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Topic: Livonian Wars

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	Livonian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Livonian War of 1558–1582 was a lengthy military conflict between Muscovite Russia and the coalition of Denmark, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland (later the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth), and Sweden for control of Greater Livonia (the territory of the present-day Estonia and Latvia).
		By the late 1550s, the Livonian Confederation had been weakened by the Reformation, while its Eastern neighbour Russia had grown stronger after defeating the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan.
		By 1562, Russia found itself in wars with the kingdoms of Poland and Sweden.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonian_War (586 words)

	WHKMLA : Livonian War, 1558-1582
		The political constitution of Livonia, both the Livonian Order and the Livonian bishoprics, were now questioned; the Livonian Order, for decades, had suffered a sharp decline in their ranks, seriously affecting its ability to defend the country.
		The Livonian War is a complex affair, involving four foreign entities - Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Sweden and Denmark, as well as political elements within Livonia aiming at securing protection for themselves - Reval, Ösel, Riga, the Estates of (smaller) Livonia and the last grand master.
		Militarily the war began with a Russian invasion in 1558; the Livonian Order no longer was capable of defending the country; Russian troops occupied and held Narva and Dorpat (modern Tartu) and threatened the rest.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/military/16cen/livonianwar.html (624 words)

	History of Estonia
		Northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control in 1561 during the Livonian Wars[?], and during 1582-83 southern Estonia (Livonia) became part of Poland's Duchy of Courland[?].
		Large estate holdings belonging to the Baltic nobility were redistributed among the peasants and especially among volunteers in the War of Independence.
		After the war the Communist Party of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (ECP) became the pre-eminent organization in the republic.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/es/Estonia___History.html (2023 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - The Chronicle of the 1558 RPG History
		As the war in Milan went on, the Duchies of Modena, Ferrara and Reggio, under the control of Duke Ercole II d'Este, made its debut in international politics by moving into the French fold.
		However, as the war raged on, Tuscan troops participated in the war in the raid of Constantinople, yet few months later the navy is defeated on the coasts of Naples.
		The latest war, the war of Milan, became then an excuse for the two Catholic powers to fight one another, and thus impose their version of what is the order over Catholic Europe.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/showthread.php?t=210909 (16181 words)

	The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558
		It would seem logical that this treaty was the cause of the war, in that Ivan IV (the Terrible) feared that his enemies were coming together for mutual defense, and he wanted to strike before their plans matured.
		His Livonian policy was part of his contest with Poland-Lithuania: when the Livonians signed the Treaty of Pozwol, establishing a military alliance with Poland-Lithuania, he understood its intent to be the ultimate subjection of Livonia to Sigismund Augustus.
		He states that the Livonian Confederation was so divided and weak that it was becoming subordinant to the Muscovite state in every sense; the Germans traded away bits of sovereignty for extensions of the truce; the Russians naturally concluded that the Tsar was the legitimate ruler of Livonia.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_3/83_3_02.htm (4801 words)

	Characterestics of Warfare in the Times of Henry of Livonia and Balthasar Russow - Andres Kasekamp
		The purpose of this paper is to analyze and compare warfare during the Crusader conquest of Estonia and Livonia (1198-1227) and the Livonian Wars (1558-1582) based on two primary sources — The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia and Balthasar Russow's Livonian Chronicle.
		The most powerful and awe-inspiring ordinance seen in the Livonian Wars was the twenty-four Swedish "double" and "half cartouwen" that pulverized the five and a half meter walls of Narva in two days in 1581.
		On the other hand, during the Livonian Wars armor could no longer shield anyone from the lethal effects of gunpowder, and cavalry charges were frustrated by arquebusiers protected by pikemen.
	www.lituanus.org /1990_1/90_1_02.htm (3706 words)

	Latvia / The Story of Latvia / From Freedom to Thraldom
		In the so-called Livonian Wars, Western Latvia became an independent duchy (the Duchy of Courland), which under the influence of the doctrines of mercantilism developed into a colonial and Sea Power of considerable importance, but which, however, after the great Northern War, came into the sphere of influence of Russia.
		As the Livonian towns and cities were very rigidly conservative in their institutions - the City Council of Riga, for instance, established in 1226, existed without change for 660 years - the position of Latvians in them remained practically unaltered until the reforms of the 19th century.
		He demanded of the Livonian Landtag that the squirearchy should reduce peasant service and abolish ius vitae ac necis, pointing out that the Baltic barons oppressed their serfs to such an extent as was unheard of even in heathen and savage countries.
	www.latvians.com /en/Reading/TheStoryOfLatvia/SoLatvia-03-chap.php (4482 words)

	Muscovite-Lithuanian Wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The war lasted until 1508, with Glinski being defeated at Vilnius, and subsequently at Minsk and Orsha, and retreating together with his slowly moving Russian allies before the advancing Polish-Lithuanian army; the war eventually ended with the inconclusive 'eternal peace treaty' on 8 October 1508 which maintained the territorial accords of the 1503 treaty.
		The war lasted until 1520; in 1522 a peace was signed, under the terms of which the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was forced to cede to Russia about a quarter of its "Ruthenian" possessions, including Smolensk.
		The next war may be seen as part of the Northern Seven Years' War or the larger Livonian War, as it involved most of the powers around the Baltic Sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Muscovite_wars (1731 words)

