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Topic: Local anesthesia

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Local anaesthesia

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Local anesthetic

Regional anesthesia

Spinal anesthesia

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	Local anesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Local anesthesia, in a strict sense, is anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin.
		Sometimes conduction anesthesia is combined with general anesthesia or sedation for the patient´s comfort and ease of surgery.
		Topical anesthesia, in the form of EMLA cream is most commonly used to enable relatively painless venipuncture (blood collection) and placement of intravenous cannulae (or 'drip') in children.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_anesthesia (1438 words)

	Local anesthesia -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local anesthesia, in a strict sense, is (Loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness) anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin.
		To achieve conduction anesthesia a (Anesthetic that numbs a local area of the body) local anesthetic is injected or applied to a body surface.
		Sometimes conduction anesthesia is combined with (A state of total unconsciousness resulting from anesthetic drugs (as for a major surgical operation)) general anesthesia or (The administration of a sedative agent or drug) sedation for the patient´s comfort and ease of surgery.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/l/lo/local_anesthesia.htm (1559 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Local anesthesia
		Use of local anesthesia in the primary care setting can be maximized by an understanding of how anesthetic agents work, the indications for their use, appropriate methods of administration, and techniques to minimize the pain of administration.
		Local anesthesia is warranted for any clinical procedure with a potential for pain, such as incision and drainage of abscesses, laceration repair, biopsy, wart treatment, vasectomy, and neonatal circumcision.
		Topical anesthesia is used to reduce the pain of local infiltration, the pain of superficial laceration repair, and the pain associated with vascular cannulation or to reduce patient apprehension.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/1999/08_99/smith.htm (2684 words)

	Anesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anesthesia (American English), also anaesthesia (British English), is the process of blocking the perception of pain and other sensations.
		local anesthesia — with reversible loss of sensation in a (small) part of the body by localized administration of anesthetic drugs at the affected site.
		It is these type of local anaesthetic agents that are generally used within regional and epidural/spinal techniques namely due to their longer duration of action providing adequate analgesia suitable for surgery, labour and symptomatic relief.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anesthesia (1476 words)

	Anesthesia (Feb.2000)
		Local anesthetics produce conduction blockade of nerve impulses by preventing increases in permeability of nerve membranes to sodium ions.
		The metabolism of local anesthetics with an ester linkage are metabolized in plasma by plasma cholinesterase (the same agent that metabolizes succinylcholine), whereas the local anesthetics with an amide bond are broken down in the liver by hydrolysis and deakylation by the cytochrome p-450 enzyme system.
		Thus, tissue acidosis render local anesthetics ineffective because the local anesthetic is relatively cationic in this state and cannot cross the nerve membrane to bind to the receptor.
	www.utmb.edu /otoref/Grnds/Anesthesia-200002/anesthesia-200002.htm (8359 words)

	Circumcision: Local Anesthesia Better Than Dorsal Penile Nerve Block
		This study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of dorsal penile nerve block and local anesthesia by objective parameters: heart rate, transcutaneous oxygen saturation, the presence or absence of crying, and postoperative plasma cortisol levels.
		Local anesthesia was performed by injecting 0.4 ml of 1% lidocaine without epinephrine subcutaneously into the foreskin at both the 10- and 2-o'clock positions at the level of the corona (Figure 2).
		In 1987, the American Academy of Pediatrics stated that anesthesia should not be withheld from neonates solely because of the infant's age or perceived degree of cortical maturity [10].
	www.cirp.org /library/pain/masciello (2670 words)

	WSAVA 2001 - Local Anesthesia and Local Anesthesic Techniques
		Local anesthetics are drugs that, when applied locally to nerve tissue (endings or fibers), cause reversible blockade of nerve impulse conduction.
		Local anesthetics inhibit the generation and propagation of nerve impulses by blockade of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve membrane.
		Local anesthetics are capable of blocking all nerves, thus their action is not limited to the usually more desirable sensory block but also motor loss.
	www.vin.com /VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00013.htm (2179 words)

	Local/Regional Anesthesia for Thyroidectomy
		The problems encountered by patients in these series was similar to those patients undergoing general anesthesia, except for an arrhythmia attributed to local anesthesia and a temporary cord paralysis presumably due to anesthetic block of the vagus nerve.
		Local/regional anesthesia was administered in all cases as previously described except that intra-thyroid injection was given after exposure of the thyroid.
		The operative times for patients undergoing thyroid surgery under general anesthesia for the period from 1996 to 1997 is compared to operative time under local anesthesia for Group C in Table 4.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/thyroid/local.html (2306 words)

