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Topic: Locus ceruleus

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	Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General - Chapter 4
		That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus ceruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment.
		In the 1980s, the prevailing view was that excess discharge of the locus ceruleus with the acute stress response was a major contributor to the etiology of anxiety (Coplan and Lydiard, 1998).
		The locus ceruleus still participates in anxiety but is understood to play a lesser role.
	www.surgeongeneral.gov /library/mentalhealth/chapter4/sec2_1.html (3783 words)

	Locus ceruleus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Locus ceruleus, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus coeruleus (Latin for 'the blue spot'), is a nucleus in the brain stem responsible for physiological responses to stress and panic.
		The locus ceruleus (or "LC") resides on the dorsal wall of the upper pons, under the cerebellum in the caudal midbrain, surrounded by the fourth ventricle.
		The locus ceruleus is widely studied in relation to clinical depression, panic disorder, and anxiety.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Locus_ceruleus (577 words)

	Mental and Emotional Health: Locus ceruleus and panic/anxiety
		The brain region that is frequently studied in relation to panic disorder is the locus ceruleus.
		Evidence from lesion, electrical and chemical stimulation, and single-unit recording studies suggests that locus ceruleus seems to be implicated in the sleep-wake cycle, arousal, anxiety and fear (Redmond and Huang, 1979; Redmond et al., 1976).
		The activation of locus ceruleus seems to be reflected in the central and peripheral concentrations of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG), metabolite of norepinephrine (Elsworth et al., 1982).
	www.queendom.com /articles/mentalhealth/pd_lc.html (683 words)

	Fight-or-flight response - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Normally, when a person is in a serene, unstimulated state, the "firing" of neurons in the locus ceruleus is minimal.
		A novel stimulus (which could include a perception of danger or an environmental stressor signal such as elevated sound levels or over-illumination), once perceived, is relayed from the sensory cortex of the brain through the thalamus to the brain stem.
		That route of signaling increases the rate of noradrenergic activity in the locus ceruleus, and the person becomes alert and attentive to the environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fight-or-flight_response (422 words)

	Nor-binaltorphimine Precipitates Withdrawal and Excitatory Amino Acid Release in the Locus Ceruleus of ...
		Similarly, a significant increase in the locus ceruleus aspartate
		of nor-binaltorphimine to precipitate increases in locus ceruleus
		the locus ceruleus was ineffective in precipitating neuron hyperactivity,
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/283/2/932 (5087 words)

	Temporal and Spatial Profiles of Pontine-Evoked Monoamine Release in the Rat's Spinal Cord -- Hentall et al. 89 (6): ...
		mm dorsally and ventral from the locus ceruleus.
		1 mm dorsal and 0.4 mm rostral to the locus
		of the locus ceruleus stimulus on synaptic transmission in
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/89/6/2943 (5831 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Title : International Symposium on the Locus Coeruleus, Orcas Island, WA Abstract : The locus ceruleus is one of the most fascinating structures in the brain.
		Named the "blue spot" by anatomists because it is visible to the naked eye in post mortem material, it finally acquired a function thirty years ago when it was discovered that all the adrenergic fibers in the brain and spinal cord originate from in or near this spot.
		That makes the locus ceruleus the central component of the sympathetic nervous system, regulating states of conscious and the body's response to unusual challenges.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/BIO/IBN.BIO.a9306996.txt (156 words)

	Locus Ceruleus Activation Suppresses Feedforward Interneurons and Reduces {beta}-{gamma} Electroencephalogram ...
		Harley CW, Milway JS (1986) Glutamate ejection in the locus coeruleus enhances the perforant path-evoked population spike in the dentate gyrus.
		Sara SJ, Vankov A, Herve A (1994) Locus coeruleus-evoked responses in behaving rats: a clue to the role of noradrenaline in memory.
		Vankov A, Herve-Minvielle A, Sara SJ (1995) Response to novelty and its rapid habituation in locus coeruleus neurons of the freely exploring rat.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/8/1985 (4808 words)

	BRAIN NEUROTRANSMITTERS
		In experiments on animals that are motivated to electrically self-stimulate themselves with electrodes implanted in their brains, dopamine is the mediating neurotransmitter for the locus ceruleus, lateral hypothalamus, ventral tegmental area and sulcal prefrontal cortex (but not the nucleus accumbens or substantia nigra).
		Increased neuronal activity of the locus ceruleus is seen upon the occurrence of unexpected sensory events.
		Benzodiazepines, the primary antianxiety drugs, decrease firing in the locus ceruleus, thus reducing distribution of noradrenalin to the forebrain and amygdala.
	www.benbest.com /science/anatmind/anatmd10.html (6622 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		research on the locus ceruleus reveals that it is the fount of an enormous amount of stored pain energy which enervates the rest of the brain (and body).
		The locus ceruleus is comprised of very few neurons, only a few hundred to a few thousand, yet it sends its branches (axons) all over the brain.
		What these traumas may do is leave their mark on several key brainstem structures such as the reticular activating system and the locus ceruleus, both loaded with norepinephrine, which thereafter are a continuous source of electrochemical output, more specifically of noradrenaline.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/63997.991216&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (11455 words)

