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	Palaeos Paleozoic: Silurian: The Wenlock Epoch (Silurian Period)
		Palaeos Paleozoic: Silurian: The Wenlock Epoch (Silurian Period)
		The Wenlock Epoch of the Silurian Period: 428 to 423 Mya
		During the Wenlock the oldest known tracheophytes (land plants), of the genus Cooksonia, appear.
	www.palaeos.com /Paleozoic/Silurian/Wenlock.htm (86 words)

	Geologic time scale - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Palaeogene period is defined by the extinction event that marked the demise of the dinosaurs and of many marine species.
		British geologists were also responsible for the grouping of periods into Eras and the subdivision of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods into epochs.
		When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell first recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods, there was no way to determine what time scale they represented.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geologic_timescale (1727 words)

	Silurian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Charles Lapworth eventually resolved the conflict by defining a new Ordovician system including the contended beds.
		The Silurian is usually broken into lower (Llandovery and Wenlock) and upper (Ludlow and Pridoli) subdivisions (epochs).
		Nevertheless, some schemes use a lower (Llandovery), middle (Wenlock) and upper (Ludlow and Pridoli) breakdown.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Silurian (727 words)

	Book Encyclopedia - Web Library
		Look for Llandovery epoch in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Llandovery epoch in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		If you have created this page in the past few minutes and it has not yet appeared, it may not be visible due to a delay in updating the database.
	www.bookencyclopedia.com /index.php?title=Llandovery_epoch&action=edit (111 words)

	Stratigraphy of the Silurian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Its stratigraphy is subdivided into four epochs (from oldest to youngest): the Llandovery, the Wenlock, the Ludlow, and the Pridoli.
		Graptolites are a group of extinct colonial, aquatic animals that put in their first appearance in the Cambrian period (543 -490 million years ago) and persisted into the Early Carboniferous (354-290 million years ago).
		The beginning of the Silurian (and the Llandovery) is marked by the appearance of Parakidograptus acuminatus, a species of graptolite.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /silurian/silustrat.html (372 words)

	Silurian
		Its stratigraphy is subdivided into four epochs: the Llandovery, the Wenlock, the Ludlow, and the Pridoli.
		This is an epoch with excellent preservations of brachiopod, coral, trilobite, clam, bryozoan, and crinoid fossils.
		The Pridolian, the final epoch of the Silurian, is recognized by platy limestone strata rich in cephalopods and bivalves.
	webby.cc.denison.edu /~hauk/bio380-2001/Silurian.html (2025 words)

	Llandovery - GCR block
		This interval is the first epoch of the the Silurian Period (440 to 410 Ma).
		In the basinal areas, the same transgression is recorded by a blanket of carbonaceous mudstones, the signature of anoxic bottom waters in a stratified basin during a secundo (greenhouse) climate.
		The sediment was accommodated by an episode of crustal stretching and subsidence in the basin.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /earthheritage/gcrdb/GCRblock.asp?block=42 (2559 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Especially for Baltica and Laurentia, diversity counts are problematic because the records detailing these faunas often have a temporal resolution at the epoch level.
		The position of the Precordillera in the cluster and ordination analysis is tentative because of the small amount of genera available for analysis.
		By the Llandovery (Figure 3, bottom left), the associations have been altered.
	www.omnh.ou.edu /paleo/2004_1/orthida/results.htm (1829 words)

	Wenlock - GCR block
		This interval is the second epoch of the the Silurian Period (440 to 410 Ma).
		Rocks that formed during the Wenlock Epoch form the the Wenlock Series (part of the Silurian System).
		The Silurian System is divided into four series (Llandovery (see LDY), Wenlock, Ludlow (see LUD) and Prídolí (see PRIDOL)) and all but one series (the Pridoli) into a number of stages.
	www.jncc.gov.uk /earthheritage/gcrdb/GCRblock.asp?block=105 (252 words)

	Ritland, R. --- Historical Development of the Current Understanding of the Geologic Column: Part I
		Only eras, periods and epochs are usually listed on most geologic columns, and sometimes only the epochs for the most recent periods (see Table 2).
		Several of the characteristics used include: assemblages of fossils which appear to be restricted to a limited vertical range in the column (guide or index fossils), relative position in a sequence, direct physical continuity in the field, lithological characteristics, geophysical and geochemical characteristics, etc. Guide fossils and relative position are often most useful.
		Because of the great ages commonly assigned to the periods and epochs of the geologic column, and because it is often alleged that the column of fossil-bearing rock documents, at least in a partial way, the record of the evolution of life on the earth, the geologic column has been the subject of sharp controversy.
	www.grisda.org /origins/08059.htm (4664 words)

