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Topic: Loan translation

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	Calque - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In linguistics, a calque (pronounced /kælk/) or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word translation.
		"Loan translation" is itself a calque of German Lehnübersetzung.
		The word is also used as a verb: to calque means to loan translate from another language to create a new lexeme in the target language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Calque (1123 words)

	Loanword - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		By contrast, a calque or loan translation is a related process whereby it is the meaning or idiom that is borrowed rather than the lexical item itself.
		Idiomatic expressions and phrases, sometimes translated word-for-word, can be borrowed, usually from a language that has "prestige" at the time.
		Direct loans, expressions translated word-by-word, or even grammatical constructions and orthographical conventions from English are called anglicisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Loan_word (856 words)

	Glossary-l
		Because literal translation focuses on forms of language, it sometimes misses some of the meaning of those forms, since meaning is found not only in the forms of individual words, but also in relationships among words, phrases, idiomatic uses of words, and influences of speaker-hearer, cultural, and historical contexts.
		This is not a standard term within translation theory and may be a theoretical oxymoron, since it is often not possible to be both literal and accurate, and idiomatic translation focuses upon accuracy of meaning and function.
		This quality is held to be important by translators of the NET Bible who use the term to refer to their belief that certain terms or wordings in their translation need to have multiple meanings in English, based on their understanding of the meaning of the corresponding forms of the original biblical source text.
	www.geocities.com /bible_translation/glossl.htm (1618 words)

	Posters and Prints: WWI Posters
		Translation of Exhibition of painters of the sea.
		Translation of French Naval League for the development of the navy and of the mercantile marine recognized as an established public service.
		Translation of In Belgium the Belgians are hungry.
	www.rainfall.com /posters/WWI/catalog21.htm (321 words)

	Houston Texas Mortgage Home Loan
		The most popular FHA home loan program nationwide is the 30 yr fixed FHA home loan (see below) that only requires a minimum of 3% from the borrower and permits 100% of their money needed to close to be a gift from a relative, non-profit organization, or government agency.
		On a 30 or 15 year FHA home loan that equals to 1.50% of the loan amount, for detached single family homes and town-homes with a lot-block in the legal address, in addition to the 0.5% annual renewal premium that a borrower will pay for the life of the loan.
		Translation: The adjusted interest rate cannot move higher or lower than 1% per year and no more than 5% over the life of the loan.
	www.texasmortgageinc.com /fha.asp (1858 words)

	Scotiabank reports record full-year results and solid fourth quarter
		Net impaired loans, after deducting the specific allowance for credit losses, were $681 million at October 31, 2005, a significant improvement of $198 million from a year ago.
		There was strong loan growth of 12%, particularly in the Caribbean and Mexico, despite the dampening impact of foreign currency translation.
		Underlying loan growth, excluding this impact and the acquisition of Banco de Comercio, was 14% from the same period last year, due to strong growth in mortgages, with substantial increases in Mexico, Chile and the Caribbean.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/11-29-2005/0004224386&EDATE= (9618 words)

	Untitled Document
		One of the pitfalls that technical translators must take care to avoid is the gradual absorption of the lexicon and syntagma of the original language.
		In translations of references, often the English form refer to is reproduced with the loan translation fare riferimento a (i.e., refer to Chapter 7, translated as fare riferimento al capitolo 7 rather than vedi capitolo 7 or, depending on the case, vedere or si veda il capitolo 7).
		Translators often think, however, that because seamless appears in the English expression, the adjective should, at all costs, be translated as "perfetto," "uniforme," "ininterrotto," or as other words found in bilingual dictionaries under the entry "seamless"—translations that are theoretically correct but out of context, and that eventually become commonplace.
	www.rcrivello.com /influencescontent.html (2400 words)

	University of Portsmouth \| How can I get material translated?
		Institution of Translating and Interpreting – Directory of Translators and Interpreters is a directory of the members of the Institute who are professional service providers.
		Translation Experts Limited is a company dedicated to the provision of products and services that bridge language barriers.
		Eurodicautom is an EU multilingual term bank for translators that translates words across the 12 languages of the European Community.
	www.port.ac.uk /departments/studentsupport/library/generalinformation/staffresearchers/resourcesforresearchers/HowcanIgetmaterialtranslated (553 words)

	Symposium on ‘Theory of Translation for Pedagogic Purposes’ - “Discover the harmony of creativity through ...
		The distance between the translator and the text is same as that between ‘me’ and ‘not me.’ A Translator’s job is not merely a mechanical pulling of parts, but achieving a dynamic togetherness as well as identifying the ‘etymon’, the life spirit.
		A translator needs to be equipped with a set of appropriate manipulation and interpretation strategies in his attempt to reconcile the irreconcilable within the constraints of accuracy and acceptability.
		Translation, he said, is not only a skill but a great art that is embellished by intuitive introspection.
	www.yementimes.com /article.shtml?i=707&p=education&a=1 (2706 words)

