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Topic: Ljudevit Gaj

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	Ljudevit Gaj - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ljudevit Gaj (August 8, 1809 – April 20, 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer.
		Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language.
		Beside the political ideologist, organizer and the leader of the reformation, Ljudevit Gaj was a writer too.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ljudevit_Gaj (426 words)

	The european revolution of 1848 - aftermath
		Gaj was the son of a German father and a Slovak mother and was born just north of the ancient Croat capital, Zagreb, in 1814 and developed an intense interest in Croatian history as he grew up.
		Gaj had gained a certain celebrity in those parts where people could think of themselves as being "Croats" as a would-be champion of an awakening of a cultural patriotism that hoped to see a recovery of the Croat "Illyrian" language, and a renaissance of Croat culture.
		In these "patriotic" times, under the tutelage of Gaj and others, the upper classes were somewhat prepared to abandon their usage of Italian and the broader populations were also prepared to adapt themselves towards the regional dialect that was spoken in the city of Dubrovnik.
	www.age-of-the-sage.org /history/1848/reaction.html (3553 words)

	CROATIA-SLAVONIA - LoveToKnow Article on CROATIA-SLAVONIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		One result of this nationalist revival was the unsuccessful attempt made between 1814 and 1830 to raise the Cakavci dialect to the rank of a distinctive literary language for CroatiaSlavonia; but the Illyrist movement of 1840 led to the adoption of the Stokavci, which was already the vernacular of the majority of Serbo-Croats.
		Ljudevit Gaj (1809-1872), though he failed to create an artificial literary language by the fusion of the principal dialects spoken by Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, was by his championship of Illyrism instrumental in securing the triumph of the Stokavci.
		Gaj was a poet of considerable talent, and one of the founders of Croatian journalism.
	94.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CR/CROATIA_SLAVONIA.htm (6790 words)

	Nationalism in Hungary, 1848-1867
		The key figure was Ljudevit Gaj, born in 1809 as the son of a lower-class apothecary of German descent: but like Kossuth, Gaj's family had long ago taken on a new (Slav) ethnicity.
		Gaj attended universities in Austria and Hungary and became excited by the modern, Romantic notion of nationalism, which emphasized language, folk traditions and political liberalism instead of noble rights and medieval privileges.
		Gaj believed that Croats and Serbs shared a Southern Slav heritage (which he called "Illyrian") and he promoted a common Serbo-Croatian language by publishing literary works in the "sto" dialect that was spoken by both Serbs and Croats.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect07.htm (4360 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ljudevit Gaj founded, brought to consciousness and freed the Croatian language.
		Gaj was born in Krapina, 1809.Promted by the legend of Czech, Lech and Mech, as a 15-year-old boy he wrote a booklet in Latin, "Brevis descriptio loci Krapinae" which was published in Karlovac in 1826.
		Today the house where Ljudevit Gaj was born, in the street which is called after him, is turned into a memorial museum with exhibits mostly connected with Gaj himself and his private life.
	jagor.srce.hr /tz_krapina/pov_eng.htm (984 words)

	Ludevit Gaj (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Ljudevit Gaj (1809 - 1872) Born without noble blood in a small Croatian village, Ljudevit Gaj quickly distinguished himself by becoming the foremost authority on the Serbo-Croatian language at the University of Graz.
		Fascinated from an early age by the idea of a single southern Slavonic race, Gaj became the champion and founder of what was to be called the Illyrian movement, believing that thae south Slavs were the immediate descendants of the ancient Illyr nation.
		Gaj wanted to create a southern Slavic kingdom with Serbia at the center, a plan he had been cultivating since 1842.
	www.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/gaj.htm (376 words)

	Kosova Crisis Center - The Question of Illyrian-Albanian Continuity...
		Moreover, the theory of the Illyrian origin of the Croats was at this time embodied in academic form by Ljudevit Gaj, the greatest ideologue of the national movement.
		It was not by chance that, after initial enthusiasm, critics of the idea grasped its weak points and easly refuted Gaj’s basic thesis of the South Slavs.
		Ljudevit Gaj, "Tko su bili stari Iliri?," "Danica ilirska," 5 (1839), Nr.10, pp.37-39; Nr.11, pp.41-43; Nr.12, pp.
	www.alb-net.com /illyrians.htm (3430 words)