	Silurian [Definition] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		The Silurian is usually broken into lower (Llandovery and Wenlock) and upper (Ludlow and Pridoli) subdivisions (epochsThe word epoch can mean either an interval of time, or a particular point in time used as a reference point.
		In common usage, the term is often used to apply to a period of time when significant related events took place.
		In computing, an epoch is a specific date and time used as the reference for all other times.
	www.wikimirror.com /Silurian (4604 words)

	Journal of Paleontology: EVOLUTION OF THE EARLY SILURIAN RHYNCHONELLIDE BRACHIOPOD STEGERHYNCHUS, ANTICOSTI ISLAND, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Stegerhynchus praecursor (Foerste, 1909) from the Merrimack Formation (upper Rhuddanian) of Anticosti Island and S. chattertoni (Lenz, 1977) from lower Llandovery beds of the Road River Formation of the Mackenzie Mountains are perhaps the earliest occurrences of the genus in the Early Silurian.
		The type material of Stegerhynchus praecursor from the Clinton beds (probably the Brassfield Formation) of Tennessee is of a broad Llandovery age, although the Brassfield Formation in southwestern Ohio is now regarded to be Aeronian in age (Schneider and Ausich, 2002).
		Another rhynchotrematine of Llandovery age, Stegocornu Durkoop, 1970, known from Afghanistan and Iran (Cocks, 1979; Savage, 2002), is easily distinguished from Stegerhynchus by its unicostate sulcus and massive internal structures.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200409/ai_n9448669 (1206 words)

	Poetry Of The Celtic Races, The by Ernest Renan: Part V
		Christianity, still young amongst them, has not completely stifled the national cult; the religion of the Druids defends itself in its schools and holy places; warfare against the foreigner, without which a people never achieves a full consciousness of itself, attains its highest degree of spirit.
		It is the epoch of all the heroes of enduring fame, of all the characteristic saints of the Breton Church; finally, it is the great age of bardic literature, illustrious by the names of Taliessin, of Aneurin, of Liwarc`h Hen.
		We touch this epoch of their history as closely and with as much certainty as Greek or Roman antiquity.
	www.classicauthors.net /Classics/Renan/PoetryOfTheCelticRacesThe/PoetryOfTheCelticRacesThe6.html (1595 words)

	Llandovery Series -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The name is derived from the type district around the town of Llandovery in Dyfed, southern Wales, where about 1,200 m (4,000 feet) of fossiliferous shales, sandstones, and gray mudstones occur.
		More results on "Llandovery Series" when you join.
		The name is derived from the type district around the town of Llandovery in Dyfed, southern Wales, where about 1,200 m (4,000 feet) of fossiliferous shales, sandstones, and gray mudstones...
	secure.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=9048626 (960 words)

	Pristiograptus (Graptoloidea) from the perneri - lundgreni biozones (Silurian) of Lithuania
		Both were found in core samples representing the perneri through lundgreni biozones of the Wenlock epoch.
		In the Baltic states the graptolite genus Pristiograptus occurs throughout the cyphus to parultimus - ultimus biozones of the Llandovery to Pridoli.
		Previously, the genus has been studied only cursorily in the interval comprising the upper Sheinwoodian-lower Homerian perneri through lundgreni biozones, probably because the index taxa for those biozones are Cyrtograptus species, quite distinct from those used for zonation of the upper Homerian where Pristiograptus species are the markers (Fig.
	paleopolis.rediris.es /cg/CG2003_A07_SR (4081 words)

	Chap07
		By far the larger part of the fossils of the Lower Llandovery rocks are, however, essentially of Lower Silurian type, and, besides, they are quite conformable with, and pass by easy lithological gradation into the underlying strata.
		Almost on the highest level of one of these fiats, at the well known Bog-mine, there is a small outlying patch of Upper Llandovery beds, formed of hard quartzose sandstone, at a height of 1,150 feet above the sea, as roughly indicated in the following diagram.
		In the meanwhile I may remark, that I use the words so-called geological epoch, in the same sense that the words epoch or period are employed in dealing with civil or political events.
	www.geology.19thcenturyscience.org /books/1878-Ramsay-Geology/text-ocr/text/Chap07.html (1454 words)

