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Topic: Livonian Confederation

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	COINS
		In 1422 legislation at the Assembly (Landtag) of the Livonian Confederation
		The traditional Schilling issued by the Livonian Order bore a cross (long or short) on one side and a coat of arms on the other, with an inscription around the border giving the master's name and his abbreviated title on one side and the name of the city of issue on the other.
		This was composed of the Livonian Order's officers, the Archbishop of Riga, the Bishops of Oesel-Wiek, Dorpat, Kurland, and Reval, representatives of the cities (most prominently, Riga and Reval), and representatives of the knightly corporations in Estonia.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/articles/COINS.htm (4265 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Livonian Order was founded during the Northern Crusades to defend German settlements in the Baltic; their rule was primarily based on that of the Knights Templar.
		The Livonian Order was ultimately secularized and became the Duchy of Courland during the 16th century Livonian War.
		The Livonian Order then sought protection from Sigismund II Augustus, the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword (617 words)

	Livonian History
		Livonian may even be a very distant relative of languages such as Korean and Turkish, as in recent decades it has been hypothesized that the Altaic and Uralic language families may form a single larger language family (the Uralo-Altaic family of languages).
		The Livonian confederation lasted until the middle of sixteenth century, when feuding among the statelets of the confederation was utilized by the Russian Empire to its advantage.
		Later that year on March 19, 1991, the Livonians, along with the Latvians, were identified as the two nations indigenous to the territory of Latvia in a piece of legislation dealing with the support for the cultivation of the cultural autonomy of the nations of the Republic of Latvia.
	homepage.mac.com /uldis/livonia/history.html (9467 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Order was a military order organized in 1202 by Albert of Buxhoeveden and composed of German "warrior monks".
		During the Livonian War, however, they suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560.
		The Livonian Order then sought protection from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.
	en.encyclopediahome.com /wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword (561 words)

	Livonian Confederation - Definition, explanation
		The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized alliance in present-day Estonia and Latvia that existed from 1228 to the 1560s.
		In reality, most of the Livonian territory was controlled by the Order and conflicts between order, bishops and powerful Hanseatic cities were common during all three centuries.
		All the five states of Livonian Confederation ceased to exist during the Livonian War.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/l/li/livonian_confederation.php (233 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Livonian Brothers of the Sword
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Order was a military order organized in 1202 by Albert of Buxhoeveden and composed of German "warrior monks".
		During the Livonian War, however, they suffered a decisive defeat by troops of Muscovite Russia in the Battle of Ergeme in 1560.
		The Livonian Order then sought protection from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.
	reference.com /browse/wiki/Livonian_Brothers_of_the_Sword (542 words)

	Country Information, a world portal on countries, politics and governments
		The Livonian Brothers of the Sword or Livonian Order was a military order organized in 1202 by Albert of Buxhoeveden and composed of German "warrior monks".
		The Livonian Order then sought protection from King Sigismund II Augustus of Poland, who had intervened in a war between Bishop William of Riga and the Brothers in 1557.
		Livonian Brothers of the Sword from:1918 till:1940 shift:(0,-17) fontsize:S color:blue text:Estonia from:1991 till:2004 shift:(0,-17) fontsize:S color:blue text:Estonia from:2004 till:2010 shift:(10,-5) fontsize:S color:darkblue text:EU
	www.asiaiworld.com /wiki-Livonian_Order (808 words)

	\| TimesDaily.com \| TimesDaily \| Florence, Alabama (AL)
		The conquest of Livonia by the Germans is described in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.
		The Livonian Voivodeship (;) was a unit of administrative division and local government in the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, since it was formed in the 1620s out of the Wenden Voivodeship till the First Partition of Poland in 1772.
		From 1845 to 1876, the Baltic governorates of Estonia, Livonia, and Courlandâ”an area roughly corresponding to the historical Livonian Confederationâ”were administratively subordinated to a common Governor-General.
	www.timesdaily.com /section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Livonia (753 words)

	ie browser, tourism, philippines, livonia, burkina faso, petit martinique, saint kitts and nevis, malaysia, oman, lake ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The conquest of Livonia by the Germans is described in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle.
		In 1561 during the Livonian War Livonia fell to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, with Russian Empire recognizing Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth control of Livonia only in 1582.
		The native Livonian language is still spoken in parts of Latvia, but is understood to be fast approaching dead language.
	tourismperu.info /ie.html (753 words)