	Mental and Emotional Health: Colocalization and interactions of CCK with other neurotransmitters
		Even though CCK somas were not found directly in the locus ceruleus, there are reasons to believe that norepinephrine and CCK are functionally related.
		CCK neurons were identified in several regions that project to or receive afferents from locus ceruleus, the brain region with the highest concentration of noradrenergic neurons.
		The tegmental area surrounding the locus ceruleus also contains numerous CCK neurons that project to the locus ceruleus as well as to the dorsal lateral tegmental nucleus (Sutin and Jacobowitz, 1983).
	www.queendom.com /articles/mentalhealth/pd_cckcl.html (576 words)

	Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat -- Grindstaff et al. ...
		Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat -- Grindstaff et al.
		Role of the locus ceruleus in baroreceptor regulation of supraoptic vasopressin neurons in the rat
		Representative digital photomicrographs illustrating Fos immunocytochemistry in the medial portion of the locus ceruleus (LC) from a sham sinoaortic-deafferented (SAD) rat infused with saline (A), a sham SAD rat infused with phenylephrine (B), an SAD rat infused with saline (C), and an SAD rat infused with phenylephrine (D).
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/279/1/R306 (8387 words)

	Total Neurochemical Lesion of Noradrenergic Neurons of the Locus Ceruleus Does Not Alter Either Naloxone-Precipitated ...
		that quasi-total lesion of noradrenergic neurons of the locus
		Akaoka A and Aston-Jones G (1991) Opiate withdrawal-induced hyperactivity of locus coeruleus neurons is substantially mediated by augmented excitatory amino acid input.
		Van Bockstaele EJ and Aston-Jones G (1992) Collateralized projections from neurons in the rostral medulla to the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the periaqueductal gray.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/290/2/881 (7543 words)

	Lewy Body Disease
		Generally, they retain their characteristic appearance in brain stem locations (substantia nigra and locus ceruleus); however, in other locations such as the cerebral cortex, they are often much less eosinophilic, are more elongate, and usually lack a peripheral halo around the central core.
		The Marinesco body may occur within substantia nigra and locus ceruleus and its presence correlates with increasing age.
		The locus ceruleus in the pons is often similarly involved (Fig 2).
	www.seniorpsychiatry.com /pages/articles/lewy.html (3282 words)

	A Lecture
		Although the function of the locus ceruleus is not known for certain, there are several clues to its role in consciousness.
		It has been noted that lesions in the region of the locus ceruleus are associated with abnormalities or an absence of REM sleep.
		Like the locus ceruleus, there are relatively few cells but they have extensive projections to the diencephalon and cortex of the brain and also to the spinal cord.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/ras.htm (1905 words)

	The Panic Disorder Recovery Center
		A region of the brain called the locus ceruleus, which regulates alertness, attention, and anxiety, appears to be overactive during episodes of Panic.
		The fight-or-flight response is coordinated and regulated by the locus ceruleus.
		When the locus ceruleus is very active, the heart rate accelerates, blood pressure increases, pupils dilate, and large amounts of the hormones cortisol and adrenaline are released into the blood.
	www.panicrecoverycenter.com /causes.html (596 words)

	Neuropathology Mini-Course
		Lewy bodies and the other changes can also be seen in the locus ceruleus where norepinephrine rather than DOPamine is produced.
		The brown pigment found in neurons of the normal locus ceruleus results from degeneration of the norepinephrine rather than from DOPamine.
		The patient on the right had Parkinson's disease and the locus ceruleus is much less prominent.
	www.pathology.vcu.edu /WirSelfInst/BASALGANG.html (1259 words)

	alpha 2-Adrenergic autoreceptors in A5 and A6 neurons of neonate rats -- Huangfu and Guyenet 273 (5): 2290 -- AJP - ...
		In the noradrenegic neurons of the locus ceruleus,
		Carbon dioxide regulates the tonic activity of locus coeruleus neurons by modulating a proton- and polyamine-sensitive inward rectifier potassium current.
		Excitation of locus coeruleus neurons by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-activated inward current: extracellular and intracellular studies in rat brain slices.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/273/5/H2290 (3458 words)

