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Topic: Livonian Brothers of the Sword

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	Livonian Brothers of the Sword
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword, also known as the Christ Knights or The Militia of Christ of Livonia, was a military order started in 1202 by Albert von Buxhövden[?], bishop of Riga, and composed of German "warrior monks".
		The Sword brethren headquarters were at Viljandi (Fellin) in German.
		In 1557 the Polish king Sigismund II Augustus intervened in a war between the bishop of Riga and the Brothers.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/sw/Sword_Brethren.html (325 words)

	Livonian Brothers of the Sword - AOL Research & Learn
		The knights were organized similarly to the older Teutonic Knights.
		Their habit was a white robe with a red cross and sword.
		They subdued the Livs, Ests, and Letts, whose territories, subsequently known as Livonia and Courland, became the domain of the order.
	reference.aol.com /columbia/_a/livonian-brothers-of-the-sword/20051206201709990011 (210 words)

	Livonian Brothers of the Sword - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Order was a military order organized in 1202 by Albert of Buxhoeveden and composed of German "warrior monks".
		During the Livonian War, however, they suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560.
		The Livonian Order then sought protection from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword (598 words)

	AllRefer.com - Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Baltic States, History) - Encyclopedia
		Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Baltic States, History
		Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Knights[livO´nEun] Pronunciation Key, German military and religious order, founded in 1202 by Bishop Albert of Livonia for the purpose of conquest and Christianization in the Baltic lands.
		The knights were organized similarly to the older Teutonic Knights.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/L/Livonian.html (307 words)

	Livonian Brothers of the Sword — FactMonster.com
		Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Knights (livō'nē
		Brothers of the Sword - Brothers of the Sword: Brothers of the Sword: see Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
		Knights of the Sword - Knights of the Sword: Knights of the Sword: see Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0830048.html (245 words)

	Livonian Brothers of the Sword - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Knights, German military and religious order, founded in 1202 by Bishop Albert of Livonia for the purpose of conquest and Christianization in the Baltic lands.
		Their habit was a white robe with a red cross and sword.
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Livonian Brothers of the Sword" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-livonian.html (260 words)

	Riga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bishop Albert of Livonia transferred his seat there in 1201 and founded the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, or Livonian Knights, a German military religious order whose mission was to spread Christianity in the Baltic region.
		Although it belonged to the domain of the Livonian Knights, Riga maintained a semi-independent existence under its archbishops and German merchants, and it controlled a large part of Livonia.
		After the dissolution of the Livonian Order in 1561, Riga was briefly independent and then passed (1581) to Poland, despite attempts by Ivan IV of Russia to seize it.
	www.dfdstorline.lv /DFDSTorlineSIA/EN/Riga (545 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Livonian Confederation showing the territories of the Order in 1260.">250pxthumbMap of the Livonian Confederation showing the territories of the Order in 1260.
		The Brothers were all but annihilated by the Lithuanians and Semigallians at the Battle of Schaulen (Saule) in 1236, leading the surviving Brothers to be incorporated into the Order of Teutonic Knights the following year.
		From that point on, they were in all respects (rule, clothing and policy) an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, headed by their own Master (who was de jure subject to the Teutonic Order's Grand Master).
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword (542 words)

	Latvia
		Long settled by Baltic tribes, Riga became (1201) the seat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, a German military order dedicated to Christianizing the Baltic region.
		It became the capital of independent Latvia in 1920 and was the capital of the Latvian SSR (1940-91) while the country was forcibly annexed by the USSR.
		The region was conquered and Christianized by the Livonian Knights (13th century) and later fell to Poland (1561), Sweden (1629), and Russia (1721-95).
	www.slavicfest.com /pages/map/latvia.html (365 words)

	Riga, Latvia. Information about the Latvian capital.
		Bishop Albert of Livonia transferred his seat there in 1201 and founded the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, or Livonian Knights order.
		While belonging to the domain of the Livonian Knights, Riga maintained a semi-independent existence under its archbishops and German merchants, and controlled a large part of Livonia.
		After the dissolution of the Livonian Order in 1561, Riga was briefly independent and then passed (1581) to Poland, despite attempts of Russian Tsar Ivan IV to seize it.
	www.riga-hotels.net /guide/riga.htm (901 words)

