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Topic: Locus coeruleus

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		The locus coeruleus is located on the floor of the fourth ventricle in the anterior pons.
		An important role for the locus coeruleus in opiate physical dependence and withdrawal has been established at both the behavioral and electrophysiological levels: overactivation of locus coeruleus neurons is both necessary and sufficient for producing many behavioral signs of opiate withdrawal.
		We are overexpressing CREB or a dominant negative of CREB (mCREB) in the locus coeruleus and studying the effects of these manipulations on opiate-induced behaviors as well as on the electrophysiological state of the neurons.
	www3.utsouthwestern.edu /molpsych/Proj_01.htm (346 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Co-release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the cerebral cortex elicited by single train ...
		Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) project homogeneously throughout the cerebral cortex, while dopaminergic afferents are mainly confined to discrete areas of the cortex, such as the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), anterior cingulate, rhinal and entorhinal cortices [1,2].
		A standard bipolar stimulant electrode (Rhodes SNEX-100, Harvard Apparatus, Edenbridge, UK) was implanted in the locus coeruleus (A -3.1, V -8.4, L ± 1.3 from lambda, entering at 15° angle), homolateral to the vertical probes or to the dialyzing portion of the horizontal probe.
		Kawahara Y, Kawahara H, Westerink BHC: Comparison of the effects of hypotension and handling stress on the release of noradrenaline and dopamine in the locus coeruleus and medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2202/6/31 (4769 words)

	locus coeruleus
		The Locus ceruleus, also spelled locus coeruleus, (Latin for 'the blue bit') is a nucleus in the brain stem (inferior to the cerebellum in the caudal midbrain/rostral pons) apparently responsible for the physiological reactions involved in stress and panic.
		The locus coeruleus is a melanin containing, blue nucleus which resides in the on the dorsal wall of the upper pons, surrounded by the fourth ventricle.
		The locus coeruleus receives afferents from the hypothalamus, which makes sense as this is the main homeostatic control center of the brain, and an arousal system should know how to properly respond to changes in homeostasis.
	www.icorrection.com /Ana-L/locus_coeruleus.php (430 words)

	NEUROMEDICA - McKenna Bibliography
		Long-term glutamate desensitization in locus coeruleus neurons and its
		Excitation of locus coeruleus neurons by an adenosine 3',5'-cyclic
		Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus: inhibition by epinephrine
	users.lycaeum.org /~paracel/NEUROMEDICA/People/Aghajanian/GKAbiblio.html (2114 words)

	Cytoarchitecture of the Locus Coeruleus area
		Grzanna R. and Molliver M.E. (1980) The locus coeruleus in the rat: an immunohistochemical delineation.
		Swanson L.W. (1976) The locus coeruleus: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi and immunohistochemical study in the albino rat.
		Yasui Y., Breder C.D., Saper C.B. and Cechetto D.F. Autonomic responses and efferent pathways from the insular cortex in the rat.
	ura1195-6.univ-lyon1.fr /articles/luppi/neurosci_95/cyto.html (2125 words)

	LOCUS COERULEUS NEURONS:
		Locus coeruleus discharge rates during cataplexy were as low as or lower than those seen during REM sleep.
		Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that locus coeruleus activity contributes to the maintenance of muscle tone in waking, and that reduction in locus coeruleus discharge plays a role in the loss of muscle tone in cataplexy and REM sleep.
		Unilateral or bilateral lesions of the locus coeruleus, or chemical inactivation by clonidine microinjection, produce a reduction of ipsilateral or bilateral muscle tone.
	www.npi.ucla.edu /sleepresearch/1389/lc.ns.htm (5075 words)

