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	Livonian people - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Livonians are the indigenous Finnic speakers who since ancient times populated the shores of the Gulf of Riga adjacent to the Indo-European Balts.
		Livonian song festivals were important manifestations, and the Livonian language became an optional subject in schools in 1923.
		With Glasnost a Livonian Cultural Society was founded in Latvia, and since then a revival of the old language and culture is in progress.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Livonian_people (443 words)

	Livonian Pages
		The importance of Livonians' contacts with their related peoples in the area is also reflected in the fact that the Livonian, Estonian and Finnish national anthems share a common melody.
		Livonian is one of the oldest languages spoken by any Baltic Sea peoples and Livonians are one of the most closely related peoples to Estonians.
		Livonians have their own state foundation "Livõd Randa", founded in 1991 by the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia, as well as a Livonian Cultural Centre which opened its doors in 1994.
	www.suri.ee /r/liivi/eng.html (395 words)

	Livonia
		Ancient Livonians lived in Livonia, the area on the eastern coast of the Livonian Bay from the Vaina river to the Estonian territory and in north Courland among the Courlanders.
		The Livonians were able to retain their identity as their life, based on fishing, was different from that of the inland villages.
		Livonian singers were only able to establish their group (Livlist) in Riga and Ventspils at the beginning of the 1970s.
	www.kresy.co.uk /livonia.html (1233 words)

	Berthold
		Bishop, Apostle of the Livonians, killed 24 July, 1198, in a crusade against the pagan Livonians who threatened destruction to all Christians that lived in their territory.
		On this assumption, Berthold had been working ten years as a missionary among the Livonians when he became their second bishop and was, therefore, well acquainted with his field of labour.
		Near the mouth of the Dna the German peasants landed with the purpose of making their homes in the vicinity, and laid the foundations of the city Riga, at present one of the most important commercial seaports in Russia.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/berthold.html (700 words)

	BEYOND THE POINT OF NO RETURN
		The ancient Livonians inhabited the area called Livonia, a belt of 60-100 kilometres on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Riga, stretching from the Daugava River to the present territory of Estonia, and North Courland.
		According to Henric the Lett’s Chronicles at the beginning of the 13th century Livonians lived on the lower reaches of the Daugava and on the Gauja and Salaca rivers.
		The dynamics of Livonian population in the coastal villages of Courland:
	www.suri.ee /eup/beyond.html (1325 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Latvia - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The first settlers in the territory of Latvia were Livonians, or "Libiesi." Whereas the Latvians originated from the Indo-European family, the Livonians were akin to the Estonians and the Finns and formed a part of the Finno-Ugric complex of nations.
		The Livonians were once heavily concentrated in the northern part of Latvia's present-day provinces of Kurzeme and Vidzeme, but today only about 100 individuals retain their ancient language.
		Livonians have also contributed to the development of a prominent Latvian dialect.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/latvia/1.php (1044 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Home
		The Livonian festival is the annual event that is held on the Livonian coast, and since next year it will be the 60th anniversary of the building of the Livonian House, the committee of the Society of Friends of Livonia took the decision to have a really proper celebration of the event.
		But if we are talking about a rebirth of Livonian, as it were, then my greatest concern is that it seems to prepare ground for the mood that everything is OK if eight people over 80 years of age still speak the language, and that this is the right time for a rebirth.
		And so the time is gone when the younger generation learned Livonian as their first language, a mother-tongue, a natural mother tongue, but now they are learning Livonian in conditions where they have already acquired a different language as their mother tongue.
	www.ogmios.org /104.htm (1728 words)

	Livonian People (Latvia)
		The Livonian flag was approved at the first meeting of the Livonian Association on April 2, 1923.
		I thought that Livonian is (was?) a Baltic language, like Latvian and Lithuanian, not a Finno-Ugrian language like Estonian, but www.pinette.net/chris/langs.html shows it as Finno-Ugrian. We may have been confused because it survives only as a second language of some dozens of Latvians, all of them getting on in years.
		The remaining West Livonian speakers live in Kurland (west of the Bay of Riga); their village society had splintered in the turmoil of the Second World War, and the collectivization of the Soviet Era attended to them.
	flagspot.net /flags/lv-livon.html (619 words)

	MSN Encarta - Ivan IV Vasilyevich
		After the annexation of the Volga, Muscovy had two expansionist alternatives: either to conquer and annex the Crimean khanate, which was ceaselessly raiding Russia and Poland for slaves; or to reconquer Slavic lands to the west which had been annexed by Livonia, Lithuania, and Poland.
		When his wife Anastasia died in 1560, Ivan believed she had been poisoned in a plot by the boyars and members of the Chosen Council, and had the council members exiled.
		Setbacks in the Livonian War led to the defection of some military commanders fearful of the tsar's wrath.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761561311/Ivan_IV_Vasilyevich.html (1764 words)

