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	Local anesthetic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Local anesthetics vary in their pharmacological properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
		Local anesthetic drugs act mainly by inhibiting sodium influx through sodium-specific ion channels in the neuronal cell membrane, in particular the so-called voltage-gated sodium channels.
		Local anesthetics are weak bases and are usually formulated as the hydrochloride salt to render them water-soluble.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_anaesthetic (773 words)

	Anesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The anaesthetic qualities of nitrous oxide (isolated by Joseph Priestley) were discovered by the British chemist Humphry Davy about 1795 when he was an assistant to Thomas Beddoes, and reported in a paper in 1800.
		It is this type of local anaesthetic agent that is generally used within regional and epidural/spinal techniques namely due to their longer duration of action providing adequate analgesia suitable for surgery, labour and symptomatic relief.
		Local anesthetic drugs are toxic to the heart (where they cause arrhythmia) and brain (where they cause unconsciousness and seizures).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anaesthetic (2352 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Local Anesthesia and Local Anesthesic Techniques
		Local anesthetics inhibit the generation and propagation of nerve impulses by blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve membrane.
		Local anesthetics are capable of blocking all nerves, thus their action is not limited to the usually more desirable sensory block but also motor loss.
		Local anesthetic is deposited in close proximity to the radial, median, ulnar, musculocutaneous, and axillary nerves.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00013.htm (2179 words)

	Patent 6,031,007
		The local anaesthetic in the final composition is one or more local anaesthetics in oil form as such, or a eutectic mixture formed by two or more local anaesthetics.
		The amount of the local anaesthetic or mixture of local anaesthetics is preferably in the range 0.5-20% by weight, more preferably in the range 2-7% by weight, based on the total weight of the composition.
		The local anaesthetic(s) used for preparing a pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may be selected from any local anaesthetic.
	www.pharmcast.com /Patents/022900OG/6031007_anaesthetic022900.htm (1360 words)

	The Pharmacology of Local Anaesthetic Agents (page 1)
		Local anaesthetic agents can be defined as drugs which are used clinically to produce reversible loss of sensation in a circumscribed area of the body.
		Local anaesthetics cause reversible interruption of the conduction of impulses in peripheral nerves.
		The primary electrophysiological effect of these compounds is to cause a local decrease in the rate and degree of depolarisation of the nerve membrane such that the threshold potential for transmission is not reached and the electrical impulse is not propagated down the nerve.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u04/u04_014.htm (1081 words)

	Abortion - Local anaesthetic
		Local anaesthetic is recommended for patients who do not wish to have a general anaesthetic and where gestation is less than 12 weeks.
		Patients are accompanied to the anaesthetic area, where they are met by the theatre sister and her assistants.
		Because of the slight chance of you needing a general anaesthetic she/he will at the start of the procedure put a small needle into one of your veins in the right hand.
	www.smpclinic.co.uk /local.html (448 words)

	Patients' Guide to Local and Regional Anaesthesia
		Other drugs may be added to the local anaesthetic, including epinephrine (adrenaline), to decrease bleeding, and sodium bicarbonate, to decrease the acidity of the drug, in an attempt to make it work faster.
		Often, additional anaesthetic can be given, either by repeating the original block, doing a different block of the same area, or by having the surgeon inject local anaesthetic into the incision.
		Local anaesthetic is put into a vein in the hand to numb the arm.
	www.oyston.com /anaes/local.html#2.2 (2328 words)

	Local Anaesthetic Technique by David A. Isen D.D.S.
		Anaesthetize the soft tissue to ensure that the perforation of the cortical plate is painless.
		Local anaesthetic cannot cross this barrier, and it is therefore crucial to inject lateral to the ligament.
		Local anaesthetics should not be purchased for stockpiling in such amounts that the stale date arrives before the solution can be utilized.
	www.septodont.ca /Septodont/english/other/cea_di01.html (5596 words)

	Local Anaesthetic by Daniel A. Haas D.D.S.
		As local anaesthetics are the most commonly administered drugs in dentistry, this booklet begins with an overview of their pharmacology.
		Local anaesthetics reversibly eliminate sensation conducted along peripheral nerves by blocking the entry of sodium (Na)into the sodium channel and thus preventing these depolarizations, thereby preventing the transmission of pain information.
		Fortunately, the local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictors used in dentistry are safe to administer in the pregnant or lactating patient.
	www.septodont.ca /Septodont/english/other/cea_dh01.html (5596 words)