	Local anesthesia
		The lipid solubility and pKa of the local anesthetic are the primary determinants of the degree of differential blockade.
		An example of a field anesthesia technique which is widely used in cattle is the “Inverted L or 7 block” for anesthesia of the abdominal fossa.
		While epidural anesthesia refers to depositing of local anesthetics into the extradural space, the true spinal anesthesia refers to the SUBARACHNOID access (usually known as ‘spinal’ anesthesia), which the needle penetrates the dura mater, and the analgesic is injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
	www.cvm.okstate.edu /courses/vmed5412/Lect013.htm (5076 words)

	Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine: Anesthesia, local (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local or regional anesthesia involves the injection or application of an anesthetic drug to a specific area of the body, as opposed to the entire body and brain as occurs during general anesthesia.
		Local and regional anesthesia have advantages over general anesthesia in that patients can avoid some unpleasant side effects, can receive longer lasting pain relief, have reduced blood loss, and maintain a sense of psychological comfort by not losing consciousness.
		Local anesthesia involves the injection into the skin or muscle or application to the skin of an anesthetic directly where pain will occur.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0000/ai_2601000072 (1013 words)

	eMedicine - Local Anesthetics : Article by Don R Revis, Jr, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local anesthetics differ in respect to the pH at which the ionized and nonionized forms are present at equilibrium, but this pH is generally in the range of 7.6-8.9.
		For proper administration of local anesthetics, consider the individual characteristics of the patient, dose of local anesthetic to be administered, presence or absence of epinephrine, speed of administration, local tissue vascularity, and technique of administration.
		Local anesthetics decrease the rate of depolarization of cardiac tissue, which is the rationale behind the use of lidocaine in treatment of ventricular arrhythmias.
	www.emedicine.com /ent/topic20.htm (3188 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: General Medical Officer Manual: Clinical Section (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local anesthetics are drugs that block the generation and propagation of impulses in excitable tissues, most notably the spinal cord, spinal nerve roots, and peripheral nerves, as well as skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain.
		The remaining balance of reactions occur because of the rapid rise in circulating local anesthetics or the absorption of epinephrine.
		Solutions of local anesthetics may be adjusted to contain epinephrine for vasoconstriction by manually adding 5 mcg of epinephrine to 1 ml of anesthetic solution to produce a concentration of 1:200,000.
	www.vnh.org /GMO/ClinicalSection/04LocalAnesthetics.html (510 words)

	LOCAL ANESTHESIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The type of anesthesia you may have depends on the type of surgery or procedure you are having.
		Local anesthesia is medicine given to numb the surgery area.
		During local anesthesia, you may be given medicine in your IV to make you feel sleepy and more relaxed.
	www.medformation.com /ac/mm_qdis.nsf/qd/nd6022g.htm (891 words)

	American Family Physician: Local anesthesia preferred for groin hernia repair
		The 209 patients randomized to local anesthesia did not differ significantly from the 203 patients randomized to regional anesthesia or the 204 patients randomized to general anesthesia in age, body mass index, type of work, size of hernia, or preoperative pain.
		Opiates were given to only 8 percent of patients receiving local anesthesia, compared with 22 percent of patients receiving regional anesthesia and 34 percent of patients receiving general anesthesia.
		No patients in the local anesthesia group required catheterization for postoperative urinary problems, although this step was required in 8 percent of patients following administration of general anesthesia and in 29 percent following administration of regional anesthesia.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_7_69/ai_115319035 (548 words)

	Local Anesthesia & Regional Anesthetics
		All of the ester local anesthetics are metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme commonly referred to as plasma pseudocholinesterase.
		While allergy to local anesthesia is not a major problem, when it does occur, it is most likely due to the ester local anesthetics because of this metabolite.
		Local anesthetics will act all along C fibers, but only at the breaks in the myelin or the Nodes of Ranvier (French pathologist, 1835-1922) on the A delta fibers.
	www.anesthesia.wisc.edu /med3/localanes/localhandout.html (3167 words)

	Healthopedia.com - Local Anesthesia
		Anesthesia means a loss of feeling or inability to feel pain.
		Local anesthesia is a method of pain prevention in a small area of the body.
		Local anesthesia can also be used for minor surgery, such as a hernia repair.
	www.healthopedia.com /local-anesthesia (402 words)

	TJU/Education/Anesthesiology/Digital Library/Local Anesthesia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Chemically conventional local anesthetics are weakly basic tertiary amines soluble in lipids but poorly soluble, and unstable in water.
		Therefore, it is the concentration of local anesthetic base that determines the quantity of local anesthetic that reaches the nerve membrane.
		Less local anesthetic base dissociates therefore while much cation is formed it can't be delivered to the nerve structure due to lack of base.
	jeffline.tju.edu /Education/courses/anesth/docs/library/local5.html (344 words)

	Local Anesthesia : American Pregnancy Association
		Local anesthesia is injected into a specific area to provide pain relief.
		Local anesthesia is given through various medications and dosages in the form of epidurals, pudendal blocks, and spinal blocks.
		Though rare, local anesthesia may be injected into the perineum when the baby’s head position will not allow a pudendal block to be administered.
	www.americanpregnancy.org /labornbirth/localanesthesia.htm (318 words)