	VALDEMAR II. - LoveToKnow Article on VALDEMAR II. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The connecting link between the western and the eastern Baltic was the isle of Gotland, where German merchants from Liibeck had established a depot (the later Visby).
		The fur-trade with the Esthonians and Livonians proved so lucrative that a German colony was planted in Livonia itself at what was afterwards Riga, and in 1201 for its better security the colony was converted into a bishopric.
		A still firmer footing was gained by the Germans on Livonian soil when Abbot Theo-derick of Riga founded the order of the Sword (a foundation confirmed by the pope in 1204), whose duty it was to convert the heathen Esths and Livs and appropriate as much of their land in the process as possible.
	30.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VA/VALDEMAR_II_.htm (537 words)

	L I I V I
		For geographic reasons the Livonians' ties were stronger with the fishermen from Saaremaa than with those from other regions of Estonia, and stronger with the fishermen of Sõrve than with those from the rest of Saaremaa.
		So, part of the common features of the Livonian and Sõrve folk cultures may be the result of a joint development, but in some cases one should not undersestimate the possible Livonian influence on the customs and traditions observed in Saaremaa.
		Generally the calendar tradition of the Livonian fishermen seem to support the argument that a small ethnos need not be a passive receiver of influences from outside, instead they may be active creators or at least selectors and adapters of the surrounding cultural phenomena to their own needs.
	haldjas.folklore.ee /folklore/nr1/liivi.htm (7559 words)

	RAMBAUD ON THE LIVONIAN AND TEUTONIC KNIGHTS
		THREE new races of men, three invasions (from the 12th to the 13th century), were to modify the historical development of the different parts of Slavonia ; the Russia of the north-west was to make acquaintance with the Germans, Russia of the cast and south with the Tatar-Mongols, Russia of the west with the Lithuanians.
		The Livonians, after having implored the help of the princes of Polotsk, marched on Riga, and suffered an entire defeat (1206).
		The Sword-bearers afterwards undertook a series of campaigns against the Livonians and the Semigalli of the Dwina, and against the Tchouds of the north and the Letts of the south-east.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Ramliv.html (1326 words)

	The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
		About 3,000 Livonians lived in 12 villages on the coast of Courland in 1860 (F. Wiedemann says in his survey of the Livonian language in 1859 that more than 2,000 Livonian speakers lived in Courland and 8 in Salatsi, Livonia).
		At the beginning of the 20th century the number was 2,000 (only in Courland); 1,238 in 1925 (Latvian census); 2,000 in 1939; 500--600 in 1948; 200 in 1959 (census of the Soviet Union) though the actual number at this time was closer to 500.
		When the liberalization of Soviet society began in the second half of the 1980s, the Livonian Cultural Society was founded in Latvia and since a number of people have taken up Livonian in an attempt to revive the language.
	www.eki.ee /books/redbook/livonians.shtml (1444 words)

	Livonian History
		Livonian may even be a very distant relative of languages such as Korean and Turkish, as in recent decades it has been hypothesized that the Altaic and Uralic language families may form a single larger language family (the Uralo-Altaic family of languages).
		The publication of the translations was complicated by a peasant uprising among the Livonians in 1859 and 1860 in the town of Dundaga in Northern Kurzeme.
		Later that year on March 19, 1991, the Livonians, along with the Latvians, were identified as the two nations indigenous to the territory of Latvia in a piece of legislation dealing with the support for the cultivation of the cultural autonomy of the nations of the Republic of Latvia.
	homepage.mac.com /uldis/livonia/history.html (9467 words)

	Central Europe Review - Defender of a Small Nation
		The Livonians are an almost extinct Balto-Finnic nation, living in the coastal villages of northern Couronia in Latvia by the Baltic Sea.
		Her parents were very actively involved in reviving Livonian folklore and, together with their children, took part in the work of the Skandinieki folk ensemble.
		The fate of Livonians can also act as a warning to the relatively bigger Baltic nations, who are still in danger of losing their cultural identity, as they aspire to become members of the EU.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/jakobs27.html (777 words)

	Kolka Latvia - In Your Pocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The town houses the Livonian culture centre (Libiesu Tautas Nams in Latvian, Livlist Rovkuoda in Livonian), built in 1938 with the support of linguistic cousins in Hungary, Finland and Estonia.
		Inside is a small museum showing photos of previous generations of Livonians and their flag - green representing forests, white the sandy beaches of the coast, and blue for the sea.
		On the first Sunday of August there is a gathering of all Livonians here, culminating in a procession to the beach where a wreath is cast into the sea in remembrance of fishermen who have met watery deaths.
	www.inyourpocket.com /latvia/kolka/en/front (821 words)

	Religion in the Medieval Baltic - William Urban (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		6 A decade later, however, the Livonians adhered to the foreigners and their new religion when neighboring tribes, which had remained pagan, attempted to expel them from the country.
		But is is more likely that those Lettgallians and Livonians who had been plundered, murdered, raped, and kidnapped by every surrounding tribe for generations saw protection — even power, wealth, and prestige — coming to them as a result of the foreign presence.
		The Livonians and Letts were food and provender for the Lithuanians and like sheep in the jaws of wolves, since they were without a shepherd.
	www.lituanus.org /1973/73_1_06.htm (1857 words)

