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	Local loop unbundling - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This local loop is owned by the incumbent local exchange carrier (ILEC).
		As of 14 January 2006, 210,000 local loop connections have been unbundled from BT operation under local loop unbundling.
		Ofcom had hoped that 1 million local loop connections would be unbundled by June 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_loop_unbundling (1340 words)

	Bell Gully - Local loop unbundling: a further retreat from light handed regulation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Local loop unbundling means that telecommunications providers will be able to obtain access to Telecom's last mile network at forward-looking cost-based prices, relying on the provisions of the Telecommunications Act.
		The local loop unbundling decision must also be viewed in the context of the wider implementation review of the Telecommunications Act which is designed to improve the process for resolving access to key services.
		The Government's move to unbundle the local loop is a significant regulatory imposition and is a further retreat from the light handed approach previously relied on.
	www.bellgully.com /resources/resource_00625.asp (1327 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It was also stated that mandating LLU at this time would be inappropriate and would be an extreme regulatory response, which makes economic sense only where the over-riding policy presumption is one of continued actual or de facto local loop monopoly, a situation that does not hold in Ireland.
		Views were requested on the potential of LLU to stimulate competition and the extent to which the competitive benefits of local loop unbundling could be achieved through the development of existing cable TV networks, the introduction of fixed wireless access services, and the continued development of mobile telephony.
		LLU is likely to play an important role in increasing local services competition because the alternative technologies will only gradually become available, will probably not be available nationwide, and will be available only to a limited number of operators.
	www.odtr.ie /docs/odtr0030.doc (14746 words)

	Local loop - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunications, the local loop (also referred to as a subscriber line) is the physical link or circuit, that connects from the demarcation point of the customer premises to the edge of the carrier, or telecommunications service provider, network.
		Traditionally, the local loop was wireline in nature from customer to central office, specifically in the form of an electrical circuit (i.e., loop) provisioned as a single twisted pair in support of voice communications.
		The local loop may terminate at a circuit switch owned by a CLEC (Competitive LEC) and housed in a POP, which typically is either an ILEC CO or a carrier "hotel".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Local_loop (324 words)

	Local Loop Unbundling - Online Services
		The local loop is the physical twisted copper pair circuit in the local access network, connecting the terminal equipment in the user’s premises to the network operator infrastructure.
		LLU consists of the provision of the local loop by PT Comunicações, S.A., to other licensed operators, so that they may in turn provide users with narrowband and/or broadband services.
		LLU will enable the promotion of greater competition and dynamisation in the offer of innovative services at the local access level, particularly concerning encouraging the use of e-commerce and information society services, including access to multimedia services and broadband internet.
	www.icp.pt /template25.jsp?categoryId=39010 (978 words)

	Easynet UK > Public Sector > Unbundling the Local Loop
		Easynet was instrumental in moving the industry towards unbundling, participating and chairing in regulatory committees and working groups, and helping with the formulation of working practices and processes that enabled the successful connection of the first LLU line in the UK to an Easynet customer at the Battersea exchange in January 2001.
		Local loop unbundling means that on its own loops, Easynet has much greater control over the quality of service and is able to offer enhanced Service Level Guarantees, which are essential to the public sector and business community alike.
		Easynet believes that unbundling is the best route to true competition in the broadband market, and is already able to demonstrate that LLU has successfully brought an enhanced product set to the market at considerably lower cost, ultimately driving the uptake of broadband in the UK.
	www.easynet.net /publicsector/unbundling_ll.asp (688 words)

	OpenLLU - Open Local Loop Unbundling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Local Loop Unbundling or LLU to its friends is the process whereby telecomms companies and ISPs can put their own equipment into BT's telephone exchanges.
		Up until recently the economics of LLU were very unfavourable, and it was very hard to justify the investment of going down this route and only a few players took the plunge.
		All the LLU operators are acting pretty much in secret (to each other) and having to install their own equipment and their own backhaul.
	www.openllu.org (567 words)

	Broadband Services and Local Loop Unbundling in the Netherlands
		Finally, the unbundling of the local loop is dealt with.
		This was effected with the publication of "Guidelines on access to the unbundled local loop" ("MDF-access") in March 1999 [5].
		In combination with the unbundling of the local loop, together with a small number of other member states, the Netherlands is clearly a pioneer in this regard, and there should now be sufficient basis for actual competition.
	www.comsoc.org /~ci/private/1999/oct/Vaneijk.html (3949 words)

	Local Loop Unbundling Fact Sheet - January 2003
		Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) is the process where the incumbent operator (BT and Kingston in the UK) makes its local network (the copper cables that run from customers premises to the telephone exchange) available to other companies.
		In sub loop unbundling the connection point is the primary connection points (PCP’s), which are the green street cabinets.
		A device which separates a local loop into two independent channels, one for voice and one for higher bandwidth, so that different services can be run on the loop without interference.
	www.ofcom.org.uk /static/archive/oftel/publications/local_loop/llufacts/2003/llufacts0103.htm (5174 words)

