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Topic: Local Bubble

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Local Fluff

Loop I Bubble

Perseus Arm

Sagittarius arm

Rigel

Galactic astronomy

Sun

Nemesis (star)

3753 Cruithne

Orion Nebula

Astronomy

Earth

Crust

Chandler wobble

	Local Bubble
		These observations have led astronomers to conclude that the Bubble was formed between a few hundred thousand and a few million years ago by several relatively nearby supernova explosions that pushed aside gas and dust in the ISM leaving the current depleted expanse of hot, low density material.
		Map of the cold, dense interstellar gas surrounding the Local Bubble in the plane of the Galaxy.
		Notice that the local cavity is surrounded by many of these condensations, but this "wall" is broken in several places by low density interstellar tunnels that link the local cavity with other nearby bubble cavities such as the Pleiades and GSH 238+00+09.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/L/Local_Bubble.html (565 words)

	Local Bubble - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Local Bubble is a cavity in the local interstellar medium (ISM) at least 300 light years across containing a neutral hydrogen density that is approximately one tenth of that of the average ISM in the Milky Way (approximately 0.05 atoms per cubic centimetre, as opposed to 0.5 atoms per cubic centimetre).
		Most astronomers believe that the Local Bubble was formed between some hundreds of thousands to a few million years ago by nearby supernovae that pushed aside gas and dust in the local ISM leaving behind hot, low density material.
		The Local Bubble is not spherical, but seems to be narrower in the galactic plane, becoming somewhat egg-shaped or elliptical, and may widen above and below the galactic plane, becoming shaped like an hour glass.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_Bubble (249 words)

	Local Chimney / Local Bubble
		One portion of the Local Bubble's wall appears to have collided and merged with the shell of another enormous bubble of hot, ionized gas that's called (Radio) Loop I.
		At the moment, a powerful stellar wind from the young OB stellar associations of the Local Bubble's expanding neighbor, the Loop I Bubble, is pushing the Local Fluff aside (at the rate of 12 miles, or 20 km, per second).
		Although past absorption-line studies toward stars within 330 ly (100 pc) of Sol had suggested that the the Local Bubble is deficient in neutral gas (e.g., sodium or Na I) (Welsh et al, 1994), astronomers found it slow and difficult to define its actual size and shape.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/chimney.htm (2016 words)

	The Heliosphere
		With regard to the cosmic ray pressure in Table 1, the heliosphere is near a bubble of hot gas, evidently recent and not necessarily in equilibrium as far as locally produced cosmic rays are concerned, so it is possible that a low energy component exists locally and contributes to the total pressure.
		This "local bubble" of hot plasma must have been produced by a combination of one or more supernovae and stellar winds associated with a group of O and B stars.
		However, it is quite clear that the VLISM does not have the same characteristics as the local bubble material as a whole since it contains neutrals having a temperature of only ~ 7000 K. The Sun is usually considered to be immersed in a region of "local fluff" that is relatively cool and dense.
	web.mit.edu /space/www/helio.review/axford.suess.html (2942 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Our Galactic Neighbourhood - the Local Bubble and the Local Fluff
		The word 'bubble' is used because it appears somewhat spherical, with a 'wall' of denser matter at its periphery, and relatively little matter inside its cavity.
		Its origins are not certain by any means, but it is believed that the Local Bubble was formed by a massive star explosion, a supernova, some four million years ago, causing a tremendous shockwave that accelerated all gaseous matter into the surrounding regions and beyond.
		The composition of the interior of the Local Bubble is not uniform.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/collective/A755994 (987 words)

	Local Fluff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Local Fluff is a relatively dense cloud of interstellar gas which formed where the Local Bubble and the Loop I Bubble met.
		The gas in the Local Fluff has a density of approximately 0.1 atoms per cubic centimeter, approximately double that of the galactic interstellar medium and 20 times that of the gas in the Local Bubble.
		The Sun, with a few other local stars, is embedded in the Local Fluff.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_Fluff (98 words)