	Wikinfo \| History of Lithuania
		In the early 13th century, a pair of German religious orders, the Teutonic Knights and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, conquered much of what is now Estonia and Latvia, in addition to parts of Lithuania.
		In response, a number of small Baltic tribal groups united under the rule of Mindaugas (or Mindowe), and soundly defeated the Livonians at Siauliai in 1236.
		In 1250 Mindaugas signed an agreement with the Teutonic Order and in 1251 was baptized in their presence by the bishop of Kulm (Culmer Land.) On July 6, 1253, Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=History_of_Lithuania (2322 words)

	History & Culture of Russia / The Mongols and the Emergence of Moscow
		Invasions of Russia were attempted during this period from the west as well, first by the Swedes (1240) and then by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword (1242), a regional branch of the fearsome Teutonic Knights.
		Fyodor left most of the management of the kingdom to his brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and it was not long before Godunov began to work to secure the succession for himself.
		In 1591, he murdered Fyodor's younger brother Dmitri in the ancient town of Uglich, a spot now marked by the magnificent Church of St. Demetrius on the Blood.
	www.geographia.com /russia/rushis03.htm (822 words)

	Castles of Latvia
		Bishop Albert of Riga founded the Order of the Brothers of the Sword, later known as the Livonian Knights, a German military and religious order with the purpose of conquest and Christianization of the Baltic lands.
		Establishment of the state of Livonia, a loose political union of territories belonging to the Livonian Order of Knights and to the Catholic church, in the territory of present-day Latvia and Estonia.
		Built in 1284 and destroyed during the Livonian war, not very much remains of the old castle, but it's still nicely situated on a steep hill between the river Abuls and lake Trikata.
	www.talava.com /latviancastles.html (2601 words)

	The Estonian Mosin Nagant
		To offer insight into Estonia and their military it is necessary to outline the general history of the nation/region.
		1558-1583: The Livonian war is the downfall of the German knights in Estonia.
		Over 15,000 of the "Forest Brothers" would die and countless Estonians were deported to Siberia or other labor camps in the USSR in this time period.
	www.estonianarms.com /TheEstonianMosinNagant.htm (3262 words)

	Zvezda Livonian Knights
		As Bill has already said they were the Order of the Brothers of the Sword, which was a German knightlty order based in Livonia/East Courland.
		Some of the very excellant Zvezda figures have shields with crossed swords motifs, which was the order's "badge" — along with figures with the Teutonic cross, imperial eagles and the Tau cross (crosses with the upper part of the vertical missing).
		Their fortunes were tied up with their big brothers and so by the later part of the 1400s were in decline, finally ending when the head of the Teutonic knights converted to Lutheranism somewhere in the 1500s.
	www.geocities.com /dbplastic/plastic/zv8016_livonians.html (630 words)

	Global Harvest Ministries
		On the southern banks, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, an army of Teutonic knights, rallied for battle.
		Tragically, the freezing cold waters of Lake Peipus enveloped the retreating Brothers of the Sword.
		Pray for this country to be like a sharpened sword to lay its blade to the root of fear, death, complacency and destruction throughout the Baltic region.
	www.globalharvest.org /index.asp?action=latvia (710 words)

	Bishopric of Reval - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Livonia was a confederation of numerous elements; decisions made by the Landtag depended on consensus which made the implementation of reforms rather difficult.
		Due to the opposition by some of the Livonian Order and in wanting to remain neutral, Gustav I of Sweden refused any appeals Gotthard Kettler made to him or his sons, Eric XIV of Sweden and John III of Sweden.
		King Erik's brother Johan married the Polish princess Catherine Jagiellon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bishopric_of_Reval (587 words)

	Medieval II - Ask CA some Questions! - Page 5 - Total War Center Forums
		Christanity was the most important thing in Medieval Europe, so I think it would be right to add Livonian Brothers of the sword and teutonic knights(not as factions, but add their forts).
		Livonian Brothers had a lot of castles in novadays Latvia's territory, and Teutonic knights were in Prussia (novadays - Russian territory near Lithuania), their task was to convert Pagan to christanity in Lithuania.
		The Sword brethren were know at that days as carriers of christianity and peace, but really they killed pagans and looted their cities
	www.twcenter.net /forums/showthread.php?p=760980 (2366 words)

	Teutonic Knights: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		After some 50 years of successful campaigning the knights had subdued Prussia (i.e., the lands later known as East Prussia and West Prussia) and founded numerous towns and fortresses.
		The expansion of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword took place further east; they were united with the Teutonic Order from 1237 to 1525.
		The Prussians, who had repeatedly risen in revolt, were reduced to serfdom (13th cent.), and German emigrants arrived to settle the land.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/teutonic_knights.jsp (1809 words)