	Trai recommends nondiscriminatory local loop unbundling - Indiantelevision.com's Breaking News
		Since virtually all of the copper local loops are owned by the incumbent, giving nondiscriminatory access to this bottleneck facility for use and investment by other operators becomes crucial.
		While the Trai is currently not in favor of Full Local Loop Unbundling at this point in time, it recommends shared unbundling to achieve competition in the market.
		The owner of the local loop who is a unified access or basic services access provider (LL Operator) will have the opportunity to decide in which exchanges they want to make the investment to upgrade the infrastructure for their own use as well as for providing Bit Stream Access to access seekers, it says.
	www.indiantelevision.com /headlines/y2k4/apr/apr223.htm (687 words)

	House of Commons - Trade and Industry - Sixth Report
		In the course of several of these sessions we have raised the issue of Local Loop Unbundling (LLU).[1] We decided that Local Loop Unbundling would be the main focus of the session arranged for 14 November 2000 with the Director General, Mr David Edmonds.
		Alternative infrastructures such as cable television, satellite, or wireless local loops do not generally offer the same functionality or ubiquity for the time being".[7] Consequently, both the EU and the UK are putting such a strong emphasis on the success of LLU.
		BT say that the key issues surrounding LLU are not so much to do with technology, but with physical constraints—finding space, building work, planning permission, installing security systems and air conditioning.[89] 90% of BT's exchanges are unmanned, which meant that further work was needed to establish exactly what had to be done in these exchanges.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm200001/cmselect/cmtrdind/90/9006.htm (6552 words)

	Local Loop Unbundling - Commercial, Technical and Regulatory Consultancy Support
		The implementation of Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) is a requirement of European Union policy on competition in the telecommunications sector and has been introduced, at various stages of development, in all member states.
		LLU is perceived as a threat to an operator’s markets and revenuesIt requires the offering of collocation services and the ability of a competing operator to gain access to the premises of the incumbent operator
		LLU requires the development and management of new wholesale products and services with tariffs that are based upon historic or forward looking costs (depending on the regulatory guidelines)
	www.icc-uk.com /LLU.html (286 words)

	Local loop unbundling \| European Union InfoSociety
		Local loop unbundling deals with the access to the cable from the local telephone exchange to the premises of the customer (also called "the last mile").
		The name that has been given to the "last mile" in the network, which allows subscribers to use the telecommunications services, is referred to as the "local loop", the "copper wire or wireless links between the subscriber's phone and the exchange to which they are connected".
		An EU Regulation on local loop unbundling came into force on 2 January 2001, requiring incumbent operators throughout the EU to offer unbundled access to their local loops on reasonable request.
	www.euractiv.com /en/infosociety/local-loop-unbundling/article-117518 (878 words)

	Local loop unbundling too slow, says European Commission \| OUT-LAW.COM
		The European Commission has criticised the efforts of incumbents such as BT in giving competitors access to the last mile of telephone lines into European homes, known as the unbundling of the local loop, something which is seen as essential to develop competition in the broadband internet market.
		The unbundling or access to the local loop on fair terms was required by a Council Regulation of December 2000.
		The combination of expensive collocation conditions and high one-off fees (for activation/ deactivation of unbundled lines) has a clear economic translation and has led a number of operators to turn away from the market or leave aside the residential segment altogether.
	www.out-law.com /page-2413 (380 words)

	Northamptonshire Partnership - Local Loop Unbundling (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		LLU is when a licensed competitor to BT requests access to an exchange where they then install their own equipment to provision the delivery of Broadband services into the community within a 5km radius of the exchange.
		Northamptonshire is the first area to take forward a partnership driven LLU project and it is an excellent opportunity to develop a better understanding across our local partners of one way that we can provision service into excluded communities.
		The purpose of this project is to explore the business case for LLU in the context of Northamptonshire as 'one' possible way of delivering service to the 10% of areas that will not be covered by BT's exchange enabling strategy.
	www.thenp.org.uk /news/news_detail.asp?n=56 (302 words)

	Section 64 Review and Schedule 3 Investigation into Unbundling the Local Loop Network and the Fixed Public Data Network ...
		Cabinet Papers pertaining to the unbundling of the local loop and the fixed public data network in New Zealand.
		Briefs from Treasury covering the unbundling of the local loop and the fixed public data network in New Zealand.
		Statements on the Commerce Commission's report on unbundling the local loop, and on Telecom network recommendations, issued by the Hon Paul Swain, Minister of Communications.
	www.med.govt.nz /pbt/telecom/llu-investigation/index.html (591 words)