	Presentation # 27 - Serotonin And Amino Acid Release In The Locus Coeruleus By Conditioned Fear And Inescapable Shock (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Locus coeruleus (LC) noradrenergic neurons are implicated in various functions including the regulation of arousal, stress and fear/anxiety responses
		Singewald N, Philippu A (1998) Release of neurotransmitters in the locus coeruleus.
		Singewald N, Zhou GY, Schneider C (1995) Release of excitatory and inhi-bi--tory amino acids from the locus coeruleus of conscious rats by cardiovascular stimuli and various forms of acute stress.
	www.uclm.es /inabis2000/symposia/files/027/session.htm (1331 words)

	Locus coeruleus activity in vitro: intrinsic regulation by a calcium- dependent potassium conductance but not alpha ...
		Locus coeruleus activity in vitro: intrinsic regulation by a calcium- dependent potassium conductance but not alpha 2-adrenoceptors -- Andrade and Aghajanian 4 (1): 161 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		Locus coeruleus activity in vitro: intrinsic regulation by a calcium- dependent potassium conductance but not alpha 2-adrenoceptors
		Respiration-modulated membrane potential and chemosensitivity of locus coeruleus neurones in the in vitro brainstem-spinal cord of the neonatal rat
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/4/1/161 (366 words)

	Research Interests
		It appears as though there are at least two brain structures underlying the neonatal rat's sensitive period for heightened odor learning; the noradrenergic locus coeruleus and the amygdala.
		Locus coeruleus - Association of an odor with Locus Coeruleus stimulation is sufficient to produce early odor preference learning, while lesions of the Locus Coeruleus prevent this learning (Sullivan et al., 1992; Sullivan et al., 2000).
		Given these observations, we hypothesize that the Locus Coeruleus is responsible for enhanced odor preference learning and that maturation of the Locus Coeruleus signals the termination of the sensitive period for this behavioral phenomenon.
	faculty-staff.ou.edu /S/Regina.M.Sullivan-1/research.html (521 words)

	Activation of Monkey Locus Coeruleus Neurons Varies With Difficulty and Performance in a Target Detection Task -- ...
		Activity of norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats anticipates fluctuations in the sleep-waking cycle.
		Norepinephrine-containing locus coeruleus neurons in behaving rats exhibit pronounced responses to non-noxious environmental stimuli.
		Locus coeruleus complex: elicitation of a pressor response and a brain stem region necessary for its occurrence.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/92/1/361 (6929 words)

	The locus coeruleus and its possible role in ageing and degenerative disease of the human central nervous system. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The central noradrenergic pathways with the mammalian brain are principally based on that group of nerve cells within the reticular substance of the upper pons known as the locus coeruleus.
		The physiological role of these nerve cells appears to be one of maintaining homeostasis within the central nervous system, whatever adverse conditions prevail in the rest of the body, through governing the flow of blood through, and degree of water permeability of, the capillary bed.
		The extensive ramifications of these noradrenergic terminals mean that the atrophy and loss of nerve cells from locus coeruleus that occurs in old age, and especially so in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system such as Alzheimer's disease and other conditions, will have widespread repercussions for brain function.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_6228698.html (210 words)

	Locus Coeruleus
		The locus coeruleus, or sometimes referred to as LC, exerts major control of both attention and sleep with a high rate of locus coeruleus neuron firing associated with alertness.
		The ability of a given stimulus to increase locus coeruleus discharge activity appears independent of affective valence (appetitive vs. aversive).
		These observations further suggest that dysregulation of locus coeruleus-noradrenergic neurotransmission may contribute to cognitive and/or arousal dysfunction associated with a variety of psychiatric disorders, including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, sleep and arousal disorders as well as certain affective disorders, including post-traumatic stress disorder.
	www.bioidenticalmedicaldictionary.com /definitions/locuscoeruleus.htm (345 words)

	Ubiquitin expression in globose tangles in the locus coeruleus in brains of patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Ubiquitin expression in globose tangles in the locus coeruleus in brains of patients with Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
		The locus coeruleus belongs to brain areas exhibiting remarkable neuronal loss already during physiological aging and very early neurofibrillary tangles.
		The locus coeruleus exhibited later ubiquitin expression in the neurofibrillary tangles, a lower percentage of ubiquitinated tangles and more frequently granular cytoplasmic staining with Tau-1 than the central superior nucleus.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_1321968.html (144 words)

