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	Living fossil - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Living Fossil is a term for any living species (or clade) of organism which closely resembles species otherwise only known from fossils and has no close living relatives.
		So, a living species that was thought to be extinct (the coelacanth fish for instance) is not a living fossil by strict definition, it is a Lazarus species.
		Others are a single living species with no close living relatives, but which is the survivor of a large and widespread group in the fossil record (a well-known example of this is the ginkgo tree, Ginkgo biloba).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Living_fossil (866 words)

	Clausen, C. D. --- Neopilina: A Living Fossil
		Other than Neopilina, plants and animals commonly referred to as living fossils are the horsetails or scouring rushes, the gingko or maidenhair tree, the coelacanth fish, the horseshoe or king crab, the chambered nautilus and the brachiopod Lingula.
		It could, for example, include living fossils and other organisms that occurred in the deep-sea and were buried during the Genesis flood.) These scientists supposed that the constancy of the deep-sea environment provided a place of refuge for the survival of ancient life.
		The discovery of living fossils permits the study of the biology of an almost extinct group of organisms in ways that would be impossible from the preserved hard parts of the fossils alone.
	www.grisda.org /origins/03056.htm (1259 words)

	Ginkgo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is one of the best examples of a living fossil known.
		The Ginkgo is a living fossil, with fossils recognisably related to modern Ginkgo from the Permian, dating back 270 million years.
		Extreme examples of the Ginkgo's tenacity may be seen in Hiroshima, Japan, where four trees growing between 1-2 km from the 1945 atom bomb explosion were among the few living things in the area to survive the blast (photos and details).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ginkgo (1849 words)

	Living Fossils
		It is presumed that fossils are much older than is correct due to a failure of the scientific community to recognize the occurrence of the Biblical global deluge.
		The Coelacanth fossil pictured at right pre-dates the dinosaurs by millions of years, and was once thought to have gone extinct with them 65 million years ago until it was discovered alive and well in 1938.
		Living fossils embody the theme of evolutionary stability to an extreme degree.
	www.nwcreation.net /fossilsliving.html (1114 words)

	Living Fossils, Creation Science, Answers In Creation
		New fossils are found, extending the known lifespan of the organism because of new fossil discoveries.
		Yes, there are fossils that occasionally turn up living, but there are millions more which are long gone, which went extinct millions of years ago, and there is no evidence they are alive today.
		When a "living fossil" is found, YECs naturally jump on it and proclaim it as proof of a young earth.
	www.answersincreation.org /livingfossil.htm (603 words)

	Creation Matters March/April 1998, Vol. 3, No. 2
		The fact that some living forms are different only in detail or not at all from specimens deposited at low levels in the fossil record raises the question whether any living creatures differ (other than in detail) from their progenitors.
		Living taxa have been identified which lack a fossil record, but which are nevertheless considered primitive, close in characteristics to the first representatives of that group of organisms.
		Living fossils are clearly a topic which merits further research by young-earth scientists.
	www.creationresearch.org /creation_matters/98/cm9803.html (3429 words)

	Cycads: Living Fossils
		Strictly speaking, most fossil cycads are called cycadeoids and are classified scientifically in the order Bennettitales, while all living cycads and a minor number of extinct ones are called true cycads and placed in the order Cycadales.
		The main difference is that while the cones of true cycads are always borne at the top of the trunk, in the center of the leaf whorl, cycadeoids bore their cones in the leaf axils (where a single leaf joins the trunk).
		Fossilization occurs when the plant is buried and minerals dissolved in the groundwater, over millions of years, replace the original plant tissues.
	www.fossilnews.com /1996/livingfossils.html (1832 words)

	Fossils, Rocks, and Time: Fossil Succession
		The fossil Archaeopteryx lithographica was a Jurassic animal with the skeleton of a reptile, including fingers with claws on the wings (solid arrows), backbone extending into the tail (open arrow), and teeth, but it was covered with feathers.
		Today the animals and plants that live in the ocean are very different from those that live on land, and the animals and plants that live in one part of the ocean or on one part of the land are very different from those in other parts.
		Scientists must study the fossils from a variety of environments to build a complete picture of the animals and plants that were living at a particular time in the past.
	pubs.usgs.gov /gip/fossils/succession.html (1044 words)

	Articles / Back to Genesis / The Profusion of Living Fossils - Institute for Creation Research
		The fossils of this fish are found only in rocks older than 70 million years (assuming the standard geologic time scale to be real), but living coelacanths have been found in the Indian Ocean.
		Consequently, the vast numbers of living organisms that were already known to be in the fossil record are generally ignored as examples of living fossils.
		In the supposed "oldest" period with metazoan fossils, all the present-day animal phyla are found as fossils, largely in modern form.
	www.icr.org /index.php?module=articles&action=view&ID=774 (1249 words)