	Surgeon General 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Normally, when someone is in a serene, unstimulated state, the “firing” of neurons in the locus ceruleus is minimal.
		In the 1980s, the prevailing view was that excess discharge of the locus ceruleus with the acute stress response was a major contributor to the etiology of anxiety (Coplan and Lydiard, 1998).
		The locus ceruleus still participates in anxiety but is understood to play a lesser role.
	www.findthelight.net /Newsletters/sg_mental_health.htm (3854 words)

	The Cause of Anxiety Attacks by Mark Sichel: The Sideroad
		One biochemical explanation for panic is that there is an over-activity in what's called the locus ceruleus.
		The locus ceruleus is the part of the brain that triggers a response to danger.
		Well, when the neurotransmitters pick up over-activity in the locus ceruleus, the part of the brain that instructs us to run from danger, the amygdala hears the alarm, and instantly calls up the memories of past events that were dangerous and terrifying.
	www.sideroad.com /Mental_Health/cause-of-anxiety-attacks.html (933 words)

	The Mind-Body Interaction in Disease
		Key components in this stress response are the hypothalamus and locus ceruleus in the brain, the pituitary gland, the sympathetic nervous system and the adrenal glands.
		Pathways from CRH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus extend to the locus ceruleus in the brain stem.
		The locus ceruleus, in turn, provides feedback to the hypothalamus for continued production of CRH and also acts on the sympathetic nervous system.
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/morris4/medialib/readings/mind.html (5045 words)

	Chronic Opiate Use May Raise Vulnerability to Stress -- Animal Study Sheds Light on Effects of Hospital Drugs -- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		CRF in turn stimulates neurons in a portion of the brain called the locus ceruleus.
		Cells in the locus release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which activates the area of the brain governing arousal responses (part of the "fight or flight" response to an attack).
		The current study found that chronic exposure to the opiate drug morphine made locus ceruleus neurons more sensitive to CRF than they had been previously.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/09-27-2004/0002259693&EDATE= (819 words)

	Irrational Beliefs and Panic Attacks
		The inhalation of a mixture of 35% carbon dioxide and 65% oxygen has reliably produced panic attacks in susceptible individuals.
		It has been proposed that carbon dioxide inhalation produces panic attacks through an increase in the firing rate of the noradrenergic neurons of the locus ceruleus (Gorman, Askanazi, Liebowitz, Fyer, Stein, Kinney, and Klien, 1984).
		The basic hypothesis suggests that a biochemical alteration in the alpha-2 autoreceptors of the locus ceruleus is responsible for the panic attack.
	www.lyonsmorris.com /lyons/thesis/intro9.htm (184 words)

	Perinatal Nicotine Attenuates the Hypoxia-Induced Up-regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Galanin mRNA in Locus ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Perinatal Nicotine Attenuates the Hypoxia-Induced Up-regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Galanin mRNA in Locus Ceruleus of the Newborn Mouse -- WICKSTRÖM et al.
		Perinatal Nicotine Attenuates the Hypoxia-Induced Up-regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase and Galanin mRNA in Locus Ceruleus of the Newborn Mouse
		Moore PJ, Ackland GL, Hanson MA 1996 Unilateral cooling in the region of locus ceruleus blocks the fall in respiratory output during hypoxia in anaesthetized neonatal sheep.
	www.pedresearch.org /cgi/content/full/52/5/763 (4603 words)

	General Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - mentalhealthchannel
		Neurotransmitters that seem to involve anxiety include norepinephrine, GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), and serotonin.
		Norepinephrine is concentrated in the locus ceruleus (nerve cluster that lies near the brain's fourth ventricle).
		Increased activity in the locus ceruleus is associated with anxiety, and decreased activity in the locus ceruleus diminishes anxiety.
	www.mentalhealthchannel.net /gad (598 words)

	KCNK Channel Distribution
		TASK-1 and TASK-3 show high levels of mRNA accumulation in the locus ceruleus; TWIK-1 is highly expressed by adjacent mesencephalic trigeminal neurons.
		Arrowheads in each panel mark theapproximate boundary of the locus ceruleus, which had high levels of labeling for TASK-1 (A) and was even more densely labeled for TASK-3 (B).
		Large mesencephalic trigeminal neurons are located lateral to the locus ceruleus; these neurons showed high levels of TWIK-1 (arrow in C).
	www.healthsystem.virginia.edu /internet/dab_lab/docs/seminars/kcnk_dist/sld005.cfm (114 words)

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