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Topic: Lobotomy

Related Topics

Prefrontal lobotomy

Psychosurgery

Walter Freeman

Bilateral cingulotomy

Insane asylum

ECT

Psychic surgery

Electroconvulsive therapy

Phineas Gage

Mental hospital

Egas Moniz

Psychiatric hospital

Medical torture

Frontal lobe

Shock therapy

	Lobotomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Lobotomies have been used in the past to treat a wide range of mental illnesses including schizophrenia, clinical depression, and various anxiety disorders.
		Lobotomy was legally practiced in controlled and regulated U.S. centers and in Finland, Sweden, the United Kingdom, Spain, India, Belgium and the Netherlands.
		In France, 32 lobotomies were performed between 1980 and 1986 according to a IGAS report; about 15 each year in the UK, 70 in Belgium, and about 15 for the Massachusetts General Hospital of Boston.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lobotomy (953 words)

	Walter Freeman - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He performed 3,439 such procedures, but his biggest "contribution" was to popularize the lobotomy as a legitimate form of psychosurgery.
		Freeman's most notorious operation was on the ill-fated Rosemary Kennedy, who was permanently incapacitated by a lobotomy at age 23.
		With the advent of antipsychotic drugs, notably Thorazine, in the mid-1950s, lobotomy fell out of favor as a treatment, and Freeman saw his reputation crumble quickly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Walter_Freeman (509 words)

	Lobotomy
		Lobotomy is the practice of surgically removing parts of the brain as a treatment for the thoughts housed within.
		In 1949, about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the U.S. Some estimates place the total number of lobotomies performed in the U.S. from the 1930s through the 1950s as high as 50,000.
		John F. Kennedy's sister Rosemary received one of Freeman's ice-pick lobotomies, resulting in a severe mental impairment that left her paralysed, incoherent, and incontinent.
	www.rotten.com /library/medicine/lobotomy (1170 words)

	better to have a bottle in front of me than a frontal lobotomy
		We can begin by exploring the origins of lobotomy in general: In the late 19th century, the scientific community was beginning to understand that behavior was largely controlled by could be mapped out in the brain.
		By the late 50’s, lobotomies had become nearly obsolete, and the status of the procedure was downgraded from effective to experimental.
		Lobotomies are so rarely performed now, that compiling data on such a massive scale in the future would be impossible.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro02/web1/lbrgler.html (1733 words)

	bruised uk \| survivors making waves "just one drop"
		Lobotomies were seen as the solution to a wide range of mental disorders ranging from profound depression, schizophrenia and advanced neurosyphilis to mild retardation, at a time when half of all hospital beds in many countries were occupied by the mentally ill, and mental institutions were often places of humiliation and horror.
		Few records exist of the reasons they were performed or their outcome; but a 1949 study of 300 of McKissock's lobotomy patients recorded that 16 had died as a direct or indirect result of the operation.
		It is similar to lobotomy operations performed in the 1940s and 1950s which involved severing the frontal lobes of the brain.
	www.freewebs.com /bruiseduk/lobotomy.htm (4714 words)

	Lobotomy - NLP, Hypnosis, Hypnotherapy, Counselling in Chichester, West Sussex, UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is often said in the defense of lobotomy that the vigor with which it was taken up reflects the desperation the medical profession had for finding a cure for so many chronically ill psychiatric patients.
		Freeman performed his last lobotomy in 1967 which resulted in fatality when he ruptured a blood vessel and the patient inevitably bled to death.
		For these lucky 20 people the procedures are not strictly "lobotomies" because laser or radiation is used to produce tiny lesions in the cingulate gyrus region of the brain, which has been connected with the development of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
	www.23nlpeople.com /lobotomy.html (944 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The History of Lobotomy
		Because of this Fulton was to become one of the scientific pillars of the proponents of lobotomy in the United States.
		Freeman was very good in convincing the general press about the promises of the prefrontal lobotomy (as he called it now), and almost singlehandedly pushed it as a valid therapeutic procedure across the nation's insane asylums, hospitals and psychiatric clinics.
		Concern over the protection of patients against lobotomy and similar radical therapies, particularly in inmates, where release was widely exchanged with agreement to a lobotomy (a highly unfair, biased and controversial offer); translated into laws in the United States in the 70s and in many other countries as well.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/lobotomy.htm (1425 words)