	The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558
		For several decades the Confederation was able to extend the truces and live in peace, but when Ivan IV came to power in 1547, their leaders realized that a new period of danger had arrived.
		His Livonian policy was part of his contest with Poland-Lithuania: when the Livonians signed the Treaty of Pozwol, establishing a military alliance with Poland-Lithuania, he understood its intent to be the ultimate subjection of Livonia to Sigismund Augustus.
		He states that the Livonian Confederation was so divided and weak that it was becoming subordinant to the Muscovite state in every sense; the Germans traded away bits of sovereignty for extensions of the truce; the Russians naturally concluded that the Tsar was the legitimate ruler of Livonia.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_3/83_3_02.htm (4801 words)

	Livonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		For other uses see Livonia (disambiguation).'' Livonia once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order in Balticum on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in present-day Latvia and Estonia.
		In 1561 during Livonian War Livonia fell to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		The Livonian language is still spoken in parts of Latvia and Estonia, but is understood to be fast approaching extinction.
	livonia.iqnaut.net (409 words)

	Livonian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Livonian Confederation was weakened while its Eastern neighbor Muscovy had grown stronger after defeating the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in the 1550s.
		The Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible demanded that Livonian Confederation pay huges taxes (40,000 talers) for the Bishopric of Dorpat.
		The Livonian Confederation collapsed; but Russia found itself in wars (the Livonian War) with the more powerful kingdoms of Poland and Sweden.
	livonian-war.mindbit.com (310 words)

	Juhan Kreem
		The Livonian Middle Ages were one of the favourite fields of research for them because of many reasons.
		In connection with the inner weakness of the Livonian confederation, its foreign relations, and especially in the sixteenth century were studied.
		The outbreak of the Livonian war in 1558 and the dissolution of the earlier political structures by 1561, generated the search for the guilty party in history-writing.
	www.ceu.hu /medstud/events/ev004/kreem.htm (1170 words)

	Livonian Confederation - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The Livonian Confederation was a loosely organized alliance in present-day Estonia and Latvia that existed from 1228 to the 1560s.
		This division was created by Papal Legate William of Modena in 1228 as a compromise between the church and powerful Livonian Order after German knights had conquered territories of several tribes: Finnic speaking Estonians and Livs and Baltic speaking Letts, Selonians, Semigallians and Curonians.
		In reality, most of the Livonian territory was controlled by the Order and conflicts between order, bishops and powerful Hanseatic cities were common during all three centuries.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=1309568 (244 words)

	Kara Broughton: Livonian Wars (EURO 344, Spring 2002)
		The Livonian Confederation encompassed a large area bordering Muscovy in the east, Lithuania and Prussia in the south, the Baltic Sea in the west, and the Gulf of Finland in the north.
		The ruling forces of the Livonian Confederation were: The Order of the Livonian Knights, who had once been based on Roman Catholic ideas and became secularized in 1562, the Archbishopric of Riga, the Bishoprics of Dorpat, Oesel-Wiek, Reval, and the Hansa towns (the most important being Riga, Reval, and Dorpat).
		Although the area know as the Livonian Confederation has come to its ruin, the area where it once was will continue to be in and out of disruption for many years to come.
	www.depts.washington.edu /baltic/papers/livonianwar.htm (3178 words)

	Livonian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Livonian War of 1558–1582 was a lengthy military conflict between Muscovite Russia and the coalition of Denmark, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland (later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), and Sweden for control of Greater Livonia (the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia).
		By the late 1550s, the Livonian Confederation had been weakened by the Reformation, while its Eastern neighbour Russia had grown stronger after defeating the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.
		The Russian tsar Ivan IV demanded that Livonian Confederation pay huge taxes (40,000 talers) for the Bishopric of Dorpat (earlier owned by Russian Novgorod Republic).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonian_War (599 words)

	Russia encyclopedia : Cultural Information , Maps, Russia politics and officials, Russian History. Travel to Russia
		As the Teutonic Knights were weakened during the 15th century through wars with Poland and Lithuania, the Livonian branch in the north began to pursue its own policies.
		In 1558, Russia\'s invasion of Livonia began the Livonian War between Russia, Poland, Sweden, and Denmark which lasted for 20 years.
		In the course of the war, the state was divided between Denmark (which took Ösel), Sweden (which took Estland), Poland (which took Livland), and the Protestant state of Courland, a fief of Poland.
	www.russiaiworld.com /wiki-Baltic_Germans (1474 words)

	Qwika - similar:List_of_States_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire
		During the 9th century the greater part of Anhalt was included in the duchy of Saxony, and in the 12th century it came under the rule...
		A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial prince of the church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent nobiliary titles held concurrently with their inherent clerical office.
		The first bishop of Tartu was Hermann von Buxhoeveden, the brother of Albert, bishop of Riga and leader of the Livonian Crusade.
	www.qwika.com /rels/List_of_States_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire (1410 words)