	History of Latvia
		The Commonwealth's successes during the Livonian Wars (1558-83) united the Latvian-populated duchies of Pardaugava, Kurzeme, and Zemgale, but the Polish-Swedish War (1600-29) granted Sweden acquisition of Riga and the Duchy of Pardaugava, minus Latgale, leaving Latvia again split ethnically.
		After the war, the U.S.S.R. subjected the Latvian republic to a scale of social and economic reorganization which rapidly transformed the rural economy to heavy industry, the strongly ethnically Latvian population into a more multiethnic structure, and the predominantly peasant class into a fully urbanized industrial worker class.
		After a brief period of independence between the two World Wars, Latvia was annexed by the USSR in 1940.
	infotut.com /geography/Latvia (2566 words)

	Comparative Criminology \| Europe - Latvia
		Subsequent wars and treaties ensured Livonia's partition and colonization for centuries.
		The rest of the pre-World War II population was scattered among an array of Protestant denominations.
		The pre-World War II independent Orthodox Church of Latvia was subordinated to the Moscow Patriarchate after the war, and its new clergy were trained in seminaries in Russia.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /faculty/rwinslow/europe/latvia.html (8899 words)

	[No title]
		The Livonian Crusade succeeded where the crusade to the Holy Land had failed; though the two crusades shared several similarities, the most important was that both were expansive in their early years and evolved into defensive wars with significant periods of peace between conflicts.
		Prussia and Spain were different from both in that the crusaders there settled peasants and burghers in the conquered areas, so that ultimately the immigrants merged with the conquered peoples to form a new nation; meanwhile, the colonists took upon themselves a significant part of the burden of defending themselves.
		In one sense, however, the secular vassals achieved an integration of cultures that was impossible for celibate knights: in the early years native elders retained considerable influence, gave daughters to immigrant knights and a few learned the German language and customs well enough to merge into the dominant feudal elite.
	department.monm.edu /history/urban/books/Livonian_Crusade_Summary.htm (3448 words)

	time3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Russia battles and overcomes the Livonian Knights in the Livonian Wars over the next 25 years.
		War is renewed between Spain and the United Provinces (the Netherlands).
		The Great Northern War ends; Russia gains a Baltic coastline and Sweden loses most of her overseas possessions in the Peace of Nystad.
	www.cla.umn.edu /clanet/marko/time3.htm (4148 words)

	A short history of Latvia
		Subsequent wars and treaties ensure Livonia's partition and colonization for centuries.
		Poland's successes during the Livonian Wars (1558-83) unite the Latvian-populated duchies of Pardaugava, Kurzeme and Zemgale, but the Polish-Swedish War (1600-29) grants Sweden acquisition of Riga and the Pardaugava, minus Latgale, leaving Latvia again split ethnically.
		At the end of World War I, in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk of 1918, Russia cedes Estonia, Livonia and Courland to Germany.
	www.electionworld.org /history/latvia.htm (723 words)

	Kingdoms of Eastern Europe - Estonia
		Europeans are becoming hungry for land at this point, and others follow the lead set by the German bishops in invading the pagan Baltic territories.
		An Estonian revolt is beaten by the Livonian Knights, using a mixture of treachery and battle.
		Polish and Lithuanian forces under Ladislaus II (Ladislaus Jagiello) halt the eastward expansion of the Teutonic Knights.
	www.kessler-web.co.uk /History/KingListsEurope/EasternEstonia.htm (998 words)

	Ask Us A Question - The Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos DidÅ¾ioji KunigaikÅ¡tystÄ—, Belarusian: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 13th century signified the beginning of the wars with the Teutonic Knights, the Livonian Order and the rise of Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of Lithuania in 1253.
		Several attempts were made to restore and strengthen broken union ties in the 16th century, and after the Lublin Union in 1569, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania joined the Kingdom of Poland, creating the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
		Mindaugas was mentioned as the ruler of the whole Lithuania in Livonian Rhymed Chronicle in 1236.
	www.sanpablocaus.com /details/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania (5435 words)

	curonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		During the Livonian Wars (1558â“1582), under the increasing pressure of Russia, the Livonian Confederation dissolved.
		This war ended with the peace Treaty of Oliwa (1660) (signed in Oliwa, near Danzig which is now called GdaÅsk).
		Courland during World War II At the start of Operation Barbarossa in 1941, Courland, along with the rest of the Baltic area belonging to the Soviet Union, was overrun by Army Group North headed by Field Marshal Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb.
	www.cruisedates.com /wiki/?title=Curonia (2495 words)

	Livonian War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Livonian Confederation was weakened while its Eastern neighbor Muscovy had grown stronger after defeating the Muslim khanates of Kazan and Astrakhan in the 1550s.
		The Russian tsar Ivan the Terrible demanded that Livonian Confederation pay huges taxes (40,000 talers) for the Bishopric of Dorpat.
		The Livonian Confederation collapsed; but Russia found itself in wars (the Livonian War) with the more powerful kingdoms of Poland and Sweden.
	livonian-war.mindbit.com (310 words)