	Bubble Tea makes fizz - February 14, 2003 - Pipe Dream on the Web
		Bubble Tea also has a heavy presence in California, where the Asian population is larger than in New York.
		What makes bubble tea distinct are the small balls floating in the tea from which "bubble tea" got its name.
		These "bubbles" are dark balls of tapioca made from cassava root, a starch-like substance.
	www.bupipedream.com /021403/release/r8.htm (452 words)

	First mapping of the area surrounding our solar system
		Mapping of the regions surrounding our local bubble is based on observations of the sun, on recent results from the European satellite, Hipparcos, concerning the distances of stars, as well as on new tomographic methods developed by Jean-Luc Vergely, one of the members of the team.
		The maps show that the local cavity goes through the galactic disk from one end to the other and is extended by two wide tunnels that link it to the galactic corona on the north and south sides.
		The local bubble may be able to put us on the path to understanding mechanisms that have not been taken into account up until now.
	www.cnrs.fr /cw/en/pres/compress/mapping.htm (779 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Our Galactic Neighbourhood : The Local Bubble and the Local Fluff
		Its origins are not certain by any means, but it is believed that the Local Bubble was formed by a massive star explosion, a supernova some 4 million years ago, causing a tremendous shockwave which accelerated all gaseous matter into the surrounding regions and beyond.
		Outside of the local bubble, there are similar bubbles, known as Loop 1, Loop 2 and Loop 3.
		Almost all the stars presently in the Local Bubble are just passing through, coursing randomly past each other like balls in an open-ended billiard table as they make their way around the galaxy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A747326 (946 words)

	Physics 301 Term Paper: How to Blow a Local Bubble 05/01/93 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From this background, the temperature of the local ISM was deduced to be 106 K, with a density of 5 10-3 H atoms per cm-3, and a thermal pressure of 104 cm-3 K. Therefore, this radiation is opticall y thin and at high temperature.
		The Local Bubble's low density may be explained by the winds and explosions of several average stars acting in unison out of the average ISM (3, 304).
		Geminga, observed to be a pulsar with period.2 seconds, lies at present outside the Local Bubble because its explosion imparted a large velocity to it, and by studying its rotation its age was determined.
	www.abde.net /journalog/phy301.html (2197 words)

	Neighbourhood of our solar system
		Mapping of the regions surrounding our local bubble is based on observations of the sun, on recent results from the European satellite, Hipparcos, concerning the distances of stars, as well as on new tomographic methods developed by Jean-Luc Vergely, one of the members of the team.
		The maps show that the local cavity goes through the galactic disk from one end to the other and is extended by two wide tunnels that link it to the galactic corona on the north and south sides.
		The local bubble may be able to put us on the path to understanding mechanisms that have not been taken into account up until now.
	www.obspm.fr /actual/nouvelle/jun03/ssn.en.shtml (810 words)

	SPACE.com -- Astronomers Burst Bubble on Shape of Nearby Space
		The new map of cold, dense gas surrounding the local cavities (white) where gas is hotter and atoms farther apart.
		Sometimes theory is way off, as appears to be the case with the Local Bubble, said to surround the Sun and nearby stars.
		Their theory called for exploding stars, or supernovae, to create rapidly expanding bubbles of hot gas that would collide with colder gas in the surrounding medium.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/aas202_bubble_030529.html (698 words)

	2.2 The local interstellar medium
		Map of the Local Bubble in the Galactic plane, where the contours indicate 20 mÅ and 50 mÅ equivalent widths for the Na I D2 line (Lallement et al.
		Bubble has been detected directly from observations of the soft X-ray background (Snowden et al.
		Although most of the volume of the Local Bubble consists of this hot material, the absorption line studies clearly demonstrate that there are cooler, partially neutral clouds embedded within the Local Bubble.
	solarphysics.livingreviews.org /Articles/lrsp-2004-2/articlesu2.html (577 words)