	Tamburaland
		They accept the offer and the band of five members is formed (first rehearsal was held on 25th of October 1999 and on that very same day, 16 years earlier, Tomislav Glogovic was born and that date, except being Tomislav's birthday, becomes the birthday of "Savski Valovi").
		At this point I must mention the support that was given to the band by the conductor of "Gaj" Mr Ivan Kresnik who allowed them to rehearse in the room where "Gaj" rehearses (a part of "Ljudevit Gaj" elementary school) and use the school instruments (bas, bugarija, bisernica).
		All five members of the band begin playing in TPD "Zvono" (a tambura orchestra and a choir) in Savski gaj (a part of Zagreb, notice the symbolism, 3 members of the band play in TO "Gaj", in Savski gaj and the band is eventually named "Savski Valovi", cool, right?)...
	www.tamburaland.com /bands/savskivalovi/svalovi.html (223 words)

	Renaissance and Reform
		Educated under Pan-Slav masters, Gaj held all Slavs to be brothers in the wider sense, but accepted the division of them into four main groups, one of which was the Southern Slav, or 'Illyrian', cornprising the Croats, Slovenes, Serbs and Bulgars.
		Linguistically, on the other hand, Gaj and the Serbian linguistic maestro of the day, Vuk Karadzic, agreed on a common language, the 'sto' dialect, generally spoken in the Serb lands, although not the Croat.
		Gaj had thus assassinated his own language, replacing it by one which was Serbian in content and Czech in orthography.
	www.fortunecity.com /victorian/wooton/34/macartney/6.html (7305 words)

	FRANCE PRESEREN AND THE NATION THAT ALMOST WASN'T
		Ljudevit Gaj and Stanko Vraz supported Kollar's views.
		Thus, Gaj started a campaign, supported by Vraz, to eliminate Slovene and replace it with Serbo-Croat.
		In reply to Gaj's efforts, he wrote: "The tendency of our songs and other literary activities is none other than to cultivate our mother tongue; if you people have another goal, then you will achieve it with difficulty" (Cooper, p.
	www.bu.edu /econ/faculty/kyn/newweb/economic_systems/NatIdentity/EE/Yugoslavia/preseren.html (1399 words)

	CROATS & SERBS: CHAPTER EIGHT
		In 1830 Ljudevit Gaj (1809 – 1872) came to the fore as a leader of the Croatian national movement.
		Gaj soon became convinced that printing was the most effective means of spreading his propaganda and of arousing the sentiment of nationalism.
		The Serbs accepted neither Gaj’s Illyrism nor Strossmayer’s Yugoslavism because the Serbian uprisings at the outset of the XIX century had instilled in them the hope of restoring the old Serbian state after the fall of the Turkish empire and even reviving the dreams of Dusan’s empire.
	www.magma.ca /~rendic/chapter8.htm (13435 words)

	The Croatian Minority in Slovakia
		It is also important to mention the especially fertile cultural and literary cooperation among the Slovaks and the Croatians during Ljudevit Stur's and the Illyrian movements.
		The relations between Ljudevit Stur and the head of the Illyrian movement, Ljudevit Gaj, gave particular distinction in this cooperation.
		Gaj, during his visit to Bratislava in 1833, promoted the well-known song Jos Hrvatska Ni Propala.
	www.hr /darko/etf/croslov.html (2805 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In the mid 19th century, Serbian (led by Vuk Stefanovic Karadzic Vuk StefanoviÄ KaradÅ¾iÄ) and Croatian writers and linguists (represented in Illyrian movement led by Ljudevit Gaj and Djuro Danicic Äuro DaniÄiÄ) decided to use the most widespread Štokavian dialect as a basis for their standard languages.
		Vuk standardized the Serbian Cyrillic script and Gaj and DaniÄiÄ Croatian Latin script, on the basis on phonemes used in vernacular speach and the principle of purely phonetic spelling.
		The Croatian Latin alphabet (''Croatian alphabet Gajica'') followed suit shortly afterwards, when Ljudevit Gaj defined it as standard Latin with five extra letters that had diacritical marks, apparently borrowing much from Czech language Czech, but also from Polish language Polish, and inventing the uniquely Croatian digraph (orthography) digraphs "lj", "nj" and "dž".
	www.mauspfeil.net /Serbo-Croatian_language.html (3692 words)