	Livonia
		The most important of these was the state ruled by the Sword Brethren and later the Livonian Order, the regents of the other states are located in this page.
		Under the pressure from Russia in the 16th century the Livonian confederation collapsed and was divided between its neighbours.
		During the Livonian war (1558-1583) the Danish prince Magnus of Holstein had himself proclaimed king of Livonia as a Russian vassal 1570.
	www.tacitus.nu /historical-atlas/regents/baltic/livonia.htm (163 words)

	The Later 16th Century
		But Denmark, Sweden’s deadly enemy since the dissolution of the Union of Kalmar in 1523, was rather prepared to cooperate with Moscow—first allied with her in 1493—with a view to establishing free navigation from the Russian-controlled mouth of the Narva River through the Danish-controlled Sound to the open ocean.
		From 1237, when the Livonian military order, the Knights of the Sword, joined the Teutonic Knights of Prussia, Livonia had always been dependent on the support of that much stronger German Order of knighthood, and the Livonian land master willingly recognized the overlordship of the grand master of Prussia.
		Now the majority of the Livonians, under their new land master, Gotthard Kettler, were convinced that only the Polish-Lithuanian federation could save them from Muscovite conquest.
	victorian.fortunecity.com /wooton/34/halecki/11.htm (5756 words)

	Acidophilus notes \| 07:54 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Archibishopric of Riga within the Livonian Confederation, circa 1260.
		It was abolished in 1561 due to the conversion of the territory of the Livonian Order from Catholicism to Lutheranism.
		The names of individual archbishops after 1418, as well as the years of their respective reigns, are stamped on Livonian pennies excavated at archaeological sites; in many cases, this is the only biographical data available.
	www.acidophiluseffects.com /notes/?title=Archbishop_of_Riga (395 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The second half of the 16th century was dominated by the 25-year long Livonian War, which began in 1558.
		The Russian tsar Ivan IV the Terrible led his army to the Baltic with the aim of gaining an outlet to the Baltic Sea.
		After the Livonian Confederation had fallen, the territory of Livonia came under the rule of Sweden and the Kingdom of Poland and Lithuania.
	www.purepro.lv /coins/800_16.html (412 words)

	Castles of Latvia
		Conflicts between the Livonian Order and the Archbishopric of Riga went from animosity to open warfare, with the citizens of Riga and other cities becoming an important factor too.
		Establishment of the state of Livonia, a loose political union of territories belonging to the Livonian Order of Knights and to the Catholic church, in the territory of present-day Latvia and Estonia.
		Built in 1284 and destroyed during the Livonian war, not very much remains of the old castle, but it's still nicely situated on a steep hill between the river Abuls and lake Trikata.
	www.talava.com /latviancastles.html (2601 words)

	Vitamin-tips.info -. pasta, vitamin, vegetable, cameroon airlines, livonia, hopkins, biotin, stuttgarter flugdienst, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The portion of livonia michigan home remaining in the Commonwealth after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660 was known as Polish Livonia, or Inflanty.
		In 1918-1920 both Soviet troops and German Freikorps fought against Latvian and Estonian troops for control over Livonia, but their attempts were defeated.
		There are, however, no studies that show any benefit in any case where the subject is not actually biotin deficient.
	www.vitamin-tips.info /pasta (1061 words)

	livland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Livonia (Latvian: Livonija; Estonian: Liivimaa; German: Livland; Swedish: Livland; Polish: Inflanty; Russian: ÐÐ¸ÑÐ»ÑÐ½Ð´Ð¸Ñ or Lifljandija;) once was the land of the Finnic Livonians, but came in the Middle Ages to designate a much broader territory controlled by the Livonian Order on the eastern coasts of the Baltic Sea in present-day Latvia and Estonia.
		In 1561 during the Livonian War Livonia fell to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
		The native Livonian language is still spoken in parts of Latvia, but is understood to be fast approaching extinction.
	www.9nvesting.com /wiki/?title=Livland (509 words)

	History of Latvia: A brief synopsis
		After the conquest, the Germans formed a so-called Livonian confederation, which lasted for more than three centuries.
		This feudalistic organization was not a happy one, its three components--the Teutonic Order, the archbishopric of Riga, and the free city of Riga--being in constant dispute with one another.
		Moreover, the vulnerability of land frontiers involved the confederation in frequent foreign wars.
	www.latvia-usa.org /hisoflatbrie.html (2076 words)

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