	Update on Local Loop Unbundling \| Ofcom
		The Telecoms Adjudicator was appointed by Ofcom in July 2004 to help develop new Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) products and processes which are high quality, fit-for-purpose and industrialised to cope with large volumes over time, and to find a prompt mediated resolution of working-level implementation disputes.
		LLU price reductions were implemented from 1 January 2005, with additional price reductions to follow.
		However, LLU operators continue to experience operational problems and variable delivery performance is inhibiting operators' marketing plans.
	www.ofcom.org.uk /media/news/2005/02/nr_20050208_2 (311 words)

	Beehive.govt.nz - Government moves fast to improve Broadband
		Most OECD countries already have "local loop unbundling," in which competing telecommunications companies have access to the "last mile" of copper wires between telephone exchanges and homes and businesses to install their own equipment and provide their own competing services.
		A wide range of potential options was considered, ranging from the status quo through local loop unbundling and major interventions such as requiring the structural separation of the wholesale and retail businesses of Telecom.
		It is important that a balance be struck between facilitating increased competition at the wholesale level by improving access to Telecom’s network, in particular the "last mile" of the copper-based network, and retaining incentives for investment in new infrastructure such as fibre, wireless and satellite.
	www.beehive.govt.nz /ViewDocument.aspx?DocumentID=25636 (1187 words)

	Local loop unbundling (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The new prerequisite for access to unbundled network elements is that the regulatory authority determines in the course of a market analysis procedure under Art.
		Since this official decision was issued, Telekom Austria's obligations on the unbundling market have no longer been based on the provisions of Regulation (EC) 2887/2000 on unbundled access to local loops because under Art.
		Alternative network operators were first granted access to Telekom Austria's unbundled local loops in Decisions Z 1, 3 and 4/99 (July 2, 1999).
	www.rtr.at.cob-web.org:8888 /web.nsf/englisch/Telekommunikation_Netzzugang_Entbuendelung?OpenDocument (458 words)

	RTE Business - ComReg cuts local loop unbundling price
		The local loop is the copper connection between a local telephone exchange and a customer's premises.
		The vast majority of these are owned by Eircom, which is legally obliged to give access to other operators to these loops so that they may provide their own services to customers.
		'Achieving the unbundling of the local loop is an important element to facilitating and enhancing competition, particularly in broadband,' commented ComReg Chairperson John Doherty.
	www.rte.ie /business/2004/1105/comreg.html (180 words)

	Updata goes a bundle on UK local loop unbundling \| The Register
		In particular, privately-funded Updata is targeting local authorities in rural areas in response to the Government's plans to aggregate public sector demand for broadband and roll it out to areas not currently served by existing broadband networks.
		Thanks to deals with local authorities in Bedfordshire, Dorset, North Somerset and Pembrokeshire, Updata plans to have 100 exchanges unbundled by the end of the year, providing services over as many as 3,000 telephone lines.
		LLU allows new assets to be built and we're keen to unbundle in areas of the UK that other providers will be reticent to touch."
	www.theregister.co.uk /2004/07/28/updata_llu_rural (539 words)

	Web Host News \| Oftel Gets Tough With BT Over Local Loop Unbundling
		Local Loop Unbundling is becoming an increasingly heated topic throughout Europe as more consumers and businesses gain access to high-speed, always-on Internet services.
		Unfortunately, businesses and consumers still have little choice - the unbundling of local loops in Britain is taking longer than originally hoped for, which is why Oftel has finally decided to formally intervene (the regulator's ultimatum to BT marks the first time it has sit minimum service level agreements).
		According to a recent release from Oftel, the regulator will force BT to pay Â£10 for each working day that an unbundled loop is not properly available, and up to Â£80 per operator for each working day's where there is a delay in providing co-location facilities to other telcos.
	www.thewhir.com /features/oftel.cfm (867 words)

	Freeserve ‘committed’ to unbundling local loop \| The Register
		Freeserve is prepared to put its full weight - and the financial muscle of its parent, Wanadoo - behind local loop unbundling (LLU) in a bid sever the ISP's reliance on BT for broadband.
		According to Freeserve, one of the reasons why the UK only has around 8,000 unbundled lines (compared to 300,000 in France) is that the cost of LLU is simply too high in the UK.
		If the cost of LLU can be cut, and if safeguards are put in place to ensure that BT would be able to handle the mass-market roll-out of LLU, then Freeserve insists it is prepared to make the necessary investment.
	theregister.co.uk /2004/02/13/freeserve_committed_to_unbundling_local (601 words)

	Local loop unbundling still stumbling along - ZDNet UK
		Allowing other operators access to the "local loop" -- the part of the network between individual houses and the local exchange -- is seen as crucial for the widespread rollout of affordable ADSL services.
		In the past, BT has been accused of deliberately obstructing local loop unbundling (LLU) in an attempt to maintain its market share.
		LLU should allow rival operators to sell wholesale ADSL packages, which should force down the price paid by the end user.
	news.zdnet.co.uk /internet/0,39020369,2092106,00.htm (548 words)

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