emerged from the water.
	www.wightlink.co.uk /gardens/rareplanttrail/Liverwort.htm (0 words)

	Royal Horticultural Society - Advice: Liverworts
		With pots and containers it is a simple task periodically to remove the liverwort and top up with fresh compost or add a top dressing of coarse gravel.
		If liverwort is present on lawns it is likely that the lawn is badly compacted and unless this problem is addressed the liverwort will simply re-grow.
		Liverworts can be controlled by repeated spraying with proprietary formulations of dichlorophen*, fatty acids, or benzalkonium chloride, which are approved for the control of mosses, algae and similar growth.
	www.rhs.org.uk /advice/profiles0205/liverworts.asp (0 words)

	Liverworts
		The first liverworts arose as green alga was making its transition onto land during the Devonian Era some 400,000,000 years ago -- and that's a long, long time before more advanced plants such as flowering plants, ferns and mosses appeared.
		The ribbon-like green liverwort in the picture above is a good example of what a "thallus" is. Leafy liverworts are very tiny plants with even more miniscule scale-like lives arranged on a hair-like stem.
		Liverworts are called liverworts because long ago the people who named them felt that the curious arrangement of cells on the surface of some liverworts was similar to the cell arrangement in actual livers taken from animals.
	www.backyardnature.net /liverwrt.htm (0 words)

	Paghat's Garden: Liverwort
		Many of the liverworts are too fragile to grow in the garden, requiring specially lit high-humidity terrariums.
		The "greenhouse liverwort" is a notable exception, being distributed world-wide from tropic to arctic regions & highly adaptable, though rarely if ever a dominant species in any ecosystem.
		After forest fires, this liverwort is the first thing to reappear, carpeting moist ground near riverbeds & springs & swamps, happy in the muddy alkaline ashes, fully exposed to the sky.
	www.paghat.com /liverwort.html (713 words)

	New Zealand Plant Conservation Network
		Liverworts, together with mosses and hornworts are commonly referred to as bryophytes, which constitute the second largest group of land plants after flowering plants.
		Liverworts, along with mosses have a significant role in contributing to nutrient cycles, providing seed-beds for the larger plants of the community, and form microhabitats for insects and an entire array of microorganisms.
		Liverworts and mosses are also very effective rainfall interceptors, and the overwhelming abundance of epiphytic bryophytes in temperate rainforests is considered an important factor in eliminating the deteriorating effect of heavy rains, including adding to hill stability and helping to prevent soil erosion.
	www.nzpcn.org.nz /liverwort/what_is_a_liverwort.asp (611 words)

	Liverworts
		Vegetative (asexual) reproduction in the liverworts may be accomplished by branching and the dying off of the older parts of the plant so that the branches become separated, by specialized whip-like branches or by leaves that drop off the plant.
		Liverwort gametophytes, and indeed the gametophytes of all land plants, produce eggs and sperm.
		In the liverworts, this cell eventually develops into the short-lived, small and compact sporophyte which usually consists of a terminal globose to cylindrical spore case called a CAPSULE, a stalk called the seta and a basal mass of cells called a foot which is embedded in and, therefore, obscured by the tissues of the gametophyte.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/liverwts.html (796 words)

	Biology 321 - UBC
		Leafy liverworts have leaves that are arranged in two or three rows while the leaves in mosses are spirally arranged.
		Liverworts have unicellular rhizoids that are located on the ventral (bottom) side of the gametophyte.
		Leafy liverworts always have two lateral rows of leaves, and sometimes a row of leaves on the ventral side (bottom) of the stem, which are called underleaves.
	www.botany.ubc.ca /bryophyte/liverwortintro.html (654 words)

	Science Fair Projects - Liverwort
		Liverworts are non-vascular plants in the Class Marchantiopsida, formerly known as the Hepaticae.
		Other differences are not universal for all mosses and all liverworts but the lack of clearly differentiated stem and leaves, the presence of deeply lobed or segmented leaves, and the presence of leaves arranged in three ranks all point to the plant being a liverwort.
		The life of a liverwort starts from a haploid spore, which germinates to produce a protonema, which is either a mass of filaments or thalloid (flat and thallus-like).
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Liverwort (695 words)

	liverwort - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about liverwort (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Liverworts belong to a group of plants, called the Bryophyta, which also includes the mosses.
		Neither mosses nor liverworts possess true roots and both require water to enable the male gametes to swim to the female sex organs to fertilize the eggs.
		Liverworts belong to a group of plants, called the Bryophyta, that also includes the mosses.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /liverwort (323 words)