	Anaesthesia UK : Local Anaesthetic Pharmacology 11/07/05
		Local anaesthetic drugs are used widely for the provision of anaesthesia and analgesia both intra- and post-operatively.
		Of note, due to new legislation, some of the newer local anaesthetics are described in terms of the quantity of free base present alone, in contrast to the older drugs which are described in terms of the quantity of total hydrochloride salt present.
		Unexpected local anaesthetic toxicity can occur where the pharmacokinetics of the drug are altered by co-morbidity such as cardiac or hepatic failure (reducing metabolism of the drug), alterations in plasma protein binding, or interactions with other drugs.
	www.frca.co.uk /article.aspx?articleid=100505 (2283 words)

	Allergy to Local Anaesthetics
		Local anaesthetics are grouped, depending on their chemical structure, into two categories.
		In patients where it is deemed that use of local anaesthetic may be a better choice, the next step would be to do a progressive challenge with dilute solution (1:1000) and then undiluted intradermal injection of local anaesthetics to diagnose allergy to the agent.
		In all instances where local anaesthetics are employed proper patient monitoring, meticulous technique, functioning resuscitative equipment and trained help will go a long way in providing a safe and pain free environment at a relatively low cost in the ambulatory setting.
	www.theberries.ns.ca /Archives/anaesthetics.html (909 words)

	Anaesthesia UK : Local anaesthetic and additive drugs
		Local anaesthetics reversibly block nerve impulses and are the mainstays of regional anaesthesia.
		Local vascular effects: all local anaesthetics are vasodilators, except cocaine, ropivacaine and levobupivacaine, which are vasoconstrictors.
		Additives are used in conjunction with local anaesthetics for regional anaesthesia to quicken onset, to prolong duration and to enhance analgesia.
	www.frca.co.uk /article.aspx?articleid=100455 (2265 words)

	[No title]
		A local anaesthetic is a medicine that causes a complete loss of feeling to a specific part of your body without causing you to lose consciousness.
		An epidural is a local anaesthetic, or painkilling medicine, that works by blocking the nerve roots from the spinal cord.
		The local anaesthetic is injected into the area below the spinal cord, numbing the lower part of the body, so that the woman does not feel pain while giving birth.
	www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk /articles/article.aspx?articleId=419 (223 words)

	Anaesthetic injections (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It is the preferred anaesthetic for a woman having a Caesarean section, in which case the anaesthetic is injected into the spine a little higher up to give more widespread numbness.
		A procedure similar to an epidural except that the injection of the anaesthetic is made into the sac of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the end of the spinal cord.
		If full strength anaesthetic is used then the numbness will be complete and the mother will be unable to move her limbs, as the nerves supplying the muscles to the legs will be completely anaesthetised.
	www.acegraphics.com.au /parents/drugs/anaesthetic.html (1711 words)

	Epidural Anaesthetic
		An epidural anaesthetic is a procedure that is performed by a specialist doctor known as an anaesthetist.
		Epidural anaesthetic is where an injection of local anaesthetic (sometimes mixed with an opiate such as pethidine or fentanyl) is given into the epidural space (an area located around the spinal cord).
		An epidural anaesthetic is given to relieve pain in labour, to help reduce high blood pressure (if it is a problem in labour) and prior to a caesarean birth.
	www.pregnancy.com.au /epidural_anaesthetic.htm (575 words)

	General or Local Anaesthetic?
		After having a general anaesthetic on the Day Surgery Unit you will be required to stay for a minimum of two hours, this again will depend on the type of surgery you have had, and you will again be advised about this at your preoperative assessment.
		Local Anaesthesia/Anaesthetics describes a form of anaesthetic which produces selective loss of feeling (numbness) in the area where the injection is given*.
		After having local anaesthesia you will normally be allowed to go home shortly after your surgery, and you will be advised on the day how long the effects of the local anaesthetic will last, and precautions to be taken until the effects have worn off.
	www.hulldaysurgery.co.uk /generalorlocal.html (400 words)

	Anaesthesia - local, regional, general anaesthetic & complications
		With regional anaesthesia, a small amount of an anaesthetic drug is injected near to the nerves that supply a part of the body.
		The anaesthetic temporarily prevents the nerves from sending any messages to the brain — where pain is registered — so the part of the body is completely insensitive to pain.
		It involves an injection of anaesthetic into the fluid that surrounds the nerves in lower part of the spine, and is used for operations below the waist or in the pelvic region.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/anaesthesia.html (1226 words)

	RedOrbit - Health - Alkalinisation of Local Anaesthetics Prescribed for Pain Relief After Surgical Decompression of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Administration of a local anaesthetic for postoperative pain relief is not a routine practice, as surgeons customarily use parenteral analgesia for pain relief.
		Nonetheless, administration of bicarbonated local anaesthetic is a simple and cost-effective option that is often overlooked.
		Various mixtures of bicarbonate and local anaesthetics and their local application at different sites have been described in the literature.10-12 Davies10 reported that the stable ratios of lignocaine 1% and bupivacaine 0.5% buffered with bicarbonate 8.4% were 10:1 and 200:1, respectively.
	www.redorbit.com /news/health/396358/alkalinisation_of_local_anaesthetics_prescribed_for_pain_relief_after_surgical/index.html?source=r_health (1803 words)