	Fossil Cephalopods
		In this sense, the living nautiluses are living fossils: animals which have changed very little over the course of around 100 million years at least.
		Fossilized gut contents of ammonites are quite well known, and are good evidence for this, and include mostly small invertebrate fragments.
		Fossil spirulids are known from the Pleistocene of the Canary Islands, the Pliocene of New Zealand, and the Miocene of Japan.
	is.dal.ca /~ceph/TCP/FosCephs.html (2321 words)

	Evolution and Systematics, p. 4
		However, fossil data comes almost exclusively in the form of morphology, usually skeletal morphology, which we must assume bears some interpretable relationship to the underlying genome, since the genome in fossils cannot be sampled directly.
		Arguments about the incompleteness of the fossil record and nature of sampling from the fossil record are relevant to this issue, but are discussed in more detail in other chapters of this book and will not be revisited here.
		If Fossil Species X is distinct enough in morphology to be given its own species name (which is most often the case), then this indicates that some evolutionary change has occurred between X and its true ancestor, which is really the common ancestor of both X and Living Species Y (Figure 9.2).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /education/events/carlson4.html (1456 words)

	Sea and Sky: Coelacanth
		The strange-looking coelacanth is considered to be a living fossil.
		Fossils of the fish have been found that date back over 410 million years.
		However, only 6 to 8 have ever been seen in the wild at one time, and their population off the coast of Africa seems to be on the decline.
	www.seasky.org /monsters/sea7a1b.html (189 words)

	Living fossils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Denver Museum of Nature and Science defines a fossil as being any evidence of ancient life (animals, plants, tracks, footprints), which can be as young as 10,000 years and as old as 3.5 billion years.
		It defines a living fossil as being a prehistoric animal species, generally one that lived during the time of the dinosaurs, that continues to survive in its ancient form today.
		A classic or true living fossil is one that has only been known from the fossil record until a living representative was discovered or a single living species with no close relatives, but which is the sole survivor of a once large and widespread group in the fossil record.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/science_surfing/108156 (386 words)

	Paleobiology: Measuring relative abundance in fossil and living assemblages
		The use of data on species abundance in a fossil assemblage is contingent on the claim that "death assemblages" (equivalent to assemblages a paleontologist would study) accurately reflect patterns of abundance in living communities.
		The rank-order of species in living assemblages is closely similar to that in death assemblages, especially when the mesh size used in retrieving specimens is large (1.5-2 mm).
		Kidwell (2001) discovered in living molluscan assemblages that sampling with very fine mesh sizes retrieves many short-lived postlarval and juvenile individuals, which do not fossilize well and which are therefore underrepresented in most fossil beds.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa4067/is_200401/ai_n9407756 (1159 words)

	Radio Program #90 : Another Living Fossil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Recently, living trees were found in a remote area of Australia that were supposed to have perished along with dinosaurs millions of years ago in the past.
		Temporarily named the Wollemi pines, these trees are living fossils that paleobotanists thought had gone the way of the dinosaurs, millions of years ago in the past.
		For example, while there are many life forms in the fossil record that are now extinct, what about all the other countless examples of plants and animals living today that are identical to their fossil cousins preserved in the layers of the earth and supposed to be millions of years old?
	www.calvarychapel.com /understandthetimes/radio/radio90.html (464 words)

	Natural History Highlight - National Museum of Natural History
		Among them are the presence of a "rostral organ" in the snout that is part of the electrosensory system, and an intracranial joint or "hinge" in the skull that allows the anterior portion of the cranium to swing upwards, greatly enlarging the gape of the mouth.
		Fossil Record: Prior to 1938 coelacanths were known only from fossils and were thought to have gone extinct approximately 65 million years ago (mya), during the great extinction in which the dinosaurs disappeared.
		Although Latimeria is a genus distinct from the fossil forms, all coelacanths share numerous features and are easily recognized by their distinctive shape and lobed fins.
	www.mnh.si.edu /highlight/coelacanth (1044 words)

	LIVING FOSSILS AT PALOMAR COLLEGE
		"living fossil" may be defined as a plant that lived during ancient times and still survives on earth today.
		These are living representatives of primitive spore-bearing and seed-bearing plants that once flourished on earth in very different floras where dinosaurs roamed the land.
		The majority of recognizable plant fossils from this time are either leaf imprints in sedimentary rocks or petrified tissue replaced by minerals.
	waynesword.palomar.edu /plapr96.htm (1678 words)

	[No title]
		The predicted large numbers of fossil intermediate forms were never found, but the small number of coelacanth fossils showing the lobed fins appeared to fit the bill.
		Incidentally, it was Agassiz's study of fossil fish that served as evidence in his fight against evolutionary theory.
		New observations on the visceral anatomy of the late-term fetuses of the living coelacanth fish and the oophagy controversy.
	www.georgiasouthern.edu /~etmcmull/COELAC.htm (2599 words)

