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Topic: Local Autonomy Law

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	Japan LOCAL GOVERNMENT
		Local government throughout Japan was strengthened by the Local Autonomy Law of 1947.
		Local public bodies have the right to administer their own affairs as well as to enact their own regulations within the law.
		Local governments control school affairs, levy taxes, and carry out administrative functions in the fields of land preservation and development, pollution control, disaster prevention, public health, and social welfare.
	www.nationsencyclopedia.com /Asia-and-Oceania/Japan-LOCAL-GOVERNMENT.html (155 words)

	Local Government in Asia and the Pacific - Japan
		Local public entities were empowered, for example to perform functions involving restrictions on the rights of citizens on their own authority.
		Local government officials are obliged to follow lawful and official instructions, respect confidentiality and give their full commitment to their duties.
		By-laws have the same efficacy in law as a statute, but are subordinate to it, cannot contravene it and are valid within a specified area only.
	www.unescap.org /huset/lgstudy/country/japan/japan.html (7048 words)

	David J. Barron, A Localist Critique of the New Federalism, 51 Duke L. J. 377 (2001) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Local autonomy is presented as the natural condition of being free from central interference, and thus central interference is by definition threatening.
		Local autonomy also may be constrained, as has already been suggested, by the competitive pressures that central law permits local jurisdictions to impose upon one another.
		Local governmental power to avoid consolidation is preserved further by generous state law rules that permit local governments to preserve their integrity and to contract for services to avoid having to expand their boundaries to encompass residents of less affluent districts.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dlj/articles/dlj51p377.htm (18850 words)

	Conference Panelists Debate Suburban Sprawl, Local Political Autonomy
		Local government is controlled by people who want to preserve open space, ostensibly for environmental reasons but more accurately because Americans are encouraged to identify space with self and want to protect their turf, she said.
		Localities do have the power to zone and make their own charter, a process that is seldom used because it is so onerous.
		Localities are reluctant to join forces because they have few tools to improve a failed joint effort, Barron said, and don’t want a local partner to reap greater benefits than they themselves might.
	www.law.virginia.edu /html/news/2005_spr/lawpolitics.htm (1631 words)

	City Mayors: Local government in Japan
		The principles of this law involve a respect for local self-government, the separation of the executive and legislative branches and the definition of local councils and their status in relation to central government.
		Structurally-speaking, the system of local government in Japan is largely uniform in comparison with the UK or the US, with each of the municipalities being headed by an directly elected executive mayor and also having an elected municipal assembly, with these features being replicated in the case of the prefectures though with different nomenclature.
		Today, local government in Japan enjoys the same levels of local autonomy that existed in its constitutional heyday, but in a changed political climate, as is the case in other developed societies.
	www.citymayors.com /government/jap_locgov.html (1865 words)

	Welcome to Pace Law School (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Land use law reform in New York has consisted of improving the operation of the existing, locally-centered system[33] and designing highly-focused mechanisms to abate pollution or protect resources as a means of guiding the otherwise unfettered course charted by localities acting in their "insular" interests.
		Deliberation on local matters by the legislature was a consumptive of its time and resources, especially in light of the fact that such matters were not of primary concern to state representatives, acting in that capacity.
		[62] In this way, local legislatures were authorized to act with regard to their local property, affairs and government as long as the matter was not dealt with by a state law general in its applicability to municipalities throughout the state.
	www.pace.edu /lawschool/landuse/erosion.html (7699 words)

	Family Reg Law
		A notice shall be given in the district of the registered locality of the person to whom a notifiable matter occurred or the district of the notice-giver’s residence.
		In cases where the registered locality of the deceased is unknown or is unable to identify the deceased, the police office shall prepare the post-mortem inspection record, and shall without delay report the death to the mayor of the city, town or village in which the death occurred.
		In cases where the registered locality is transferred to a place within another city, town or village, a copy of the family register shall be annexed to the written notice of the aforesaid matter.
	www.international-divorce.com /family_reg_law.htm (8059 words)

	+++ Welcome to Dongjak-gu +++
		However, the local autonomy was suspended in accordance with the decree No. 4 by the military revolution committee on May 16th 1961.
		As the provisional procedure act on the local autonomy was established on Sep. 1st 1961, the previous local autonomy law actually lost its effectiveness.
		As the local autonomy law with the preamble revised on April 6th 1988 as the law No. 400 was promulgated, the movement for local autonomy was activated.
	www.dongjak.go.kr /pub/eng/eng.jsp?sc=eng02010101 (360 words)

	City Mayors: Local government in Japan
		The principles of this law involve a respect for local self-government, the separation of the executive and legislative branches and the definition of local councils and their status in relation to central government.
		Structurally-speaking, the system of local government in Japan is largely uniform in comparison with the UK or the US, with each of the municipalities being headed by an directly elected executive mayor and also having an elected municipal assembly, with these features being replicated in the case of the prefectures though with different nomenclature.
		Today, local government in Japan enjoys the same levels of local autonomy that existed in its constitutional heyday, but in a changed political climate, as is the case in other developed societies.
	citymayors.com /government/jap_locgov.html (1865 words)