	DLESE description of The Silurian: 443 to 417 Million Years Ago (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This site describes the Silurian period, a time during which the Earth underwent considerable changes that had important repercussions for the environment and life within it.
		Each epoch is distinguished from the others by the appearance of new species of graptolites.
		Two other links lead to a detailed discussion of life during the period as well as information on the tectonics and paleoclimate of the Silurian.
	www.dlese.org:8080 /dds/catalog_DLESE-000-000-005-233.htm (184 words)

	Silurian Period
		The earliest terrestrial body fossils are known from Silurian sediments: unassignable fragments from the Llandovery (Lower Silurian) age Tuscarora Formation in Pennslyvania, and identifiable arthropod fragments from the Late Silurian.
		Of the Silurian Fauna genera present during the Llandovery epoch, 78% also originated in that epoch, which demonstrates that extinctions were followed by a rapid post-extinction "rebound." However, once this Llandovery rebound was completed, standing diversity returned to and was maintained at pre-extinction amounts.
		The earliest terrestrial body fossils are unassignable fragments from the Llandovery (Lower Silurian) Tuscarora Formation near Millerstown, Pennslyvania.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /paleontology/Silurian.html (2624 words)

	Morien Institute - The European 'Dark Age' And Welsh Oral Tradition - on the trail of The Dragon
		But it is not only in mythology that we find hints of major traumatic periods in the history of human civilisation.
		The chroniclers of old recorded troubled times at the very same epochs that the tree-rings tell their story of environmental downturns which had dramatic effects on human populations.
		One may further presume that the Taurid meteor showers we observe in this epoch are the result of the dispersal of trails produced in previous activity cycles which must stretch back to about 20,000 yr ago.
	www.morien-institute.org /darkages.html (5438 words)

	Silurian System or Epoch
		in mid Wales, although the town of Llandovery is itself seated on Ordovician rocks.
		This makes correlation of rocks in the UK and across the world difficult and so a different area was chosen that had uninterrupted deposition over the transitional time period, the area chosen happened to be in Pridoli, in the Czech Republic.
		Note that the places mentioned for the Wenlock, Ludlow and Llandovery series are type areas but they are not the internationally agreed standard areas.
	www.silurian.com /geology/system.htm (770 words)

	Bibliography
		Early Silurian (Llandovery) stromatoporoids from the Brassfield Formation, west central Ohio.
		Limestone strata dating from the Ludlow epoch (about 420 Ma) surround the island and dip away from the igneous core in a radial pattern.
		The encrusting fossils occur on the sheltered (south and southeast) side of the island, whereas the north side was exposed to stronger wave activity based on a basal conglomerate unit composed of diorite boulders.
	www.korallen.de /iasfcp/vol311/porifera.html (3195 words)

	CURRENT RESEARCH (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Generally, the amount of deposition during the regression epoch must be increased due to the increasing of erosion area.
		Terrigenous sedimentary amounts from erosion area did increase during the Llandovery transgression epoch, even through the erosion areas were shrunk comparing with the Latest Ordovician regression epoch.
		The depth of the Yangtze basin was still shallow and rapid subsidence and compensative deposition constrained the Silurian sequences.
	seis.natsci.csulb.edu /ISOS/CURRENT%20RESEARCH.htm (5825 words)

	CENTERS OF ORIGINATION OF EARLY SILURIAN (LLANDOVERY) STROMATOPOROIDS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Stromatoporoids suffered a severe, although not total, extinction during the latest Ordovician (Ashgill Epoch).
		Many genera became extinct by the end of the Rawtheyan Age, as did a smaller group by the end of the ensuing Hirnantian Age (the end of the Ordovician).
		The return to pre-extinction levels of abundance and diversity during the Early Silurian (Llandovery Epoch) was at first a gradual process during the Rhuddanian Age and the first half of the subsequent Aeronian Age.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2001SE/finalprogram/abstract_4523.htm (424 words)