	SDSU Geology Park
		Except for the grass, all species are living representatives of land-dwelling plants whose ancestors extend back at least 150 million years in the fossil record.
		Living examples include fir, pine, spruce, cypress, cedar and juniper trees; well-known conifers are the large redwoods and ancient bristlecone pines.
		The only living genus of these spore-bearing plants is Equisetum and it is characterized by a vertically ribbed stem having distinct horizontal nodes.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /geology/facilities/geopark (595 words)

	FictionPress.Com Story : Lake Fossil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		They had no real proof it was the creature that lived in the waters but they saw the boat she was in had a huge dent in it.
		The lake fossil bumped the fishing boat he was on and then had a heart attack, the doctors could not revive him in time.
		She was a journalist when we lived in Scotland, wasn’t the same journalist that covered the story that your sister was in but that happened long after we moved here.
	www.fictionpress.com /read.php?storyid=1650047 (6184 words)

	The Wollemi Pine (living fossil)
		Before pollen from the Wollemi Pine became available, the closest match to the species in the fossil record were leaves of a conifer called Araucariodies, preserved in 50-65 million year old sediments in New Zealand and Tasmania.
		Dr Mcphail found the pollen to be a match to a fossil pollen type first described in Victoria in the early 1960s and now known to have occurred up to 90 million years ago.
		Fossil pollen and spores are often used to provide a history for living plants.
	www.metla.fi /archive/forest/1995/03/msg00047.html (581 words)

	Tadpole Shrimp
		A living fossil is an organism living today that appears to be identical to specimens in the fossil record.
		Coelacanths were known only from their abundant fossils until a live coelacanth was recovered by a deep-sea trawler in the Indian Ocean in 1938.
		Tadpole shrimp are considered living fossils because their basic body characteristics have remained the same for millions of years.
	www.fws.gov /desfbay/Archives/Tadpole/tadpole.htm (163 words)

	CRINOIDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		However, they dominated the Paleozoic fossil record of echinoderms and shallow marine habitats until the Permo-Triassic extinction, when they suffered a near complete extinction: many Paleozoic limestones are made up largely of crinoid skeletal fragments.
		The living stalked crinoids mostly inhabit deep water and are therefore difficult for the average underwater enthusiast to observe.
		At the top of the page is a living specimen of a comatulid - an unstalked crinoid, or "feather star." It superficially resembles a starfish, but the mouth faces up, and the comatulid crawls by "walking" on specialized structures called cirri.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /echinodermata/crinoidea.html (177 words)

	Another ‘living fossil’ tree
		When the Wollemi Pine was discovered to be living in a remote canyon in Australia in 1994, it was nicknamed the ‘dinosaur tree’ as it had previously been known only from fossils ‘dated’ at around 150 million years old (Creation 17(2):13; 19(3):7; 23(1):6).
		As with all ‘living fossils’, the discovery of the Nightcap Oak defies evolutionists’ expectations—but is right in accord with the biblical account.
		Secondly, since the time of catastrophic fossilization (the Flood) was thousands of years ago, not millions—it is not surprising at all that some species previously thought to be extinct turn out to be still living.
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs2/4416livingfossil_tree12-25-2000.asp (358 words)

	Living fossils
		The typical young-earth position propounds the idea that the animals found in the fossil record are the remains of the preflood world, and lived less than 5,000 years ago.
		This requires that the young-earth creationist find ‘living fossils’, animals which are found in the fossil record in identical form to those found alive today on earth.
		The Port Jackson shark is often claimed to be a living fossil.
	home.entouch.net /dmd/livfos.htm (1625 words)

	A SURVEY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD
		The vast majority of these fossils are preserved in the sedimentary rock record, especially those rocks that formed in oceanic environments such as beaches, bays, lagoons, shallow seas and other areas.
		Fossilized remains of spherical and filamentous bacterial cells are known from rocks as old as 3.5 billion years, and are considered to represent the oldest known cellular record of life on Earth.
		Fossilized impressions of jellyfish-like organisms, possibly representing scyphozoans, and a group of anthozoans have been preserved in sandstones of Ediacaran age in many localities around the world (see diagrams at beginning of this chapter on animals), and provide the first record of metazoans.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~rhmiller/fossilrecord/FossilRecord.htm (7585 words)

	Scientists advocate genomic sequencing of 'living fossil'
		Coelacanths were believed to have been extinct until a live specimen was discovered in 1938 off the coast of South Africa.
		The coelacanth is one of only two living taxa to occupy the critical, highly informative phylogenetic position between ray-finned fishes and tetrapods.
		Fleshy, lobed fins, which are one of the defining characteristics of coelacanths, are thought to represent an intermediate evolutionary stage in the transformation of fins to limbs.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/cshl-sag111004.php (902 words)

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