	South Korea - Local Administration
		The need for local self-government was first recognized in 1948; a local autonomy law was enacted in 1949.
		It was not until December 1960, however, that local elections for the mayors of Seoul and Pusan, provincial governors, and local councils--the first in Korean history--were held.
		The central government was to continue appointing local administrative heads--including mayors of the six special cities and nine provinces--until elections for those posts, scheduled for 1991, could be held.
	countrystudies.us /south-korea/65.htm (639 words)

	ABA Report on Federalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Bar Association put together a special task force of federal, state and local law enforcement officials, as well as independent scholars from across the political spectrum to study the increasing federal role in law enforcement.
		Federal law enforcement agencies lack the local expertise, knowledge of the area, contact with local informants, familiarity with local citizens, and trust of the local community which is such a help in the investigation and prevention of crime.
		The diminution of local autonomy in the imposition of national standards, which may not reflect community values, and without regard for any noticeable benefit, cannot but reduce the control that each citizen has in law-making.
	www.localsov.com /abuses/justice/abasum.htm (1734 words)

	Law Concerning Special Measures against Dioxins
		For the purpose of this Law, as designated by Cabinet Order, "specified facility" shall mean an electric furnace used for steelmaking, a waste incinerator, or other facility, installed in a factory or a business establishment, which generates and emits dioxins into the air or releases waste water or fluid discharge containing dioxins.
		Local governments shall be responsible for implementing measures for the prevention and removal, etc., of environmental pollution caused by dioxins, in accordance with the natural and social conditions of the areas concerned.
		Prefectural governors shall, in consultation with the heads of local administrative agencies of the national government and the heads of local governments, conduct surveys and measurements of the status of pollution of the air, water, and soil caused by dioxins in the areas under the jurisdiction of the prefecture concerned.
	www.chem.unep.ch /pops/houritu.htm (3672 words)

	Local Autonomy Legislation
		The local autonomy legislation is definitely intended as a means of off-loading some of the huge cost to central government of the country's overblown bureaucracy.
		The Local Authority has the authority to appoint, move or dismiss local civil servants and determine their wages, pensions, allowances and benefits, as well as training, according to rules and regulations (to be specified).
		Local Regulations, which must acknowledge and respect the rights, origins and culture of villages, must be set down in accordance with District Regulations which, in turn, are subject to (central) government.
	dte.gn.apc.org /CLALg.htm (5599 words)

	Excerpt from Public Procurement Law Review
		Both the Accounts Law and the Local Autonomy Law require central government entities and local government entities, respectively, to use one of three types of procurement procedures: (1) open tendering (ippan kyousou nyuusatsu); selective tendering (shimei kyousou nyuusatsu); and limited (single) tendering (zuii keiyaku).
		Each central and local government entity is allowed to specify the qualifications of suppliers who will be allowed to participate in its competitive tendering procedures and to review their capabilities of implementing contracts, as long as the fairness of competition is not impaired.
		While local governments are generally allowed to require that suppliers maintain an office within the jurisdiction, entities covered by the GPA are expressly prohibited from establishing such a qualification in procurements covered by the GPA.
	www.osec.doc.gov /ogc/occic/proc.htm (6300 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Third, referendums on the local autonomy level (also called "residents’ votes") mean that local self-governing organizations and residents, by way of direct democracy, decide on laws and policies specific to that locality.
		Normally they can be held by way of local self-governance regulations, but they are generally also regulated by constitutional or local autonomy laws in order to verify their legal force.
		In the relationship between international and domestic law, one does not need to consider whether the referendum on the international law level has any basis in domestic law as long as it is compatible with the principles of international law.
	www.kurdmedia.com /printarticles.asp?id=9484 (1083 words)

	Taipei Times - archives
		The Ministry of Education's decision to make classes in local languages (the languages regarded as indigenous to Taiwan, namely Hokkien, Hakka and Aboriginal languages) compulsory for students in grades one through six is both a welcome and worrisome move.
		After the promulgation of the Local Autonomy Law, education became one of the basic responsibilities of local government.
		With county commissioners investing half of their financial resources in education, they should not forget that local language education is the foundation of the localization of education.
	www.taipeitimes.com /News/editorials/archives/2000/01/30/22106/print (565 words)

	Local Autonomy Law - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Local Autonomy Law (地方自治法 Chihō-jichi-hō) of Japan was passed as Law No. 67 on April 17, 1947, an Act of Devolution that established most of Japan's contemporary local government structures, including:
		The text of the law is lengthy (more than 200 pages in print) and is subject to amendment several times a year.
		This page was last modified 16:11, 26 November 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_Government_Law (112 words)

	Erie County Works - County Executive
		The Local Law was sponsored by Erie County Majority Legislature and approved unanimously.
		The issue of autonomy was studied by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education.
		Local Law No. 5-2003 shall be effective upon its filing with the Secretary of State pursuant to Section 27 of the New York Municipal Home Rule Law.
	www.erie.gov /executive032503.phtml (269 words)