	The Brain Butchery Called Psychosurgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One type of lobotomy he described involves drilling two holes in the "patient's" skull on each side of the forehead at the top at about the hairline to allow access to the frontal lobes of the brain where intellectual mental functioning, thinking, and creation of emotion is believed to take place.
		In one type of lobotomy, instead of drilling holes in the skull, each eyeball is moved to the side, and a scalpel is inserted through each eye socket into the frontal lobes of the brain, and, our professor said, "the scalpel is moved like this", as he wiggled his finger from side-to-side.
		Although my psychology professor didn't use this specific analogy, he made it unmistakably clear that he thought lobotomy is as unscientific and senseless as trying to repair a malfunctioning television set by drilling a hole in its cabinet, inserting a machete, and rattling it around inside the TV cabinet.
	www.antipsychiatry.org /psychosu.htm (2462 words)

	Brief History of the Lobotomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was this instrument that was used in the first trans-orbital lobotomies in America in a procedure that became known as the "ice pick lobotomy".
		Lobotomy was finally seen for what it was: not a cure, but a way of managing patients.
		The Pulitzer Prize-winning novel became a classic bestseller; it was a damning portrayal of a psychiatric hospital, and of the effects of lobotomy.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~rmertens/Psych381/lobotomy/lobotomy.htm (5905 words)

	A Come Back for Psychosurgery?
		The inventor of lobotomy (1935), Egaz Moniz a Portuguese neurosurgeon who won the Nobel Prize, was shot and paralyzed in 1939 by one of his lobotomize patients who didn't’t like the results and, in 1955, he was beaten to death by another dissatisfied lobotomized patient.
		The promoters of lobotomy included prominent psychiatrists who assured patients, families and the public that the risk was very low, that people either improved or stayed the same, and that virtually no-one was harmed.
		Between 1946 and 1955 Lobotomy was performed on an estimated 100,000 men, women, and children— 50,000 in the U.S. Ironically, lobotomy was banned in the Soviet Union on moral Grounds.
	www.namiscc.org /News/2003/Summer/Psychosurgery.htm (2494 words)

	Controversial Psychosurgery Resulted in a Nobel Prize
		Since about 1960 lobotomy, with a strongly modified technique (more discrete incisions), has been used only when there are very special indications such as in severe anxiety, and compulsive syndromes which have proved to be resistant to other forms of therapy.
		As there were no alternative therapies for severe mental disorders, psychoses in the 1930s, it is not surprising that lobotomy was quickly accepted as a therapy for chronic schizophrenic psychoses, even if it seems a bit strange that lobotomy initially was tried with affective disorders.
		Lobotomy was the name given to a prefrontal leukotomy in which the nerve fibers connecting the frontal lobe with other parts of the brain were cut.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/moniz (2789 words)

	Lobotomy - Psychiatry, Brain Surgery, Torture, Deception, Harmful Force
		In ironic testimony to the results of his work, Moniz was shot and paralyzed by one of his lobotomy victims in 1939 and, in 1955, was beaten to death by another.
		Characterizing lobotomy as "mercy killing of the psyche", Freeman wrote, "patients …must sacrifice some of the virtue, of the driving force, creative spirit or soul." This is not surprising since modern psychiatric theories all but ignore and deny a creative spirit or soul, and more recently deny even the mind itself.
		Technically, lobotomy refers to the surgical cutting of nerve connections between the frontal lobes and the rest of the brain.
	www.sntp.net /lobotomy/lobotomy.htm (1664 words)

	Portrayal of Lobotomy in the Popular Press: 1935-1960* (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Although the exact number of lobotomies performed in the United States is not known, two surveys indicated that the number of lobotomy operations increased dramatically in the years immediately following its introduction, and the rate of surgeries per year did not decline until the 1950s.
		The goal of this paper is to review the portrayal of lobotomy in magazine and newspaper articles from 1935 to 1960, in an effort to assess if biased popular press reporting may have contributed to the use of lobotomy.
		Prefrontal lobotomy was performed by burring holes into a patient's skull, and then using a knife to destroy fibers connecting the frontal lobe with the rest of the brain.
	facstaff.unca.edu /ddiefenb/lobotomy.html (4823 words)

	Treatments during the early 20th centrury
		The most notorious of the methods of treatment in the previous century is perhaps lobotomy, where nerve fibers from the frontal lobe to deeper brain regions, which are locations for our emotional life, are cut off.
		Lobotomy was developed by the Portuguese doctor Egas Moniz who was awarded the Nobel prize in 1949 for his work.
		One of those who died after a lobotomy was the Swedish artist Sigrid Hjertn, who was operated in 1948 at Beckomberga and died in a postoperative bleeding.
	www.hubin.org /facts/history/1900_history/treatment/treatment_6_en.html (469 words)