	Liverwort Reproduction
		In leafy liverworts the antheridia produce mobile antherozoids (sperm), which require a film of water in which to move to the archegonia, where fertilisation takes place.
		When the sporophyte has matured in the leafy liverworts, the seta that are delicate, white, and glassy, elongate, carrying the capsule some 25 - 50 mm into the air.
		With the thallose liverworts the sporophyte are hidden under the Archegoniophores, or in the case of Marchantia species, in a small structure or pocket on the leaf.
	www.hiddenforest.co.nz /bryophytes/liverworts/reproduction.htm (391 words)

	LIVERWORT, (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The common name, liverwort, derives from the fact that some thallose liverworts are liver-shaped in outline.
		Liverworts are characterized by a free-living, conspicuous, sexual (gametophytic) generation, to which is attached a usually inconspicuous, asexual (sporophytic) generation.
		The sporophytes of liverworts are simple structures consisting of a foot embedded in the gametophyte and a spore-producing capsule that opens by splitting lengthwise.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..li073200.a#FWNE.fw..li073200.a (261 words)

	Allegheny Institute of Natural History
		We investigated the rotifers occupying lobules of the epiphytic liverwort Frullania eboracensis.
		Liverworts were randomly sampled from the bark of three neighboring streamside trees from July through September, 2000.
		We investigated whether the abundance of rotifers occupying lobules of the liverwort Frullania eboracensis was associated with sex expression of the plants.
	www.pitt.edu /~severson/ainh/ecological_research.htm (1820 words)

	Liverwort - Cephaloziella massalongi: More Information - ARKive
		This liverwort has a leafy appearance with yellowish-green, dark red-brown or fl shoots that either lie along the ground or are raised upwards (1).
		Liverworts, hornworts and mosses form a group of plants called bryophytes (1).
		This liverwort has been lost from a number of sites in Anglesey and Gwynedd in Wales (1), it is thought that over-tidying of derelict land and land reclamation schemes may pose threats to the species (1).
	www.arkive.org /species/ARK/plants_and_algae/Cephaloziella_massalongi/more_info.html (663 words)

	Differences between mosses and liverworts
		Some liverworts like those belonging to the Marchantia family are quite distinctive, and most people would think they know what a moss looks like, because many of them have spikey leaves.
		Also, to tell one species of moss from another, or one species of liverwort from another, using a microscope is often the only way.
		Liverwort capsules split along the sides, often into 4 parts, to spread the spores.
	www.kaimaibush.co.nz /Bryophyta/differences.html (527 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Anatomy of the Microscope - Brightfield Microscopy Digital Image Gallery - ...
		Liverworts are spore-producing plants that belong to the class Marchantiopsida of the division Bryophyta, which also contains the mosses.
		Neither type of liverwort is very important to humans today, but they were formerly believed to be able to help heal the liver and also serve as a source of food for various animals.
		The thallose liverworts that have been most heavily researched belong to the genus Marchantia, which are commonly found among moist soils in the Northern Hemisphere.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/anatomy/brightfieldgallery/marchantialiverwort10xsmall.html (286 words)

	Hepatophyta Description
		Liverwort gametophytes may be leafy, simple thalloid or complex thalloid.
		The leafy growth habit consists of three rows of isomorphic leaves or in dorsiventral forms two rows of lateral leaves with or without a reduced row of ventral underleaves.
		Leafy liverwort are designated as acrogynous because they produce clusters of archegonia at shoot tips and thus gametangial production arrests the growth of the shoot.
	www.science.siu.edu /landplants/Hepatophyta/LiverwortDesc.html (684 words)