	Buffalo Museum of Science - Dr Laub
		University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, "The corals of the Brassfield Formation (Middle Llandovery) in the Cincinnati Arch region.
		1979 - The corals of the Brassfield Formation (Mid- Llandovery; Lower Silurian) in the Cincinnati Arch region: Bulls.
		1975 - The ancestry, geographical extent, and fate of the Brassfield coral fauna (Middle Llandovery, North America): Bulls.
	www.sciencebuff.org /dr_laub.php (1958 words)

	REPORT OF SCIENCE 1995-96 - ABSTRACTS OF FACULTY PUBLICATIONS
		They are related to relatively rare offshore faunas preserved in uppermost Ordovician strata; they survived into the Silurian in the tectonically active, deeper-water environments found in the intracratonic basin of the Oslo Region.
		The rest of the Llandovery fauna shows very close ties with the faunas and faunal structure of the Welsh Basin, suggesting minimal geographic separation between Baltica and Avalonia.
		Wave impact was oblique to the paleoshore during the late Pleistocene; onshore winds were generated from the west.
	www.williams.edu /go/sciencecenter/center/RS96html/RepSci96.msw5-ABSTRACT-2.html (10258 words)

	Wenlock Series -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Its name is derived from the type district at Wenlock Edge, a prominent escarpment that stretches for about 29 km (18 miles) southwest from the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire, Eng.
		Its name is derived from the type district at Wenlock Edge, a prominent escarpment that stretches for about 29 km (18 miles) southwest from the town of Much Wenlock in Shropshire,...
		Continuing research has been preoccupied with decisions as to exactly where Silurian life may be defined stratigraphically as starting and ending and how the Silurian System may be broken into smaller chronostratigraphic units.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9076552 (955 words)

	TIMELINE COSMIC HISTORY page of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE
		Jay Cross' attempt at all-embracing chronology 71,300,000-65,000,000 BC: Danian Age of Paleocene Epoch of Paleogene Subperiod of Tertiary Period of Cenozoic Era The DOL Geologic Ages of Earth History 65,000,000-60,500,000 BC: Thanetian Age of Paleocene Epoch of Paleogene Subperiod of Tertiary Period of Cenozoic Era The DOL Geologic Ages of Earth History
		In a paper published in the April 13 issue of the journal Science, the researchers show that the transient glaciation and other climatic variations during a period from about 20 to 25.5 million years ago correspond with variations in Earth's orbit known as Milankovitch cycles.
		But the correspondence of the orbital anomaly with the transient glaciation event at the boundary between the two epochs is especially interesting, Zachos said.
	www.magicdragon.com /UltimateSF/timelineCO.html (13090 words)

	ACTA MARTYRUM, ACTA SANCTORUM
		47), of Achatius, and of Conon, all three belonging to the epoch of Decius; the Acta proconsularia which record the trial and execution of Cyprian of Carthage under Valerianus, Sept. 14, 258.
		Finally, belonging to the beginning of the fourth century (the time of persecution under Diocletian and his coemperors, 303-323), there are the records collected by Eusebius, which now form an appendix to book VIII.
		For Wales there is W. Rees's Lives of the Cambro-British Saints of the Fifth and Immediate Succeeding Centuries (Llandovery, 1853), Cardinal John Henry Newman's Lives of the English Saints (15 vols., London, 1844-45, and often) is more interesting now for the history of the movement which called it forth than as a contribution to hagiology.
	www.cblibrary.com /schaff_h/aa/acta_martyrum.htm (2431 words)

	Holiday Accommodation in Llandovery
		Wales / West Wales / Carmarthenshire / Llandovery
		Based in Llandovery, Wales, UK, our courses take place in both Snowdonia and the Brecon Beacons, and cover all levels of ability.
		We are a small family run business, totally committed and professional in our approach to customer care and satisfaction.
	www.walesindex.co.uk /pages/370_833.html (479 words)

	Conodont Papers -M
		Real-time stereoscopic confocal reflection microscopy using objective lenses with linear longitudinal chromatic dispersion.
		Conodonts from the Pusku Quarry, lower Llandovery, Estonia.
		Evolution of selected conodont lineages and an improved zonation for the Llandovery Epoch [abs.], in K. Mansson (ed.), Abstracts,
	www.le.ac.uk /gl/map2/pander/pander96/mpapers.html (1016 words)

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