	Nearby supernova (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Our present picture of the local interstellar medium (the gas lying between the stars out to distances of about 300 light years), is that the Sun is embedded in and near the edge of a wispy diffuse cloud, known as the Local Cloud (or Local Fluff).
		The ROSAT EUV all- sky survey was able to map out the dimensions of the Local Bubble but could not tell us anything about the state of the gas inside.
		The current state of the gas in both the Local Cloud and the Local Bubble is expected to bear the imprint of recent nearby events, such as supernova explosions, and radiation from hot young stars.
	www.xs4all.nl /~carlkop/nearsup.html (602 words)

	Will the Sun soon be passing through a dust cloud?
		It has been known for some years that the Sun is located near a cloud known as the Local Fluff, which in turn is inside a vast cavity in the interstellar medium called the Local Bubble.
		Neutral hydrogen surveys have been made to search for dense cloudlets within the Local Bubble, but none have ever been detected by this means, at least in non-ionized hydrogen gas to which the 21-centimeter observations are the most sensitive.
		There is, apparently, a medium called the Local Fluff in which the solar system is embedded, which has a density of about 0.1 atoms/cc, a temperature of 10,000 K, and a relative velocity with respect to the solar system of about 20 km/sec based on a slight doppler shift in the reflected emission.
	www.astronomycafe.net /qadir/q1372.html (1081 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The bubble's origin has been the subject of intense speculation for the last 20 years.
		The Local Bubble would have been formed by the force of the supernova blasting most of the gases out of the surrounding interstellar medium, according to the authors.
		Similar bubbles, including a cluster of several around the Local Bubble, probably were formed around our solar system millions of years ago by supernovas just as close as Geminga.
	science.ksc.nasa.gov /shuttle/missions/status/r93-36 (661 words)

	Biz Buzz
		The truth is, Ann Arbor offers a mix of big city and small town, which has something to do with why some young entrepreneurs have decided to be the first to try their hands at bringing East and West Coast trends to Ann Arbor.
		Bubble Island opened in May at 1220 S. University (formerly McDonald's).
		The "bubble" refers to little tapioca balls that are served in the bottom of the drink.
	www.ecurrent.com /art/buzz0602.shtml (989 words)

	American Scientist Online - The Galactic Environment of the Sun (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However, the sun's motion relative to the local stellar neighborhood should not be confused with its movement around the center of the galaxy, since the whole solar neighborhood (including the sun) orbits the galactic center once every 250 million years.
		The Local Bubble is not only relatively empty (with a density of less than 0.001 atoms per cubic centimeter); it is also quite hot, about one million degrees kelvin.
		(The term "Local Bubble" was originally coined with the idea that the solar system was sitting inside a supernova remnant.) So the Local Interstellar Cloud appears to be either material pushed aside by the winds of star formation or a supershell marking the edge of a superbubble.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/21173/page/2 (1254 words)

	Housing bubble just local swelling? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		THE ALLEGED housing bubble story is, to mix metaphors, rearing its ugly head again, even after Federal Reserve Board Chairman Alan Greenspan testified before Congress during the summer that no housing bubble exists.
		Perhaps the biggest argument against the existence of a housing bubble is that housing is unlike any other investment that may depreciate.
		“Bubble is the wrong word because the inference is that it can be burst,” said Nicholas Retsinas, director of the Harvard Joint Center for Housing Studies.
	www.contractormag.com /articles/newsarticle.cfm?newsid=141 (987 words)

	Near-Earth Supernovas
		Gas inside the bubble is very thin (0.001 atoms per cubic centimeter) and very hot (a million degrees)--that's 1000 times less dense and 100 to 100,000 times hotter than ordinary interstellar material.
		The Local Bubble was discovered gradually in the 1970's and 1980's.
		While it is weird isotopes of iron in the Pacific seafloor that intrigue researchers there, it is ordinary iron (produced by recent and many past generations of supernovas) that CHIPS will examine in the Local Bubble.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/06jan_bubble.htm (1519 words)