	Mosses and Liverworts in Wales: Basic Facts
		Capsule opening mechanisms: In most liverworts, when a spore capsule is ripe, it merely bursts open along four longitudinal axes; moss capsules nearly always have rather more complex opening mechanisms.
		Structure of rhizoids: In liverworts, the rhizoids are nearly always composed of a single, elongated cell; in mosses the rhizoids are multicellular.
		Worldwide the number of species of mosses and liverworts has been estimated at around 14-15,000 (though this is still a matter of some debate,and no-one knows for sure).
	home.clara.net /adhale/bryos/basics.htm (612 words)

	liverwort - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Mosses and liverworts together comprise the division Bryophyta, primitive green land plants (see moss ; plant); some of the earliest land plants resembled modern liverworts.
		In contrast to mosses, most liverworts grow prostrate and consist of a flattened, branching (but undifferentiated) green structure, the thallus; other liverworts produce leafy stems, which are flattened and usually prostrate.
		Liverworts are classified in the division Bryophyta, class Marchantiopsida.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-liverwor.html (289 words)

	Liverwort - identification and eradication
		Liverworts along with mosses, belong to a group of plants known as the Bryophytes and grow on the surface of soil where the drainage is poor.
		Because of their appearance, it was once believed that liverworts could cure diseases of the liver, hence the name.
		Sometimes they are found on the surface of potted plants, which can indicate that the plant has been in the container for too long, may be starved, poorly drained and the roots may have rotted or died back.
	www.dgsgardening.btinternet.co.uk /liverwort.htm (462 words)

	Mosses and Liverworts in Wales: Liverworts
		There are two broad types of liverwort, separated on the basis of their general structure.
		Liverworts of this group bear leaf-like structures, on a branched or unbranched stem, which most often lies horizontally with respect to the surface upon which the plant is growing.
		The arrangement of the two main rows of leaf is often a clue to identification: for example, in some species the front edge of each leaf overlaps the leaf in front of it; in others the front edge of each leaf lies beneath the leaf in front.
	home.clara.net /adhale/bryos/livworts.htm (321 words)

	Liverworts. DermNet NZ
		Liverworts belong to a group of plants known as the Bryophytes which are usually green, usually small, and are amongst the simplest of land-dwelling plants (a few are aquatic).
		Liverworts lack some of the complex structures seen in other types of plant —; they do not produce flowers or seeds, and most have no internal means for transporting water or nutrients.
		There are two broad types of liverwort, separated on the basis of their general structure: leafy liverworts, and the thallose liverworts.
	www.dermnetnz.org /dermatitis/plants/liverwort.html (1183 words)

	Thallose liverwort form (Site not responding. Last check: )
		About 17% of New Zealand liverworts have a plant body called a thallus that is not differentiated into leaves and stems.
		This liverwort is found in disturbed areas throughout New Zealand.
		Symphyogyna hymenophyllum This liverwort consists of a fleshy thallus that is raised above the soil surface by a slender stalk.
	www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz /info/schools/nzplants/moss_liver_thall_form.htm (227 words)

	D S Rycroft - Research Interests
		Oil bodies generally assumed to contain terpenoid and/or aromatic compounds are produced within the cells of liverworts, and a wide variety of terpenoid skeletal types has been found,including some which are unique to liverworts.
		Phytochemical, morphological, and molecular evidence for the occurrence of the Neotropical liverwort Plagiochila stricta in the Canary Islands, new to Macaronesia.
		Killarniensolide, methyl orsellinates and 9,10-dihydrophenanthrenes from the liverwort Plagiochila killarniensis from Scotland and the Azores.
	www.chem.gla.ac.uk /staff/davidry/index.html (640 words)

	Signe
		Liverwort doesn’t reproduce by seeds, hence the general ineffectiveness of preemergent herbicides.
		In addition to unsightliness, liverwort may negatively impact plant growth by using or physically diverting water and fertilizer away from plants in containers.
		The three experiments were to evaluate the chemicals for 1) phytotoxicity to the plants; 2) control of a minor liverwort infestation covering 25 percent coverage of the pot surface; and 3) control of a major liverwort infestation covering 60 percent of the pot surface.
	www.americanfarm.com /Signe11-01-04.html (929 words)

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