	Estonian Cities: Tallinn
		The city suffered destruction in 1219 at the hands of Waldemar II of Denmark who built a fortress there.
		In 1346 Tallin along with the rest of Estonia was sold to the Livonian Brothers of the Sword by Waldemar IV and remained under their control until 1561, when it passed to Sweden after Livonian power had dissolved.
		In 1710 the city was captured by Peter I during the Northern War and was later ceded to Russia by the Treaty of Nystad (1721).
	www.russiannewsnetwork.com /tallinn.html (243 words)

	Estonians in UK London
		Estonia was Christianised when the German "Livonian Brothers of the Sword" invaded southern Estonia as part of the Northern Crusades in the early 13th century.
		During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control, while southern Estonia briefly came under the control of Poland in the 1580s.
		Western bank of OsmussaarIn addition to the human and material losses suffered due to war, thousands of civilians were killed and tens of thousands of people deported from Estonia by the Soviet authorities until Joseph Stalin's death in 1953.
	www.easteurope.org.uk /eastonians_in_uk.htm (1562 words)

	History of Sovietsk (Tilsit) - Castles of Poland
		In the past those lands were inhabited by Baltic and Ugrofin tribes (Zemgales, Estonians, Livonians, Letgals, Kurs and Zelons).
		Important turn in history of those lands was founding of Brothers of the Sword (also known as Livonian Brothers of the Sword) by A.
		Existence of Livonian Brothers' castle named Tilsit was first noted in 1288.
	www.castlesofpoland.com /prusy/tils_hist_en.htm (235 words)

	Mindaugas - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		It is only known that Mindaugas and his wife Morta were crowned by the order of Pope Innocent IV, and that for this occasion a Catholic church was built.
		Mindaugas was originally a pagan, but circa 1252 with his wife Morta he was baptized by the bishop of Kulm (now Chełmno) in the presence of the Master of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
		A member of the Order named Christian was consecrated as the first bishop of Lithuania.
	www.knowledgehunter.info /wiki/Mindaugas (491 words)

	Medieval Hotel in Visby UNESCO World Heritage Gotland
		Our two Knights Chambers are located on the first floor (no elevator), named after historical persons and a little larger than our ordinary rooms, the Knights Chambers also have bath.
		In March 1199, Albert of Riga gathered what was to become the Livonian brothers of the sword, in the strategic location that Visby offered.
		Albert Buxhoeveden (1165-1229) was dean in the German town of Bremen, and was sent by his uncle Hartwig, archbishop of Bremen and Hamburg, to christian the Baltic people, however also with some land conquers as bonus result.
	www.medeltidshotellet.se /eng/mh_roomshistory.asp (216 words)

	History Forum > Livonian Order of the Brothers of the Sword
		However I would venture tos ay thats its ahrd ot pick who were the worst of the crusaders, as Reynald singlehandedly brougth about the annihlation of all the crusader states by his selfish and murderous nature.
		When god is the reason to raise your sword, there is no fear of wrong.
		The Livonian shwertbruder were another Germanic (just like the Teuten) order, and they eventually - after a disastrus battle - joined the Teuten and became an official branch of it, retaining some sorts of limited independancy.
	www.simaqianstudio.com /forum/lofiversion/index.php?t5537.html (584 words)

	EEM - Eastern European Mission (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Letts (after whom the country was also called Lettland) were conquered and Christianized by the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the 13th cent.
		Their country formed the southern part of Livonia until 1561, when the order disbanded and its grand master became the first duke of Courland, a vassal duchy under Polish suzerainty.
		The region had been dominated since the time of the Livonian knights by German merchants, settled there by the Hanseatic League, and by a German landowning aristocracy, which reduced the Letts to servitude.
	www.eem.org /Latvia.HTML (756 words)

	The Translations of Letters of Gediminas
		To the north of Lithuania, mostly in present day Latvia and Estonia, was the Livonian branch.
		Before 1237, this had been an independent order, the Fratres Militiae Christi, usually called the Knights of the Sword, or Sword Brothers.
		The second branch was located to the south and west of Lithuania, in Prussia.
	www.lituanus.org /1969/69_4_01.htm (635 words)

	A2Z Languages - Russia - Country Guide: History
		The conquerers are now referred to historically as the Golden Horde.
		During this time, the Russian cities were also under assault from the west from the Swedes and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword.
		Finally during the 14th and 15th centuries Moscow began to grow into a powerful Russian state.
	www.a2zlanguages.com /Russia/countryguide/history.htm (655 words)

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