	Damn Interesting » Howard Dully's Lobotomy
		Freeman's transorbital lobotomy procedure was literally an ice pick hammered through the back of each eye socket into the brain then wiggled in a stirring motion, often taking just a few minutes under local anesthesia.
		Walter Freeman's lobotomies continued until February of 1967, when a housewife named Helen Mortenson died of a brain hemorrhage during the procedure, and his license to practice medicine was revoked.
		She said that some completely non-functional people became coherent and at-least-partly functional after "limited lobotomies" and that she felt that the people who were actually helped by them were lost in the horror of the vitims of the earlier experiments.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=199 (6074 words)

	A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Moniz develops lobotomy for mental illness
		In 1935 at an international neurology conference he saw a presentation on the frontal lobes of the brain and the effects of removing them from chimpanzees.
		Moniz had an idea that some forms of mental illness were caused by an abnormal sort of stickiness in nerve cells, causing neural impulses to get stuck and the patient to repeatedly experience the same pathological ideas.
		In the United States the number of lobotomies performed per year went from 100 in 1946 to 5,000 in 1949.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dh35lo.html (613 words)

	Father of the Lobotomy
		Freeman believed lobotomies worked because the procedure severed connections between the frontal lobes of the brain and the thalamus, thought to be the seat of human emotion, which the mentally ill apparently had in overabundance.
		Lobotomy is an evil, distasteful thing to do to someone, I don't care how severely mentally ill someone is. Under the US Constitution, it would be considered a "cruel and unusual" form of punishment if used for behavioral control.
		Many lobotomies (probably most) were actually performed for purposes of behavioral control or punishment for distressed, agitated patients, not to actually treat an Axis One psychiatric illness.
	www.mcmanweb.com /article-122.htm (3036 words)

	Lobotomy
		hineas P. Gage, a 19th century railroad worker, suffered an accidental left frontal lobotomy when a spike with which he was tamping dynamite was blown backward through his skull.
		The photographs and quotations are from: Jones, CH and Shanklin JG: Transorbital lobotomy in institutional practice.
		Between 1945 and 1965 an estimated 50,000 lobotomies were carried out in the United States.
	www.idiom.com /~drjohn/lobotomy.html (471 words)

	Health Quiz: Lobotomy a Cure for What Condition?
		Lobotomy was first performed by a Swiss physician in 1892 and gained popularity in the United States after World War II.
		Lobotomy is a psychosurgical procedure in which selected connective nerve fibers or tissue are destroyed by severing the frontal lobes of the brain.
		While lobotomy did reduce some of the violent behaviors, it left numerous patients with severe behavioral problems, such as loss of initiative, apathy, and varying degrees of intellectual loss.
	www.soundmedicine.iu.edu /segment.php4?seg=297 (442 words)

	Elliot Valenstein on the history of the lobotomy
		STAY FREE!: I guess lobotomy would have been hard to avoid if you were in psychiatry in the late ’40s and ’50s and you worked in a state hospital.
		The backlash against lobotomy actually came up in the ’70s, when there was a fear of a revival of the operation and people began to talk about the horrible things that happened during the lobotomy period.
		But there was this fear that there was going to be a revival of interest in lobotomy, and it became a political and a civil rights issue because of the prevalence of minority groups in prison.
	www.stayfreemagazine.org /archives/21/lobotomy.html (3323 words)

	Sabbatini, R.M.E.: The History of Psychosurgery (Brain & Mind Magazine, 1(2), June/August 1997
		Thus, lobotomy was used mostly in institutionalized patients who showed also chronic agitation or distress and obsessive-impulsive behavior.
		In many instances, lobotomy was widely abused as a last-resort tool, as Egas Moniz wanted, and it was carried out in problem children, rebel adolescents and political opponents.
		With the appearance of effective drugs against anxiety, depression and psychoses, in the 50s, and with the evidence of its widespread abuse and collateral effects, lobotomy and other forms of leucotomy were condoned and abandoned in that decade, and are no longer performed.
	www.cerebromente.org.br /n02/historia/psicocirg_i.htm (1118 words)

	Lobotomy
		Moniz advised extreme caution in using lobotomy, and felt it should only be used in cases where everything else had been tried.
		He developed what others called assembly line lobotomies, going from one patient to the next with his gold-plated ice pick, even having his assistants time him to see if he could break lobotomy speed records.
		For example, Rosemary Kennedy, sister to John, Robert, and Edward Kennedy, was given a lobotomy when her father complained to doctors about the mildly retarded girl’s embarrassing new interest in boys.
	www.ship.edu /~cgboeree/lobotomy.html (688 words)

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