	Did You Know ? (Fivestars Zagreb - Only Recommended)
		Who is Ljudevit Gaj and what is his significance to Croatian orthography?
		The writer and leader of the Croatian National Renaissance, Ljudevit Gaj (1809-72), resisted Hungarian nationalism and fought for national unity.
		He put forward the proposal for an orthographic reform (1830), founded in 1835 the Croatian Newspaper (from 1836 the Illyrian Newspaper) and published the proclamation on the adoption of the new orthography and the Štokavian dialect as the Standard Croatian Language (1835).
	www.fivestars.hr /did_you_know/NzI=?session_id=2a40882fa787a86661e1efe3a8cfe40d (74 words)

	Amazon.com: The Dawn of Slavic : An Introduction to Slavic Philology (Yale Language Series): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Moreover, in the survey of Slavic languages, when talking about the Croatian and Serbian diasystem, Schenker says that "Croatian and Serbian were standardized in the first half of the nineteenth century, chiefly through the efforts of the Hercegovinian Vuk Karadzic and the Croat Ljudevit Gaj".
		But everybody knows that Vuk Karadzic was Serbian, that he was the great reformer of the Serbian literary language and the Serbian Cyrillic alphabet, so I don't understand the use of the term "Hercegovinian" in that context...
		Ljudevit Gaj, for instance, is correctly called Croat, and not "Zagorjan", even he was born in the Zagorje region.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0300058462?v=glance (1361 words)

	Croats at European universities in Middle Ages, Latinists, Encyclopaedists
		In 1999 a new jewel of Croatian lexicography was discovered: Ljudevit Lalic (17th century) and his handwritten Latin-Italian-Croatian dictionary, Blago jezika slovinskog...Thesaurus linguae illyricae sive Dictionarium Illyricum...
		Ljudevit Lalic was a Franciscan, and the oldest known Herzegovinian lexicographer.
		In accordance with his Dalmatian autonomistic views, he believed in the separate "Dalmatian nationality", and was against the unification of Italy, and against unification of Dalmatia with banska Croatia (1861).
	www.hr /darko/etf/lat.html (11056 words)

	The secret of the number twelve » Obsessed with the number twelve? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		He was also assassinated in 1967, apparently by the same group of people he had abandoned earlier.
		Ljudevit Gaj and Count Draković — well-known leaders of the Croatian Reformation period - both wrote papers on the topic of union among Southern Slavs (Gaj in 1830, Draković in 1832).
		This union started collapsing in 1974 (144, that is, 142.5 years later) when the last of Tito’s constitutions was written according to which the Yugoslav republics were defined as states with the right to separation.
	number12secret.com /index.php?itemid=20 (784 words)

	Yugoslavia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Yugoslav idea, that is the idea of the union of all South Slavs in a common state on the basis of linguistic and cultural similarities, was made popular in the 1830s and 1840s by Croatian intellectuals like linguist Ljudevit Gaj and Bishop Josip Juraj Strossmayer.
		But whereas Croatian adherents to the Yugoslav idea wished the South Slavs to live in loose federal state, most Serbian leaders such as Prime Minister Nikola Pasic of the Serbian Radical Party saw in Yugoslavia an extension of a centralized Serbian- dominated state.
		Pressing for border changes was a deliberate decision by the Serbian leadership and does not necessarily follow from the nationalist doctrine.
	www.geohistory.com /GeoHistory/GHMaps/GeoWorld/yugo.html (2338 words)

	Bosnia & Herzegovina myths for dummies :: HERCEG BOSNA :: Croats of Bosnia and Herzegovina ::
		Bosnian Muslims’ contemporary efforts to give a historical “legitimacy” to the name of their national language are exercise in futility since the term “Bosnian language” was almost exclusively used by Croatian writers and lexicographers in 17th and 18th centuries (both in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) to designate a dialectal variant of Croatian language.
		But the reality is quite different: processes of languages standardization for Croats and Serbs (Bosnian Muslims did not take part in this matter) were almost independent-with the exception of a few decades in the second half of the 19th century which were not as crucial as some old-school philologists had supposed.
		But, Gaj and his Illyrian movement (centred in kajkavian speaking Croatia’s capital Zagreb) were important more politically than linguistically.
	www.hercegbosna.org /engleski/dummies.html (4520 words)