	The Origin of the Livonian War, 1558
		Ivan's troubles with the Livonians can be traced back to 1550, when he first gave notice that he expected the westerners to give Russian merchants equal access to trade as that which was granted to Livonian and Hanseatic merchants in Russia.
		His Livonian policy was part of his contest with Poland-Lithuania: when the Livonians signed the Treaty of Pozwol, establishing a military alliance with Poland-Lithuania, he understood its intent to be the ultimate subjection of Livonia to Sigismund Augustus.
		He states that the Livonian Confederation was so divided and weak that it was becoming subordinant to the Muscovite state in every sense; the Germans traded away bits of sovereignty for extensions of the truce; the Russians naturally concluded that the Tsar was the legitimate ruler of Livonia.
	www.lituanus.org /1983_3/83_3_02.htm (4801 words)

	Latvia/Livonia (Li'vzeme)
		The Livonians are a Finno-Ugric people, which means that they and their language are related to that of the Finns and Estonians.
		This region is called "Livod Randa," or the "Livonian Coast [or Shore]" in Livonian.
		Currently, the Livonians are still trying to get their act together, but if they play their cards right, they might be able to save their language and culture.
	www.indians.org /welker/latvia.htm (414 words)

	Livonians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This year songs in Livonian were recorded from two singers in north western Kurzeme.
		Her father was a Livonian, mother - Estonian, the family used both languages, Hilda learned also the melodies of both nations.
		She has narrated more than 200 folk-tales and legends and sung more than 90 songs (the collection is kept at Estonian folklore archive in Tartu).
	www.lfk.lv /1962_eng.html (250 words)

	Central Europe Review - A Brief History of Latvia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Intermingled on these lands were the Livonians, the Finno-Ugric ethnic and linguistic kin of the Estonians and Finns.
		The city of Rīga, formed from a Livonian fishing village, was founded in 1201 and the religious base for the Baltic campaign established by Bishop Albert.
		The latter half of the sixteenth century brought the Livonian Wars, which saw the end of the so-called "Old Livonia" and witnessed Latvian lands change hands several times in the next century.
	www.ce-review.org /00/27/latvia27_history.html (2158 words)

	Body (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He Livonians themselves to record and preserve their own cultural Contacts were later continued around the turn of the century by Professor E N Setälä and heritage.
		Only a handful of people now speak Livonian as their mother tongue, but interest in the language among young people is reviving.
		This festival and the cultural events associated with it are in turn a strong indication of the vitality of Livonian culture.
	www.valtioneuvosto.fi /tpk/puheet-1998/P980801.liivien.html (851 words)

	Phrasebase™ - WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT ESTONIA??? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Livonians were evacuated from their homes and some families fled to Sweden.
		After World War II the number of Livonians had decreased to such an extent that a language community able to sustain Livonian literary language had ceased to exist.
		The self-designation of the Livonians is rāndalizt (coast dwellers), the self-designation of the language rāndakēļ (coastal language).
	www.phrasebase.com /forum/read.php?TID=951 (1769 words)

	Rainbow
		Swallows who were harnessed to her carriage drew it over the vault of heaven.
		Concept of the rainbow as a belt of a mother of the heavens is known likewise by the Livonians.
		On the grounds of the preceding, it is interesting to mention that almost all rainbow beliefs are inspired by its shape - the large arc - and not by its colours (except to some extent the Younger Edda's one where the colours are not mentioned).
	www.folklore.ee /folklore/vol6/rainbow.htm (3383 words)

	Kus um Livmo? -- Where is Livonia? -- Kur ir Livzeme? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The traditional homeland of the Livonian people is located along the shores of the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga in northeastern Europe.
		In the 20th Century, the Livonians lived in about a dozen villages along the northwestern coast of Latvia, mainly facing the Baltic Sea.
		Livõd Randa, or the "Livonian Coast", is the closest thing the Livonian nation has to a homeland or home region as it enters the 21st Century.
	homepage.mac.com /uldis/livonia/location.html (176 words)

	'The victims are the families:' Livonians face grief, hope after Sept. 11 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		On Sept. 11, 2001, people who lived and worked in Livonia were drawn into the calamity of the New York-Washington-Shanksville triangle.
		Some Livonians were impacted by the fickleness of fate.
		The 44-year-old former Livonian was killed on Sept. 11; he was a senior vice president at Fiduciary Trust, which had offices on the 90th floor of the south tower.
	www.freep.com /news/cfp/1/llook11_20030911.htm (1520 words)

	Fenni - free-definition
		In Old Icelandic, the noun fenni means "hard snow", while the verb, fenna, means "to cover with snow." An interpretation of the term, suggested in 1896 by Hultam, is "wanderer" -- for the way the people lived, i.e.
		Similar descriptive terms were used in titles for fishermen (Livonians).
		Whether or not this tribe can be identified with the Samic people is disputed.
	www.netlexikon.akademie.de /Fenni.html (122 words)

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