	Encyclopedia Galactica - Lo to Lt - Human (Anglic) Revised 351st Edition
		In mathematical modelling, the bottom of a valley or the top of a peak; such that all nearby points are either higher (for a minimum) or lower (for a maximum).
		Large bubbles are caused by supernova explosions and contain gas that is much hotter but also much more diffuse (about one atom per cubic cm) than that of the surrunding
		Advanced form of Lofstrom Loop using three geostationary terminii in orbit at the points of an equilateral triangle, and three ground terminii opposite them, connected by a stream of vessels or particles which travel in Hofmann orbits (except when in the atmosphere), thereby saving energy.
	www.orionsarm.com /eg/l/Lo-Lt.html (995 words)

	06.02.99 - UC Berkeley astronomers find a burst cosmic bubble surrounding our own sun
		Using measurements of the amount of interstellar sodium gas in the line of sight of 456 nearby stars, they have been able to prove the existence of a "wall" of absorbing, cold gas that surrounds the hot interior of the Local Bubble region.
		Another paper presented at the AAS meeting today by UC Berkeley astronomer Carl Heiles and University of Wisconsin astronomer Ron Reynolds describes a similar burst bubble in the Milky Way galaxy, a superbubble centered on the Orion nebula that is spewing hot gas into the galactic halo.
		The breakthrough in producing accurate maps of local neutral interstellar gas that defines the edges of the Local Bubble region was due to the availability of accurate distances to stars in the sun's neighborhood, which have only recently become available from the Hipparcos satellite.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/99legacy/6-2-1999b.html (632 words)

	Off the Kuff: The local housing bubble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Many bubble deniers point to average prices for the country as a whole, which look worrisome but not totally crazy.
		Houston may be in "Flatland", and goodness knows we're busy sprawling out to new frontiers in exurbia, but that doesn't mean we can't be in danger of a collapse in the local housing market.
		He is the leading local expert on the economics of local real estate.
	www.offthekuff.com /mt/archives/005927.html (1604 words)

	ROSAT Highlight - Loop I/Local Bubble Interaction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The corresponding HI feature is associated with an annular volume of dense neutral gas formed in the collision of the Local Bubble with the Loop I supershell.
		Star counts using the ROSAT Wide field camera confirm the presence of an annular structure in the wall of the Local Bubble in the direction of Loop I. The distance of the interaction feature is estimated by absorption line studies of nearby stars which are projected on the ring.
		In conclusion the observed annular HI feature is a product of the interaction between the Local Bubble and the Loop I supershell.
	wave.xray.mpe.mpg.de /rosat/publications/highlights/loop_I (472 words)

	CHIPS Science
		Christopher McKee at the IAU Colloquium ``The Local Bubble and Beyond,'' ESO (Garching) 1997.
		Because the very local neutral interstellar medium acts as a filter in front of all such plasmas, we have attenuated the spectrum appropriately.
		Figure 3: Contours of the Local Bubble, derived from Na I D absorption-line data, projected on the Galactic plane.
	chips.ssl.berkeley.edu /science.html (3003 words)

	The Bursting Bubble: Real Estate and Housing Market Crashes - Welcome!
		Our goal is to not just educate you on what the Real Estate Bubble is but to show you articles by both supporters and naysayers, as well as historic information so you can make your own predictions about the state of the housing market in your area.
		It is fortunate, therefore, that for all the talk about a housing bubble, by most measures it does not exist.
		But if bearish predictions of a real estate bubble are accurate, that pile of distressed assets could turn into a mountain as tall as Mr Ambani's new home.
	www.theburstingbubble.com (403 words)

	Multiple Explosion Models for the Local Bubble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Observations of soft X-rays, as well as UV measurements, show that the sun is surrounded by a high temperature, low density, cavity.
		Additionally, analytic calculations of the collapse of a supernova remnant or superbubble were done to focus the numerical work.
		When thermal conduction is included, the bubble collapse is self-similar, and the temperature structure can be described by a simple analytic function throughout.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v28n2/aas188/abs/S044009.html (136 words)

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