	Local Anaesthetics, the questions you'll be asked in exams
		Local anaesthetics are drugs that produce reversible depression of nerve conduction when applied to the nerve fibre.
		The two types of local anaesthetics differ with respect to their intermediate chain, which may contain an ester or an amide.
		Because all local anaesthetics are weak bases, those with a pKa near physiological pH (7.4) will have more molecules in the unionized lipid soluble form (e.g.
	www.4um.com /tutorial/anaesth/Locals.htm (1462 words)

	General anaesthetics
		An anaesthetic is a drug or agent that produces a complete or partial loss of feeling.
		A qualified anaesthetist, who is a medical doctor with special training in anaesthetics, administers the general anaesthetic.The anaesthetist may administer the anaesthetic intravenously or by gas mask, or both.
		Local anaesthetic - anaesthetic is injected into the immediate area to be operated on.
	www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au /bhcv2/bhcarticles.nsf/pages/General_anaesthetics?Open (803 words)

	Local anaesthetic agents
		Local anaesthetics prevent the opening of the sodium channels and delay the rate of conduction of action potentials, without changing the resting membrane potential.
		Local anaesthetics are a safe and effective and highly desirable means for achieving analgesia.
		Ester local anaesthetics, which are infrequently used, are much more often associated with allergy because they are metabolised to para-amino benzoic acid, which acts as a hapten.
	www.anaesthetist.com /anaes/drugs/locals.htm (1338 words)

	Toxicity from Local Anaesthetic Drugs
		Decide on the concentration of the local anaesthetic that is required for the block to be performed.
		Collapse is due to the depressant effect of the local anaesthetic acting directly on the myocardium.
		The acute toxicity of local anaesthetics is due to the speed of rise of blood concentration.
	www.nda.ox.ac.uk /wfsa/html/u10/u1008_01.htm (907 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Local anaesthetic use 'would cut deaths'
		Professor Ian Power, from the Department of Anaesthetics at the Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, said evidence was increasing that local anaesthetic was safer.
		He said: "The study used local anaesthetic in combination with general anaesthesia on occasions and they still found a benefit from the local anaesthetic.
		Professor Power said there might be problems with giving patients a double dose of anaesthetic - but a combination of small doses of general and local anaesthesia should be safe and enough to ensure patients are unconscious throughout surgery too.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/1071779.stm (350 words)

	Local anaesthesia. DermNet NZ
		Local anaesthesia (anesthesia) is the reversible loss of sensation in a defined area of the body and is achieved by the topical application or injection of agents that block the generation and/or journey of nerve impulses in tissue.
		Lignocaine (lidocaine) is the local anaesthetic most frequently used as it is effective, acts rapidly and is relatively free from toxicity and sensitivity.
		Local side effects such as bruising and a temporary sensation of stinging or burning are common.
	dermnetnz.org /procedures/local-anaesthetics.html (558 words)

	How to use local anaesthetic « The Medicine Box
		Local anaesthetic is one of the best inventions in medicine.
		It is difficult to imagine doing minor surgery, debridement, incision and drainage, repair of laceration, excisions, etc., without it, though we have only had infiltration local anaesthetics for about a century (with the creation of synthetic cocaine in 1891).
		Furthermore, as the adrenaline keeps the lignocaine in the local tissues longer, you are less likely to have systemic side-effects (meaning you can use more local anaesthetic).
	vitualis.wordpress.com /2006/06/11/how-to-use-local-anaesthetic (510 words)

	Allergy to Local Anaesthetics
		True allergies to the local anaesthetics used nowadays are exceedingly rare - only a few cases have been reported worldwide.
		Most people who are allergic to local anaesthetics only experience temporary itching and skin rash after receiving the injection.
		Anaphylactic shock is almost unheard of with local anaesthetics (though dentists have to be prepared for this possibility, so they have emergency equipment to reverse such a situation).
	www.dentalfearcentral.org /allergy_novacaine.html (1235 words)

	Carbocaine Scandicaine (Mepivacaine)- local anaesthetic, low systemic toxicity
		Carbocaine® / Scandicaine ® (mepivacaine HCl) was the second amide local anaesthetic to be clinically introduced.
		Carbocaine is an effective and reliable local anaesthetic of intermediate duration and low systemic toxicity.
		It is widely used for regional anaesthetic procedures such as IVRA, infiltration, epidural blockade, plexus and peripheral nerve blockade in concentrations varying from 0.5% to 2%.
	www.anaesthesia-az.com /article/509679.aspx (373 words)

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