	Translational creativity: Strategies for interpreting neologisms
		Neubert (1997) describes translational creativity as derived creativity, in that all translations are derivable from a source text: "A translation is not created from nothing; it is woven from a semantic pattern taken from another text, but the threads - the TL [target language] linguistic forms, structures, syntactic sequences - are new" (1997:17).
		With this quotation as a starting-point, Bistra Alexieva (1998) argues that Levý’s approach to translating as a decision process is valid for all types of translating and interpreting, and she develops a model for optimisation of decision making in consecutive interpreting, based on game theory.
		Neologisms can be either loan words in the form of direct loans and loan translations, or newly coined terms, either morphologically new words or by giving existing words a new semantic content.
	lisa.tolk.su.se /kreeng2.htm (8719 words)

	Designing a Bilingual (English-Greek/Greek English) Glossary for Applied Behavior Analysis Terminology - Thalia ...
		Translation, whether literary or scientific/technical is defined as "an interlinguistic transfer procedure, comprising the interpretation of a source text and the production of a target text with the intent of establishing a relation of equivalence between the two texts" (Delisle, Lee-Jahnke and Cormier, 1999:88).
		They are usually translated by a word that already exists in the TL or by using a descriptive term.
		Eponyms should either be translated as they are, naturalised without comment or "reduced" to sense, depending on the readership.
	www.translatum.gr /journal/4/behavior.htm (1579 words)

	MED Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Some loan words keep their foreign appearance, like the French bon vivant in English, while others are adapted to the orthography and pronunciation of the host language, like battery from Old French batterie.
		An added problem with some loan word false friends is that they often denote an object or concept in the same general semantic area of the lexicon, thus increasing their deceptive trustworthiness.
		Examples of English loan words in Korean are taken from a discussion of teaching methods suggested for the treatment of English loan words at http://pusanweb.com/kotesol/conf99/shaffer.html.
	www.macmillandictionary.com /MED-magazine/March2003/05-language-interference-loan-words.htm (1831 words)

	Article for linguists and translators: Foreignization / Domestication and Yihua / Guihua: A Contrastive Study
		But Guo's English translations for yihua and guihua are "alienation" and "adaptation", although Guo quoted the concept of 'resistant translation' from Venuti (1991)'s paper "Translation as a Social Action" presented at a conference at the State University of New York, Binghamton.
		The appearance of the guihua/yihua discussion in Chinese translation circles is the result of several factors.
		In translation, this means a demand for the retention of more foreign elements, both linguistic or cultural.
	www.translationdirectory.com /article482.htm (502 words)

	StudentScoop.com - Insider Q&A - July 2001
		Loan borrowers will pay as much as 2.2 percent less interest for the upcoming financial aid year.
		This drop will benefit those currently repaying loans, as well as those still in school who are paying interest on unsubsidized loans (see here for a breakdown of loan terms).
		Keep in mind, that although these decreases translate into a nice little savings stash over the next year, rates are adjusted annually, so the buck break may be short-lived.
	www.collegebound.net /studentscoop/articles/july2001/insider_qa_2.html (306 words)

	Foreignization / domestication and yihua / guihua: a contrastive study
		Foreignizing translation practices entail the choice of a foreign text and the invention of translation discourses.
		Foreignizing translators choose texts that "challenge the contemporary canon of foreign literature in the target language," and "the choice of a foreign text for translation can be just as foreignizing in its impact on the target language culture as the invention of a discursive strategy (p.186)".
		Venuti believes that a foreignizing translation is highly desirable, insofar as it seeks to resist the dominant target-language cultural values and signify the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text.
	www.accurapid.com /journal/32foreignization.htm (2687 words)

	loan definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		If you are letting somebody else temporarily use physical property or money of yours, it is quite acceptable, especially in less formal contexts, to use the verb loan, as in I loaned him some lunch money.
		The verb loan can be used only with reference to the temporary lending of physical property or assets.
		The subtle use of strings lends [not loans] fluidity to the composition.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861699227 (234 words)

	Picking an adjustable rate mortgage
		There is a 1 percent annual interest rate cap (that could increase or decrease) and a 5 percent cap over the life of the loan.
		Translation: The adjusted interest rate cannot move higher or lower than 1 percent per year and no more than 5 percent over the life of the loan.
		FHA adjustable rate loans are priced at a spread to the one-year Treasury bill rate.
	www.bankrate.com /brm/news/DrDon/20030902a1.asp (571 words)

	5 Tips: Taking Greenspan's advice - Feb. 25, 2004
		Translation: You've fixed your initial rate (the one below the rate you'd pay for a 30-year-fixed rate) for three years, but after that it can float once a year in each subsequent year of the loan.
		Since you are locking in bargain basement rates only for a specified period of time usually the first 1, 3, 5, 7, or 10 years of the loan, you'll want to be OUT of that loan by the time it first resets.
		If you sign up for an adjustable rate loan, you'll want to do the math on just how much you could be on the hook for if your interest rate were to jump to the highest levels possible under the terms of the loan.
	money.cnn.com /2004/02/25/pf/saving/willis_tips/index.htm (831 words)