	UT Southwestern's Eric J. Nestler on the Molecular Biology of Addiction
		It was known that the locus coeruleus was involved in some way in mediating physical opiate addiction.
		So the locus coeruleus is probably one of many regions that mediate opiate withdrawal.
		Locus coeruleus neurons are involved in withdrawal, but not in the intense craving and seeking of drugs that are characteristic of addiction.
	www.sciencewatch.com /nov-dec2001/sw_nov-dec2001_page3.htm (1143 words)

	Imprinted Nesp55 Influences Behavioral Reactivity to Novel Environments -- Plagge et al. 25 (8): 3019 -- Molecular and ...
		The release of noradrenaline in the locus coeruleus and prefrontal cortex studied with dual-probe microdialysis.
		Locus coeruleus-evoked responses in behaving rats: a clue to the role of noradrenaline in memory.
		Response to novelty and its rapid habituation in locus coeruleus neurons of the freely exploring rat.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/25/8/3019 (5389 words)

	Nor-binaltorphimine Precipitates Withdrawal and Excitatory Amino Acid Release in the Locus Ceruleus of ...
		of nor-binaltorphimine to precipitate increases in locus ceruleus
		Aghajanian, G. Tolerance of locus coeruleus neurons to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response by clonidine.
		Akaoka, H. and Aston-Jones, G.: Opiate withdrawal-induced hyperactivity of locus coeruleus neurons is substantially mediated by augmented excitatory amino acid input.
	jpet.aspetjournals.org /cgi/content/full/283/2/932 (5087 words)

	Research Interests of Jonathan D. Cohen
		The role of locus coeruleus in the regulation of cognitive performance.
		Phasic activation of monkey locus coeruleus neurons by simple decisions in a forced choice task.
		The role of the locus coeruleus in mediating the attentional blink: A neurocomputational theory.
	www.csbmb.princeton.edu /ncc/jdc.html (2356 words)

	Gregory A. Ordway
		Brain tissues are studied at the biochemical and molecular level in an attempt to understand the relationship between brain biology and psychiatric illnesses that lead to suicide, particularly depressive disorders.
		Recently, this laboratory has discovered specific protein abnormalities in a discrete area of the human brain, the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, that are associated with severe depression.
		In particular, levels of specific proteins are altered in the locus coeruleus of depressive subjects relative to psychiatrically normal control subjects.
	cpn.umc.edu /contact/ordway.html (519 words)

	Activity-Dependent Activation of Presynaptic Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in Locus Coeruleus -- Dubé and ...
		Aghajanian, G. Tolerance of locus coeruleus neurones to morphine and suppression of withdrawal response to clonidine.
		Dubé, G. and Marshall, K. Role of metabotropic glutamate receptor in activity-dependent inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in locus coeruleus neurons.
		Dubé, G. and Marshall, K. Mechanism of metabotropic glutamate receptor inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission in locus coeruleus neurons.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/83/3/1141 (5720 words)

	the Lycaeum - Drug Archives (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Attracted by the similarity between the behavior of rats on LSD and their reaction to stimulation of the locus coeruleus, Aghajanian embarked in 1980 upon a series of studies to evaluate how psychedelic drugs affect the locus coeruleus.
		He showed that any kind of sensory stimulation--sight, sound, smell, taste, or tactile sensation--speeds up the firing of locus coeruleus neurons in rats, and that the accelerated firing is greatly enhanced by treating the animals with LSD or mescaline.
		If the locus coeruleus lumps all types of sensory messages--from sights, sounds, tactile pressures, smells, tastes--into a generalized excitation system within the brain, one can readily appreciate that stimulation of the locus coeruleus will cause the drug user to feel that sensations are crossing the boundaries between different modalities.
	www.lycaeum.org /drugs/Tryptamines/Lysergic/FAQ_LSD_NEW3.html (4029 words)