	Local Governments in Japan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Japanese local government has its basis in the Constitution of Japan, which recognizes local government as essential to democracy and which establishes it as part of the state's system of governance.
		The Local Autonomy Law grants local authorities basically identical organizational forms and functions, with the exception of Tokyo's central districts and the 12 large metropolitan cities, despite the differences which exist between the authorities in terms of area and population.
		All of this is made possible by the Japanese local government structure and in particular by the Ministry of Public Managements, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunication, the national agency responsible for matters concerning local government.
	www.gdrc.org /uem/observatory/logov-japan.html (378 words)

	Japan Alien Registration Law
		The Purpose of this Law is to establish equitable control over aliens residing in Japan by clarifying matters pertaining to their residence and status and through the enforcement of the registration of such aliens.
		While the registration cards are in the safekeeping of the office of the city, town or village, the mayor of the city or the head of the town or village shall take the necessary measures for equitable control of the registration cards to prevent the leak, loss or damage, etc. of registration data.
		The business which the mayor of the city or the head of the town or village performs in accordance with the provisions of this law shall be classified as Type 1 of the statutory entrusted functions defined in Article 2, Paragraph 9, Item (1) of the Local Autonomy Law.
	www.crnjapan.com /japan_law/laws/en/alien_registration.html (3124 words)

	The Basic Law for Persons with Disabilities
		The purpose of this Law is to promote welfare of persons with disabilities through establishing fundamental principles, clarifying the responsibilities of the Government and the local governments, and establishing comprehensive and steady measures for supporting independence and social participation of persons with disabilities.
		The Government and the local governments shall take necessary measures to improve and enrich contents and method of education to enable persons with disabilities to receive adequate education in accordance with their age, capacity, and conditions of disability.
		The Government and the local governments shall take necessary measures to provide persons with disabilities with vocational counseling, vocational guidance, vocational training and job placement so that they can be engaged in appropriate job in accordance with their conditions of disability respecting for their freedom of choice for employment.
	www8.cao.go.jp /shougai/english/law/no84.html (2270 words)

	ELSAM
		The major outcome was in increasing local advocates' accountability with local NGOs and communities in their assessment of issues and planning advocacy strategies.
		It came about from efforts to be fully accountable to local community respondents during earlier case study visits of the advisors to hone their analytical skills as law advocates.
		While this was in progress, the local autonomy law was passed and the immediate community request was information about the law.
	www.worldwildlife.org /bsp/kemala/elsam.htm (1021 words)

	Decentralization From the Top Down: The Japanese Case
		Local government capacity was weak, and there were large regional disparities.
		The Local Autonomy Law lists 561 agency delegated functions, 70 percent of prefectures tasks and 30 percent of municipal tasks.
		In terms of accountability, if there are no local mechanisms — such as a good electoral system, a strong council or a free media — it would probably be difficult to guarantee that local governments do not abuse their power.
	www.worldbank.org /mdf/mdf1/topdown.htm (1171 words)

	Corfina NEWS Clips - 03 February 2006
		The Regional Representatives Council (DPD) and local investment agencies have urged the central government to ensure more consistency in investment permit regulations as many foreign investors are reluctant to do business here due to a lack of legal uncertainty.
		Presidential Decree No. 120/1999 on local autonomy provides that provincial investment coordinating boards (BKPMD) and governors have the power to issue permits to both local and foreign investors.
		This is supported by Law No. 22/1999 on provincial administration and Government Regulation No. 25/2000, which provide that the granting of approval and permission for direct foreign investment is the responsibility of the provincial administrations, while regency and municipal administrations are given the right to approve domestic investment plans.
	www.corfina.com /financial_news/2006/20060203.htm (458 words)

	The Digital Library of the Commons
		In empirical perspective, even though the recognition of CBFM from the standpoint of the national legal framework is minimal, nevertheless, based on the case study in Lombok Barat, the local autonomy brings the positive impact as the local government's recognition to CBFMs arises.
		The local government recognition is very important for the local people as an opportunity to strengthen their institution including revitalizing traditional norms of fishing, improve capacity building of MCS (Monitoring, Controlling, and Surveillance), develop mutual collaboration with other fisher associations and NGOs, and enhance economic activities.
		Local design is available, but this may be site specific, and fragile if there is no institutional arrangement combining formal and informal rules and involving both formal and informal authorities.
	dlc.dlib.indiana.edu /archive/00002018 (567 words)

	JURIST - Forum: Avoidable Disaster: Police Enforcing US Immigration Law
		Professor Harris comments on the use of state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce immigration laws points out the fallacies of using state resources to enforce what is clearly federal law.
		The chilling effect of local police attempting to enforce immigration laws will ripple through not only the immigrant and minority populations in the United states but will eventually effect even U.S nationals who will be required to verify the fact that they are U.S Citizens not subject to federal immigration laws.
		The idea of the separation of interests between the federal and state governments under the Tenth Amendment is under siege with the interference with local autonomy of law enforcement further blurring the line between the state and local governments and the remaining sovereignty of the respective states.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /forumy/2006/10/avoidable-disaster-police-enforcing-us.php (1719 words)

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