	Sample Contracts - Loan Agreement - Ctrip.com (Hong Kong) Ltd. - Competitive Intelligence for Investors
		TRANSLATION Loan Agreement This Loan Agreement (hereinafter referred to as this "Agreement") is hereby executed by and among the parties below on September 10, 2003 in Shanghai: (1) Party A: Ctrip.com (Hong Kong) Limited Address: Unit 2001, The Centrium, 60 Wyndham Street, Central, Hong Kong.
		Concurrent with the share transfer, as consideration for the share transfer, the RMB650,000 loan from Party A to Party D was also taken over by Party B and Party C, respectively, and of this, Party B took over RMB320,000 and Party C took over RMB330,000.
		Loan 1.1 In accordance with the provisions of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Party A agrees to provide an RMB 1.02 million loan to Party B. The term of the loan shall be ten years from the date of execution of this Agreement, which may be extended upon consent of the parties.
	contracts.onecle.com /ctrip/loan.2003.09.10.shtml (1282 words)

	BIEN DICHO (el Nuevo Herald) - DR1 Forums
		There are many examples of 'calques' used in Spanish which are a literal translation of English phrases but do not retain their meaning or are not a semantic form of the Spanish language and usually are understood only by people who speak both languages.
		Literal translations from source language to target language may or may not have translation loss however, loan phrases continue to bombard the Spanish language originating from English.
		There are some 'loan translations' that have been accepted by the RAE (many years ago) such as perro caliente which is a literal translation of the English 'hot dog' but llamar p’atrás is still a colloquial calque that originated in the USA.
	www.dr1.com /forums/showthread.php?t=42118 (1208 words)

	BabyBlog™ RSS Finance + Investing
		Prior to FA 1993, the retranslation of the $100m hedging loan liability would have been on capital account, and indeed would be a “tax nothing” as it relates to a liability.
		Similarly, the dollar loan would be retranslated into sterling at each year end, with the exchange differences also taken to the profit and loss account where they should be equal and opposite to the exchange differences on US Sub.
		Since the loan is a floating rate loan, this is the same number as the quarterly cash interest payments, since there is nothing more complex to do with a floating rate loan.
	www.babyblog.com /feeds/reblog06.php (6349 words)

	Mohammed Amin
		As upstream loans were often used with “matching treatment” prior to the Disregard Regulations, we have asked HM Revenue and Customs for their views on this point.
		Furthermore, movements in interest and exchange rates between June 2002 (when the PTISM loan was first made) and mid 2005 meant that a new loan made on identical terms would not be made at market rates, and therefore infringe Article 11.9 of the DTA dealing with excessive interest arising from a special relationship.
		However, if you leave the loan agreement silent, you could find yourself with an increased cost in the future, just like those exempt tenants who faced extra effective rental costs after their landlords opted to tax in respect of their properties after the property VAT change in 1989.
	pwc.blogs.com /mohammed_amin (16755 words)

	Language in India
		The move towards an internationally accepted common terminology is matched equally in its intensity by the tendency to prefer loan translation in languages of developing nations.
		A major question that arises in the minds of those who would prefer direct borrowing rather than loan translation is how one could effectively transcribe the borrowed words using the letters of the Tamil script, which, in many respects, is qualitatively different from the scripts of other Indian languages.
		Once loan translation is accepted, he has a choice between words of Tamil origin and words borrowed from other languages closer to Tamil from the point of view of both historical (non-linguistic) and linguistic reasons.
	www.languageinindia.com /nov2004/tamilglobalization2.html (5647 words)

	Month and Day Names
		Translation of Latin Solis diês, "day of the Sun." (French dimanche and Spanish domingo come from Christian Latin [diês] dominicus, "[the day] of the Lord," not from the older, pagan Latin as do the other weekday names.) The Latin name is itself a loan translation from Greek hëméra Hëlíou, "day of the Sun [god]."
		The Latin name is itself a loan translation from Greek Areôs hëméra, "Ares' day." (Ares was the god of war and slaughter, strife and pestilence.)
		The Latin name is itself a loan translation from Greek Hermoû hëméra, "Hermës' day." (Hermës was the messenger of the gods to men, and the one who, like the shaman-god Wodan, conducted the souls of the dead to the Netherworld; he was also the god of commerce and travel.)
	www.harbornet.com /folks/theedrich/hive/Misc/MonthDay.htm (1146 words)

	Realty Times - Real Estate News and Advice
		Payments like these typically are made once a month and continue for the number of years indicated by the home loan to which you're committed.
		An LTV is a mathematical equation that mortgage experts use to describe the amount you've borrowed from a lender to buy a home, in relation to the total cost of the home.
		Users then select the loan features that are most important to them, and the site walks them through the process, helping them determine how much they can afford, and ultimately allowing them to choose the type of loan that best fits their budgets.
	realtytimes.com /rtcpages/19980501_getsmart.htm (506 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Some other examples of loan translation into English are marriage of convenience, from French mariage de convenance, and world view, from German Weltanschauung.
		An example of loan translation from English is skyscraper, which appears in French as gratte-ciel ('scrape-sky') and in German as Wolkenkratzer ('cloud-scrape').
		Though it is not the usual sense, I often use calque to refer to the literal translation of a figurative sense of a word when that figurative sense does not exist in the borrowing language.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=19971022 (316 words)

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