	Thomas Jefferson University - Farber Institute for Neurosciences
		The noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus (LC) is an important mediator of stress responses and dysfunction of this system is implicated in affective disorders such as anxiety and depression.
		Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response.
		Van Bockstaele EJ, Aston-Jones G. Collateralized projections from neurons in the rostral medulla to the nucleus locus coeruleus, the nucleus of the solitary tract and the periaqueductal gray.
	www.tju.edu /fin/faculty_profile.cfm?key=ejv101 (3053 words)

	THE BRAIN FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
		The locus coeruleus is one of the brainstem nuclei that maintains close communications with the amygdala.
		The locus coeruleus also projects its axons to those parts of the brain that may be associated with panic disorders (the amygdala, hippocampus, septum, cortex, brainstem, reticular formation, etc).
		Other studies indicate that the central grey nuclei, subcortical areas of the brain that are involved in the involuntary component of body movements, are abnormally active in people with obsessive-compulsive disorder.
	www.thebrain.mcgill.ca /flash/i/i_08/i_08_cr/i_08_cr_anx/i_08_cr_anx.html (499 words)

	Sarah Appel, PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Locus coeruleus neurons fire action potentials spontaneously in the absence of synaptic input.
		A primary area of ongoing interest in our laboratory is investigation of how alcohol affects the electrical activity of locus coeruleus neurons.
		Osmanovic, S.S. and Shefner, S.A. Calcium-activated hyperpolarizations in rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro.
	www.uic.edu /depts/mcpb/pages/shefner/appel.htm (472 words)

	The Role of the Locus Coeruleus in Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Stress-Induced Suppression of Pulsatile ...
		Van Bockstaele EJ, Colago EE, Valentino RJ 1998 Amygdaloid corticotropin-releasing factor targets locus coeruleus dendrites: substrate for the co-ordination of emotional and cognitive limbs of the stress response.
		Swiergiel AH, Takahashi LK, Rubin WW, Kalin NH 1992 Antagonism of corticotropin-releasing factor receptors in the locus coeruleus attenuates shock-induced freezing in rats.
		-glucose administration on tyrosine hydroxylase gene expression in the locus coeruleus and the adrenal medulla in rats.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/1/323 (6068 words)

	Multiple targets of chemosensitive signaling in locus coeruleus neurons: role of K+ and Ca2+ channels -- Filosa and ...
		Role of intracellular and extracellular pH in the chemosensitive response of rat locus coeruleus neurones.
		Calcium-activated hyperpolarizations in rat locus coeruleus neurons in vitro.
		Carbon dioxide regulates the tonic activity of locus coeruleus neurons by modulating a proton- and polyamine-sensitive inward rectifier potassium current.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/284/1/C145 (7265 words)

	Opiates and opioid peptides hyperpolarize locus coeruleus neurons in vitro -- Pepper and Henderson 209 (4454): 394 -- ...
		Opiates and opioid peptides hyperpolarize locus coeruleus neurons in vitro
		Intracellular recordings were made from locus coeruleus neurons in a brain slice preparation.
		alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated hyperpolarization of locus coeruleus neurons: intracellular studies in vivo.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/abstract/209/4454/394 (333 words)

	Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus are tonically inhibited by GABA ...
		Electrophysiological evidence that noradrenergic neurons of the rat locus coeruleus are tonically inhibited by GABA during sleep and wakefulness.
		In the mammalian central nervous system, main groups of {the "majority" means more than one half} noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons are found within the locus coeruleus (LC) and the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN), respectively.
		By means of their widespread projections throughout the entire brain, these monoaminergic neurons are thought to play crucial roles in a great variety of physiological and behavioral functions including sleep and wakefulness.
	sommeil.univ-lyon1.fr /articles/luppi/books/lydic1999/contents.html (7013 words)

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