	Croatia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The idea of unity was supported by a few Croatian noblemen and their leader, Ljudevit Gaj, tried to unite the South Slavs during the 1830s.
		Following the work of the Slovak, Jan Kollar, Gaj amalgamated the various Slavic dialects to form one Croato-Serbian or Illyrian language based on the most common 'stovakian' dialect which he hoped would overcome Catholic and Orthodox religious differences.
		Slovenians and Bosnians felt that it was too different from their own languages and did not support the movement in any great numbers but Hungarian reforms reducing the power of the Croat nobility encouraged them to adopt the new language in government.
	www.gaminggeeks.org /Resources/KateMonk/Europe-Eastern/Former-Yugoslavia/Croatia/History.htm (1636 words)

	Locality description: Krapina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		On the opposite hill Sabac stood the Keglevic burg, devastated in 1581.
		Krapina features several houses from the 18th and the 19th centuries; among them are the parsonage and the birth-house of Ljudevit Gaj (now the Ljudevit Gaj Museum), to whom a monument (by I. Rendic) was erected in 1891.
		The keystone and several fragments of wall paintings from the end of the 15th century originate from the two-nave Gothic parish church of St. Nicholas (reconstructed according to the sketches by J. Vancas, 1901-1903).
	www.firstnet.cz /en/lokality/437 (678 words)

	Murano Fiume Web Page
		In open defiance of Hungarian claims, Count Juraj Draskovic proposed in 1832 to the Hungarian parliament a national and cultural program for Croatia.
		It expressed the ideas of the "Illyrian movement," organised by Ljudevit Gaj, which aimed at he union of all South Slavs (Yugoslavs) within the Habsburg federation.
		After 13 years of imperial absolutism and political lethargy a reorganisation of the Habsburg empire was planned by the centralist patent of Feb. 26, 1861.
	www.wu-wien.ac.at /usr/h96d/h9652339/history/nationalism.html (353 words)

	Serbian nationalism from the "Nacertanije" to the Yugoslav Kingdom
		Influential figures like Ljudevit Gaj believed that Serbs and Croats could work together for their mutual benefit.
		Later in the nineteenth century, similar concepts were associated with "Yugoslavism" and the goal of unifying Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.
		They had little understanding for Ljudevit Gaj's Illyrianism, Croatian Yugoslavism, or the Croatian experience of Magyar domination, which was driving demands in Zagreb for federalism and autonomy.
	www.lib.msu.edu /sowards/balkan/lect13.htm (4585 words)

	History 220: WEEK 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Selection of primary sources: (1) Gaj (from E. Despalatovic, Ljudevit Gaj and the Illyrian Movement [1975], 40-61); (2) late-18th/early-19th-century Serbia
		What was the role of language in the movements led by Ljudevit Gaj and Vuk Karadzic?
		What were their aims, and how did they and other intellectuals "imagine the nation"?
	www.stanford.edu /class/history220/week3.htm (196 words)

	CROATIAN LANGUAGE FROM THE ELEVENTH CENTURY TO THE COMPUTER AGE
		The most outstanding Croatian linguists of the period, such as Ljudevit Gaj did not take part in the proceedings, while Ivan Mazuranic, the most prominent of the Croatian signatories, renounced the stipulations of that Convention in 1862.
		Certainly the complexity of Croatian dialectal situation — the three principal dialects of stokavian, cakavian, and kajkavian, each with a developed literary tradition — has slowed down the emergence of a single Croatian linguistic standard.
		Nevertheless, even in terms of the growth of the present-day literary standard the stokavian solution predated the Illyrianist movement of the 1830s and completed the trend started by the poets of Dubrovnik, through Andria Kacic Miocic and Bosnian Franciscans, to Ante Kuzmanic and Ljudevit Gaj.
	www.istrianet.org /istria/linguistics/croatian-journal-history.htm (1569 words)

	Croatia: Myth and Reality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In fact, contrary to the fascist finding press, Zagreb continued to have streets honoring communists and Yugoslavs.
		Among them were Ljudevit Gaj, 19th century advocate of the Yugoslav idea and of a single "Illyrian" language of Serbo-Croatian.
		Another was Bishop Strossmayer, 19th century advocate of a single Yugoslav state.
	www.studiacroatica.com /libros/mythe/mbus02.htm (857 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		I'm only mentioning this to tell you about the way the Czechies pronounce their words.
		They write them pretty much the way we (Croats) do, and that's because a guy named Ljudevit Gaj nicked all the neat li'l v's and accents the Czech put above letters that aren't vowels and said, this is how we're going to write from now on!
		Which was good, because before that you could write the soft c (a sound like ch in chain, kinda) in thirteen ways.
	www.thereisnoy.com /travel/praha4.html (1477 words)

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