	History of Latvia - Latvian history
		By the 1270's, the crusaders had established the state of Livonia, a political union of territories belonging to the Livonian Order of Knights and to the Catholic church, covering the homelands of the Couronians, Semgallians, Latgallians, Selonians and Finno-Ugrians (Estonians and Livs) in the territory of present-day Latvia and Estonia.
		At the same time, it must be noted that the political and economic unity of the Livonian order eventually stimulated the unification of the local tribes into one (Latvian) linguistic community.
		After the Livonian Wars (1558-1583), which were begun by the state of Moscow which wanted access to the Baltic Sea, Livonia was divided between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania.
	www.randburg.com /lv/history.html (563 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The onset of World War I brought German occupation of the western coastal province of Kurzeme, and Latvians countered the invasion by establishing several rifle regiments commanded by czarist generals.
		The new Latvian army faced rogue elements of the retreating German army and engaged in civil war against the Soviet Red Army, composed largely of former Latvian Riflemen.
		After the war, the U.S.S.R. subjected the Latvian republic to a scale of social and economic reorganization which rapidly transformed the rural economy to heavy industry, the Latvian population into a more multiethnic structure, and the predominantly peasant class into a fully urbanized industrial worker class.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eur/latvia9408.html (3715 words)

	BONJOUR L'ESTONIE: History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The 60th anniversary of the end of World War II in Europe is obviously not about deportation and the gulag, or at least not according to Russia's current political ideologists.
		Wars had ravaged Estonia also before, but during World War II we had to suffer from devastation caused by anti-human regimes.
		The stories Nolan's mother told were steeped in the tragedies of World War II and the Iron Curtain that closed on her beloved Estonian homeland at..........
	shaan.typepad.com /shaanou/history (9152 words)

	Tallinn Estonia Travel Estonia Tours \| Scantours.net
		Northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control in 1561 during the Livonian Wars and in 1582/3 southern Estonia (Livonia) became part of Poland's Duchy of Courland.
		The 1905 uprisings were brutally suppressed and Estonian gains were minimal but the tense stability that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.
		After the war the Estonian Communist Party (ECP) became the pre-eminent organization in the republic.
	www.scantours.net /products/catgry.php5?id=45 (2495 words)

	Laos
		Soon after accord was reached, the signatories accused each other of violating the terms of the agreement, and with superpower support on both sides, the civil war soon resumed.
		Since the end of the civil war, the Lebanese have formed five cabinets and conducted two legislative elections.
		The 16th century witnessed a number of wars against the growing Russian state over the Slavic lands ruled by the GDL.
	www.geocities.com /afgh_friends/l_countries.htm (5826 words)

	Courtly Lives - Saaremaa Island
		The Livonian War lasted a quarter of a century and devastated Baltic life.
		As a result of this war 75% of some parts of Estonia were effected by war, disease (plague), and famine.
		After the Livonian Wars, Baltic-German nobility was powerful in northern Estonia.
	www.angelfire.com /mi4/polcrt/Saaremaa.html (2442 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Estonia
		Precipitated by the invasion of Russian forces, the Livonian political entity collapsed in the Livonian Wars of the latter half of the sixteenth century.
		The institution known today as Tartu University was founded as the Kingdom's second institution of higher learning (after Uppsala), and Narva was under consideration to become a "second" capital of the Kingdom at one point.
		However, the Great Northern War that broke out at the turn of the century brought calamity to the region.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/estonia27_history.html (2113 words)

	SAC to 1682
		This happened in a series of three “Punic Wars” against Carthage and campaigns into regions washed by the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
		<>BC 70:30; Rome gripped in ruinous civil war as all factions were at one another’s throats, seeking to destroy rather than “check and thwart” one another.
		Livonian and Teutonic Knights brought constant military pressure to bear on pagan Lithuanians.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~kimball/sac.0000.1682.htm (12720 words)

	New Generational Dynamics Book -- Available online - Fourth Turning Forums
		For instance, the Livonian Wars and the later years of Ivan IV were most definitely a Crisis Era.
		With the Napoleonic Wars not being a Crisis War for Russia, that was nailed on the spot!!!
		That war was one of Russia's greatest humiliations, and its soldiers walked away from the field with shame and never got respect.
	www.fourthturning.com /forum/showthread.php?p=72757 (5142 words)

	The Livonian Crisis quiz -- free game
		Which power was the first (1560) to actively intervene in Livonian affairs after the war began?
		Which war saw Sweden pitted against Denmark, Lübeck and Poland for mastery in the Baltic region?
		The most important legacy of the Livonian Wars was Sweden's new presence on the mainland of north-eastern Europe.
	www.funtrivia.com /playquiz.cfm?qid=126873 (259 words)

	Nordic Fury!
		The Nordic Seven years war 1563-1570 was the result of steadily rising tensions between
		Poland began without a forma declaration of war and ended without a formal peace or truce.
		Fredrick II hoped for, the war dragged on for seven years which exhausted all sides.
	perfectcaptain.50megs.com /nordicfury.html (1238 words)

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