	Anesthesia Exposure Suspected Link to Learning Disabilities
		As research continues to be published demonstrating potential neurological harm to the unborn child from general and even local anesthesia exposure during pregnancy, it is important to identify the frequency and types of anesthesia exposure.
		Of the 52 women who received anesthesia, 42 were given spinal (saddle block) anesthesia, The routes of administration for the other women were pudendal (four), paracervical (one), epidural (two), both epidural and saddle block (two), and both pudendal and saddle block (one).
		Mepivacaine (a common local anesthetic) was detected in infants’ blood as late as 24 hours after birth, and lidocaine, as late as 8 hours after birth.....Whatever the interpretation, it appears that anesthesia administration during childbirth is significantly related to the functioning of the newborn child.
	www.chem-tox.com /pregnancy/anesthesia.htm (2015 words)

	eMedicine - Anesthesia, Local with Sedation : Article by Michael Mercandetti, MD, MBA, FACS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Local anesthetic agents are usually of the amino amides class and include such agents as lidocaine, bupivacaine, prilocaine, mepivacaine, and etidocaine.
		Given in 0.5-1 mg/kg injections that are infused slowly prior to the injection of local anesthesia, propofol maintains respiratory drive and allows the patient to tolerate the local anesthetic injections.
		The primary disadvantage of general anesthesia is the increased incidence of nausea and vomiting and the somnolence of patients postoperatively.
	www.emedicine.com /plastic/topic112.htm (2979 words)

	Local Anesthesia and Physical Evaluation
		Allergic reactions to local anesthetics were much more common with the ester-type anesthetics such as procaine, benzocaine, and tetracaine.
		Amide-type local anesthetics are essentially free of allergic reactions.
		Local anesthetics to be avoided are articaine and prilocaine.
	www.uiowa.edu /~op2l/LocalA.html (486 words)

	Local Anesthesia May Be Better For Sinus And Nasal Surgery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Forty-eight percent of patients under local anesthesia were discharged within four hours after the surgical procedure.
		Thirty-six percent of general anesthesia patients, compared to only 8 percent of local anesthesia patients, experienced nausea.
		Three to four percent of those patients required physician intervention for bleeding while none of the local anesthesia patients required intervention for bleeding.
	www.psu.edu /ur/NEWS/news/nasalsurgery.html (414 words)

	Local Anesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Repair
		In addition, to complete any operation successfully under local anesthesia requires a surgeon who is comfortable with the technique and willing to stop surgery and place additional local anesthesia should this become necessary.
		In addition, local anesthesia should be injected subcutaneously along the inguinal line (along the intended line of incision) to provide anesthesia at that location.
		From a point approximately teo centimeters medial to this, 5-10cc of local anesthesia should be given under the external oblique in a fanwise fashion.
	anesthesiologyinfo.com /articles/04102002.php (952 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Anesthesia Works"
		Which one you will need depends on a variety of factors such as the type of surgery you are having and your state of health.
		Some surgical procedures require only an injection of local anesthesia into the incision area.
		In this article, we will look at the many types of anesthesia so that you can understand what it is, how it works, and how the anesthesiologist determines which type of anesthesia to use for your particular situation.
	www.howstuffworks.com /anesthesia.htm (161 words)

	Local Anesthesia Information - Breast Augmentation, Implants, Reconstruction, Reduction, Lifts
		Local anesthesia involves minimizing or eliminating pain in one specific area of the body.
		Local anesthetic medication is typically injected after the surface of the area is cleaned and, in many cases, numbed in advance of the injection itself.
		Local anesthetics are fast acting but also do not last very long.
	www.implantinfo.com /inforesources/local_anesthesia.htm (271 words)

	Local Anesthesia and Sedation Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery
		This may include a mixture of medications The local anesthesia is injected after the sedation begins.
		General anesthesia can be used on patients who leave the hospital the same day or stay overnight.
		Not all local anesthesia cases require all types of monitoring.
	www.plasticsurgery4u.com /procedure_folder/bermant_anesthesia.html (634 words)

	Re: Local anesthesia for above knee femoropopliteal bypass: an alternative technique to endoluminal bypass grafting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In Reply to: Local anesthesia for above knee femoropopliteal bypass: an alternative technique to endoluminal bypass grafting posted by CSEN on August 17, 1998 at 09:20:15:
		Local anesthesia for above knee femoropopliteal bypass: an alternative technique to endoluminal bypass grafting.
		Intraoperative fluid requirements were less for patients receiving local anesthesia as compared with a similar group of patients undergoing above knee femoropopliteal bypass receiving regional anesthesia (mean 1750 ml versus 3386 ml).
	www.i-depth.com /P/r/ry03191.frm.forum1.msg/667.html (805 words)

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